Allan Savory

Clifford Allan Redin Savory (born 15 September 1935 on a 40,000 acre ranch in Zimbabwe) is a Zimbabwean ecologist, livestock farmer, and president and co-founder of the Savory Institute. He originated Holistic management (agriculture),[1] a systems thinking approach to managing resources.

Allan Savory
Born15 September 1935 (1935-09-15) (age 85)
Bulawayo, Southern Rhodesia
(now Zimbabwe)
Alma materUniversity of Natal
Known forHolistic management
AwardsBanksia International Award (2003)
Buckminster Fuller Challenge (2010)
Scientific career
FieldsEcology, resource management
InstitutionsSavory Institute
Africa Center for Holistic Management

Savory advocates using bunched and moving livestock to what he claims mimics nature, as a means to heal the environment, stating "only livestock can reverse desertification. There is no other known tool available to humans with which to address desertification that is contributing not only to climate change but also to much of the poverty, emigration, violence, etc. in the seriously affected regions of the world."[2] "Only livestock can save us."[3] He believes grasslands hold the potential to sequester enough atmospheric carbon dioxide to reverse climate change. Praised by cattle farmers,[4][5] his controversial ideas have sparked opposition from academics; ranging from debate on evidence for treatment effects to the scope of the potential impact for carbon sequestration.[6][7][8]

Savory received the 2003 Banksia International Award[9] and won the 2010 Buckminster Fuller Challenge.[10] Prince Charles called him "a remarkable man" and noted farmer Joel Salatin wrote, "History will vindicate Allan Savory as one of the greatest ecologists of all time."[11]

In contrast, James E. McWilliams described Savory as having "adherence to scientifically questionable conclusions in the face of evidence to the contrary".[8] George Monbiot said of him, "his statements are not supported by empirical evidence and experimental work, and that in crucial respects his techniques do more harm than good."[12] However, this comment has itself been subject to criticism in a later article published in The Guardian by Hunter Lovins entitled "Why George Monbiot is wrong: grazing livestock can save the world".[13]

Life

Education

Savory was educated in South Africa at what was then the University of Natal, gaining a B.Sc. in Biology and Botany in 1955.[14][15]

Early work in southern Africa
Captain Savory

According to Savory, he has worked on the problem of land degradation (desertification) as early as 1955 in Northern Rhodesia, where he served in the Colonial Service as Provincial Game Officer, Northern and Luapula Provinces. He also claims to have continued this work in Southern Rhodesia first as a research officer in the Game Department, and even claims to have been an independent scientist and international consultant.

He advocated for slaughtering large numbers of elephants up until 1969 based on the idea that they were destroying their habitat.[16][17] His research, which he claims was validated by a committee of scientists, led to the government culling approximately 40,000 elephants in following years. However, this did not reverse the degradation of the land. He has called the decision to advocate for the slaughter of large numbers of elephants "the saddest and greatest blunder of my life."[18][19] This unnecessary massacre, brought about by interpreting supposed research data to fit the prevailing world-view that too many animals causes overgrazing and overbrowsing, led to Savory becoming determined to solve the problem, which eventually led to his development of the holistic framework for decision-making and to holistic planned grazing, and to his book, Holistic Management: A New Decision Making Framework, written with his wife Jody Butterfield.

Savory was influenced by earlier work of French agronomist André Voisin who said that overgrazing resulted from the amount of time plants were exposed to animals, not from too many animals in any given area.[20] Savory saw this as a solution to overgrazing, and believed that overgrazing was caused by leaving cattle too long and returning them too soon, rather than the size of the herd.[21][22]

At the time of Unilateral Declaration of Independence in 1965, Savory was a Captain in the part-time Territorial Army unit, the 4th Battalion Royal Rhodesia Regiment. He opposed UDI quietly and continued to serve and formed a tracking unit that became the Tracker Combat Unit (TCU) and later some of the TCU joined the Selous Scouts.[23][24]

Political involvement

Savory was elected to the Rhodesian Parliament representing Matobo constituency in the 1970 election. After resigning from the Rhodesian Front in protest over its racist policies and handling of the war, in 1973 Savory reformed the defunct Rhodesia Party formerly led by Sir Roy Welensky. In June 1973, Savory publicly stated, "If I had been born a black Rhodesian, instead of a white Rhodesian, I would be your greatest terrorist."[25] Although he urged white Rhodesians to understand why he would feel this, the reaction to this statement led to Savory's ousting from the Rhodesia Party. In 1977, non-racist moderate white parties united in opposition to Ian Smith in what was known as the National Unifying Force (NUF) led by Savory.[26] The NUF party won no seats in the 1977 election, and Savory relinquished leadership to Tim Gibbs, son of Rhodesia's last governor. Savory continued to fight Ian Smith and his policies, in particular opposing the Internal Settlement under Bishop Abel Muzorewa.[27] In 1979, due to conflicts with the Smith government, Savory left Rhodesia and went into self-imposed exile to continue his scientific work.[25]

