Andrewsiphius

Andrewsiphius is an extinct remingtonocetid early whale known from the Eocene (Ypresian-Lutetian, 50 to 40.4 million years ago) of Gujarat and Kutch, India and Balochistan, Pakistan.[2][3] It is the oldest known whale to date.

Andrewsiphius
Temporal range: Eocene,
50–40.4 Ma
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Infraorder: Cetacea
Family: †Remingtonocetidae
Genus: †Andrewsiphius
Sahni & Mishra 1975
Species:
†A. sloani
Binomial name
†Andrewsiphius sloani
Synonyms

Discovery and naming

The first specimen was collected by Sahni & Mishra 1972 who described it as mandibular fragments of Protocetus sloani. Sahni & Mishra 1975 described two new species, Andrewsiphius kutchensis and A. minor based on their previous material and new mandibular fragments. Later researchers interpreted the same mandibular specimens as belonging to Remintonocetus. Gingerich et al. 2001 reinterpreted these specimens as fragments from maxillae, and determined that the described "confluence of the mandibular canals anteriorly" was in fact the narial passages. Gingerich et al. also determined that the variations in size among proposed species were within the normal variation for a single species and therefore attributed a number of referred specimens as belonging to Andrewsiphius sloani.[4]

Gingerich et al. also noted that the type specimen of Kutchicetus minimus came from the same locality as A. sloani and that its distinctive small size was within the variation that could be expected for A. sloani, and Gingerich et al. therefore included K. minimus into A. sloani.[4] Later authors, however, disagreed on this assignment and Kutchicetus is still accepted as a separate genus.[5]

Sahni & Mishra 1972 named the type species for Dr Robert E. Sloan, Department of Geology, University of Minnesota.[6]

Description

Andrewsiphius is similar to but smaller than Kutchicetus (another remingtonocetid); Gingerich et al. 2001 synonymized them, and Thewissen & Bajpai 2009 proposed a new subfamily, Andrewsiphiinae, for the two species. Later authors,[7] however, still accept both as separate genera.

Andrewsiphius and Kutchicetus share several characteristics not present in other remingtonocetids: an elongated snout that is higher than it is wide; foramina (small holes) on the tip of the snout suggesting the presence of whiskers; eyes located dorsally near the cranial midline, resulting in an appearance of a mammalian crocodile; and a very large sagittal crest overhanging the back of the skull.[8] Other characteristics make them distinct: the second and third upper and lower premolars are double-rooted in Andrewsiphius but single-rooted in Kutchicetus; the large diastemata in the former are absent the latter; and the tail vertebrae are more robust in Andrewsiphius.[9]

Andrewsiphius is, compared to the remgintonocetids Remingtonocetus and Dalanistes, smaller, has a narrower rostrum, and smaller premolars separated by longer diastemata.[4]

Notes
  1. Andrewsiphius sloani in the Paleobiology Database. Retrieved July 2013.
  2. Baranda (Eocene of India) in the Paleobiology Database. Retrieved July 2013.
  3. Panandhro Mine, HD Pit (Eocene of India) in the Paleobiology Database. Retrieved July 2013.
  4. Gingerich et al. 2001, pp. 287–9
  5. Kutchicetus in the Paleobiology Database. Retrieved July 2013.
  6. Sahni & Mishra 1972, p. 490
  7. E.g., Uhen 2010, p. 203
  8. Switek, Brian (October 16, 2009). "A Different Kind of Whale". Laelaps. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
  9. Thewissen & Bajpai 2009, Abstract

References
  • Gingerich, Philip D; Ul-Haq, Munir; Khan, Intizar Hussain; Zalmout, Iyad S. (2001). "Eocene stratigraphy and archaeocete whales (Mammalia, Cetacea) of Drug Lahar in the eastern Sulaiman range, Balochistan (Pakistan)". Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan. 30 (11): 269–319. hdl:2027.42/48661. OCLC 50061585.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Sahni, Ashok; Mishra, Vijay Prakash (1972). "A New Species of Protocetus (Cetacea) from the Middle Eocene of Kutch, Western India" (PDF). Palaeontology. 15 (3): 490–5. Retrieved 25 July 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Sahni, Ashok; Mishra, Vijay Prakash (1975). "Lower Tertiary vertebrates from western India". Monograph of the Paleontological Society of India. 3: 1–48. ASIN B0007AL8UE. OCLC 3566369.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Thewissen, J.G.M.; Bajpai, Sunil (2009). "New Skeletal Material of Andrewsiphius and Kutchicetus, Two Eocene Cetaceans from India". Journal of Paleontology. 83 (5): 635–63. doi:10.1666/08-045.1. OCLC 4908550552.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Uhen, Mark D. (2010). "The Origin(s) of Whales" (PDF). Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 38: 189–219. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-040809-152453. Retrieved 25 July 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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