Move to the Americas

After leaving Zimbabwe, Savory worked from the Cayman Islands into the Americas, introducing holistic planned grazing as a process of management to reverse desertification of 'brittle' grasslands by carefully planning movements of dense herds of livestock to mimic those found in nature, allowing sufficient time for the plants to fully recover before re-grazing. Savory immigrated to the US, and with his wife Jody Butterfield founded the Center for Holistic Management in 1984. Its name was later changed to the Savory Center and later Holistic Management International. In 2009 Savory left HMI and formed the Savory Institute. Savory, Butterfield and philanthropist Sam Brown formed the Africa Centre for Holistic Management, based in Zimbabwe in 1992 on 2,520 hectares (6,200 acres) of land Savory donated for the benefit of the people of Africa as a learning/training site for holistic management.[28]

Allan Savory and Jody Butterfield 2003

Personal life

When not travelling the world spreading his message, Savory and Butterfield split their time between their house in Albuquerque and a thatched-roof complex of mud huts in the African bush in Zimbabwe. He frequently goes barefoot.[29]

Holistic management advocacy

His 2013 TED Talk, "How to green the desert and reverse climate change,"[18] attracted millions of views and was followed up by the release of his TED Book, The Grazing Revolution: A Radical Plan to Save the Earth.[30] In his TED Talk Savory asks, "What are we going to do?"

"There is only one option, I'll repeat to you, only one option left to climatologists and scientists, and that is to do the unthinkable, and to use livestock, bunched and moving, as a proxy for former herds and predators, and mimic nature. There is no other alternative left to mankind."[31]

Savory advocates using high technology to develop alternative energy sources and to reduce or eliminate future emissions. He supports grass fed beef and vehemently opposes industrial livestock production.[32][33]

"The number one public enemy is the cow. But the number one tool that can save mankind is the cow. We need every cow we can get back out on the range. It is almost criminal to have them in feedlots which are inhumane, antisocial, and environmentally and economically unsound."[34]

Savory condemns the practice of slash-and-burn cultivation of forests and grasslands,[33] saying that it "leaves the soil bare, releasing carbon, and worse than that, burning one hectare of grassland gives off more, and more damaging, pollutants than 6,000 cars. And we are burning in Africa, every single year, more than one billion hectares of grasslands, and almost nobody is talking about it."[31] One billion hectares is an area greater than that of the Sahara desert.

Praise and criticism

Thousands of farmers, ranchers, pastoralists and various organizations are working globally to restore grasslands through the teaching and practice of holistic management and holistic decision making. This includes conservation projects in the US, Africa, Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Canada, and Australia in which various NGOs, government agencies and universities are practicing holistic management and its holistic planned grazing to reverse desertification using livestock as the main agent of change to restore the environment, increase ground cover, soil organic matter and water retention, replenish streams, and combat biodiversity loss.[32][35]

In 2003 Australia honored Savory with the Banksia International Award "for the person doing the most for the environment on a global scale"[9] and in 2010, Savory and the Africa Centre for Holistic Management won The Buckminster Fuller Challenge,[10] an annual international design competition awarding $100,000 "to support the development and implementation of a strategy that has significant potential to solve humanity's most pressing problems."[36]

Although Savory's approach to the problem of desertification has met resistance from scientists (see "Criticism" section in Holistic grazing article), three 2007 and 2010 studies document soil improvement as measured by soil carbon, soil biota, water retention, nutrient holding capacity, and ground litter on grazed land using multi-pasture grazing methods compared to continuously grazed land.[37][38] There is also evidence that multi-pasture grazing method may increase water retention compared to non-grazed land.[39] However, George Wuerthner, writing in The Wildlife News in a 2013 article titled, "Allan Savory: Myth And Reality" stated, "The few scientific experiments that Savory supporters cite as vindication of his methods (out of hundreds that refute his assertions), often fail to actually test his theories. Several of the studies cited on HM web site had utilization levels (degree of vegetation removed) well below the level that Savory actually recommends."[40]

In his Ted Talk, Savory has claimed that holistic grazing could reduce carbon dioxide levels to pre-industrial levels in a span of 40 years. According to Skeptical science, "it is not possible to increase productivity, increase numbers of cattle and store carbon using any grazing strategy, never-mind Holistic Management [...] Long term studies on the effect of grazing on soil carbon storage have been done before, and the results are not promising.[...] Because of the complex nature of carbon storage in soils, increasing global temperature, risk of desertification and methane emissions from livestock, it is unlikely that Holistic Management, or any management technique, can reverse climate change[41]."

According to a 2016 study published by the University of Uppsala, the actual rate at which improved grazing management could contribute to carbon sequestration is seven times lower than the claims made by Savory. The study concludes that holistic management cannot reverse climate change.[42] A study by the Food and Climate Research Network in 2017 has concluded that Savory's claims about carbon sequestration are "unrealistic" and very different from those issued by peer-reviewed studies.[43]

In a 2012 address to the International Union for Conservation of Nature World Conservation Congress, Prince Charles said:

"I have been particularly fascinated, for example, by the work of a remarkable man called Allan Savory, in Zimbabwe and other semiarid areas, who has argued for years against the prevailing expert view that it is the simple numbers of cattle that drive overgrazing and cause fertile land to become desert. On the contrary, as he has since shown so graphically, the land needs the presence of feeding animals and their droppings for the cycle to be complete, so that soils and grassland areas stay productive. Such that, if you take grazers off the land and lock them away in vast feedlots, the land dies."[44]

The Savory Institute is one of eleven finalists in the Virgin Earth Challenge,[45] a competition offering a $25 million prize for whoever can demonstrate a commercially viable design that results in the permanent removal of greenhouse gases out of the Earth's atmosphere to contribute materially in global warming avoidance.[46]

Bibliography
Books
  • Allan Savory; Jody Butterfield (10 November 2016). Holistic Management, Third Edition: A Commonsense Revolution to Restore Our Environment. Island Press. ISBN 978-1-61091-743-8.
  • Savory, Allan; Butterfield, Jody (1999) [1988]. Holistic Management: A New Framework for Decision Making. Island Press. ISBN 978-1-55963-488-5.
  • Sam Bingham; Allan Savory (1993). The Holistic Resource Management Workbook. Island Press. ISBN 978-0-933280-70-0.
  • Savory, Allan; Butterfield, Jody (2010). "7. The Holistic Management Framework: Ensuring Social, Environmental, and Economically Sound Development". In Ukaga (ed.). Sustainable Development: Principles, Frameworks, and Case Studies. CRC Press. pp. 149–175. ISBN 978-1-4398-2063-6.
  • Savory, Allan (2013). The Grazing Revolution: A Radical Plan to Save the Earth. TED Conferences. ISBN 9781937382391.
  • Savory, Allan (2014), "13. African Holistic Management: Renewing the Soil as Economic Foundation", in Lessem (ed.), Integral Green Zimbabwe: An African Phoenix Rising, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., pp. 197–208, ISBN 978-1-4724-3819-5
Articles
  • Savory, C. A. R. (1969). "Crisis in Rhodesia". Oryx. 10: 25–30. doi:10.1017/S0030605300007638.
  • Savory, Allan; Parsons, Stanley D. (December 1980). "The Savory Grazing Method". Rangelands. 2 (6): 234–237. JSTOR 3900211.
  • Savory, Allan (August 1983). "The Savory Grazing Method or Holistic Resource Management". Rangelands. 5 (4): 155–159. JSTOR 3900847.
  • Savory, A. (1994). "Will we be able to sustain civilization?". Population and Environment. 16 (2): 139–147. doi:10.1007/BF02208780. S2CID 154622507.

See also

References
  1. "Holistic Land Management: Key to Global Stability" by Terry Waghorn. Forbes. 20 December 2012.
  2. "The Savory Institute: Healing the World's Grasslands, Rangelands and Savannas". Nourishing the Planet. Worldwatch Institute. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
  3. Cawood, Matthew (10 July 2011). "More livestock is climate change key". farmonline. Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
  4. Worms, Patrick (21 February 2012). "Reversing Africa's Decline". Souciant. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  5. Boyers, Bruce (October 2013). "Joel Salatin on Allan Savory". Organic Connections Magazine. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  6. Briske, David D.; Ash, Andrew J.; Derner, Justin D.; Huntsinger, Lynn (2014). "Commentary: A critical assessment of the policy endorsement for holistic management". Agricultural Systems. 125: 50–53. doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2013.12.001.
  7. John Carter; Allison Jones; Mary O’Brien; Jonathan Ratner; George Wuerthner (2014). "Holistic Management: Misinformation on the Science of Grazed Ecosystems". International Journal of Biodiversity. 2014 (163431): 1–10. doi:10.1155/2014/163431.
  8. McWilliams, James E. (22 April 2013). "All Sizzle and No Steak". Slate. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  9. "2003 award winners". Banksia Environmental Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 November 2003.
  10. Cliff Kuang (2 June 2010). "Method That Turns Wastelands Green Wins 2010 Buckminster Fuller Challenge". FastCompany. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
  11. Joel Salatin (2011). Folks, This Ain't Normal: A Farmer's Advice for Happier Hens, Healthier People, and a Better World. Center Street. p. 175. ISBN 978-1-4555-0568-5.
  12. Monbiot, George (4 August 2014). "Eat more meat and save the world: the latest implausible farming miracle". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  13. Lovins, L Hunter (19 August 2014). "Why George Monbiot is wrong: grazing livestock can save the world". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  14. "Following up with Allan Savory on using cattle to reverse desertification and global warming". 25 February 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
  15. The Holistic Resource Management Workbook. Island Press. 1993. ISBN 9780933280700. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
  16. Savory, C. A. R. (1969). "Crisis in Rhodesia". Oryx. 10: 25–30. doi:10.1017/S0030605300007638.
  17. Lawton, R. M.; Gough, M. (1970). "Elephants or Fire—Which to Blame?". Oryx. 10 (4): 244. doi:10.1017/S0030605300008528.
  18. Allan Savory (February 2013). "How to green the desert and reverse climate change". TED. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
  19. "Can Livestock Grazing Stop Desertification?" by Colin Sullivan. Scientific American, 5 March 2013.
  20. Voisin, André (1 December 1988) [1959]. Grass Productivity. Island Press. ISBN 978-0933280649. Savory wrote the introduction for the Island Press edition.
  21. Savory, Allan; Butterfield, Jody (1999) [1988]. Holistic Management: A New Framework for Decision Making. Island Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-55963-488-5.
  22. Fairlie, Simon (2010). Meat: A Benign Extravagance. Chelsea Green Publishing. pp. 191–193. ISBN 9781603583251.
  23. http://pitchstonewaters.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Selous-Scout-story-Savory.pdf
  24. Scott-Donelan, David (March 1985). "ZAMBEZI VALLEY MANHUNT". Soldier of Fortune magazine. p. 70. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  25. Savory, Allan (15 September 2001). "Ramblings". The Conversation. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
  26. Mitchell, Thomas G. (2002). Indispensable Traitors: Liberal Parties in Settler Conflicts. Greenwood Publishing Group.
  27. Raspberry, Bill (19 October 1978). "Smith's foes ask for a fair hearing". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
  28. Judith D. Schwartz (2013). Cows Save the Planet: And Other Improbable Ways of Restoring Soil to Heal the Earth. Chelsea Green Publishing. pp. 60–66. ISBN 978-1-60358-432-6.
  29. Schwartz, Judith (2014). "Dirt of Ages". World Ark Magazine. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
  30. Nierenberg, Danielle (3 February 2014). "Allan Savory: Save the world's food supply through a grazing revolution". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
  31. Savory, Allan. "How to fight desertification and reverse climate change". TED Transcript. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  32. Nicolette Hahn Niman (2014). Defending Beef: The Case for Sustainable Meat Production. Chelsea Green Publishing. pp. 34–44. ISBN 978-1-60358-536-1.
  33. Savory, Allan. "A Global Strategy for Addressing Global Climate Change" (PDF). Savory Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 2015-01-31.
  34. Hadley, C. J. (Fall 1999). "The Wildlife of Allan Savory". Range Magazine. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
  35. "Greener Pastures", by Judith D. Schwartz. Conservation Magazine, Summer 2011 / Vol. 12 No. 2.
  36. "The Buckminster Fuller Challenge" BFI website.
  37. Teague, W. R.; Dowhowera, S. L.; Bakera, S.A.; Haileb, N.; DeLaunea, P.B.; Conovera, D.M. (2011). "Grazing management impacts on vegetation, soil biota and soil chemical, physical and hydrological properties in tall grass prairie". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 141, Issues 3–4, May 2011, Pages 310–322 (3–4): 310–322. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2011.03.009.
  38. Sanjari G, Ghadiri H, Ciesiolka CAA, Yu B (2008). "Comparing the effects of continuous and time-controlled grazing systems on soil characteristics in Southeast Queensland" Soil Research 46, 348–358.
  39. K.T. Weber, B.S. Gokhale, (2011). "Effect of grazing on soil-water content in semiarid rangelands of southeast Idaho" Journal of Arid Environments. 75, 464–470.
  40. "Allan Savory: Myth And Reality" George Wuerthner, The Wildlife News, 12 November 2013
  41. https://skepticalscience.com/holistic-management-rebuttal.html
  42. Nordborg, M. (2016). Holistic management – a critical review of Allan Savory's grazing method. Uppsala: SLU/EPOK – Centre for Organic Food & Farming & Chalmers.
  43. Grazed and Confused?, Food Climate Research Network, 2017, p.64
  44. "Prince Charles sends a message to IUCN's World Conservation Congress". International Union for Conservation of Nature. 27 August 2012. Archived from the original on 15 March 2013.
  45. "Branson launches $25m climate bid". BBC News Online. 9 February 2007. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  46. "Removing greenhouse gases from the atmosphere". Virgin Earth Challenge. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
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