Backstairs Passage

The Backstairs Passage is a strait in South Australia lying between Fleurieu Peninsula on the Australian mainland and Dudley Peninsula on the eastern end of Kangaroo Island. The western edge of the passage is a line from Cape Jervis on Fleurieu Peninsula to Kangaroo Head (west of Penneshaw) on Kangaroo Island.[2] The Pages, a group of islets, lie in the eastern entrance to the strait. About 14 km wide at its narrowest, it was formed by the rising sea around 13,000 years ago, at the end of the Pleistocene era, when it submerged the land connecting what is now Kangaroo Island with the Fleurieu Peninsula. Backstairs Passage was named by Matthew Flinders whilst he and his crew on HMS Investigator were exploring and mapping the coastline of South Australia in 1802.

Backstairs Passage
Location of Backstairs Passage between the eastern end of Kangaroo Island and the Fleurieu Peninsula
Backstairs Passage Location in South Australia
Location	South Australia
Coordinates	35°41′1″S 138°4′23″E
Type	strait
Basin countries	Australia
Max. depth	73 metres (240 ft)[1]
Islands	The Pages
Settlements	Cape Jervis, Penneshaw

Discovery and exploration

Backstairs Passage was named by Matthew Flinders on 7 April 1802 whilst he and his crew on HMS Investigator were exploring and mapping the coastline of South Australia. Flinders noted that this body of water is separate from Investigator Strait and that "it forms a private entrance, as it were, to the two gulphs; and I named it Back-stairs Passage."[3]

On 6 June 1995, South Australian marathon swimmer Andrew Martin completed the first recorded solo crossing of Backstairs Passage, covering the 14.25 km distance in 4 hours 31 minutes 30 seconds.[4] Like most Oceanic parts of South Australia, Backstairs passage is named after a part of a courtroom.

Maritime history

The coastal processes occurring in Gulf St Vincent and along the southern coastline of Fleurieu Peninsula are complex. Due to the relatively shallow Gulf St Vincent joining the Southern Ocean through the deeper Backstairs Passage, this narrow and dangerous channel is subjected to strong currents, heavy tidal swells and steep breaking seas.[5]

In the early years following European colonisation many of the nearly fifty vessels wrecked in the hazardous waters around Kangaroo Island were lost while crossing Backstairs Passage to and from the mainland. This led to South Australia's first lighthouse, the Sturt Light, being built in 1851 at Cape Willoughby on the eastern tip of Kangaroo Island.[6] In addition to vessels navigating the treacherous crossing to and from the mainland, sailing ships (commonly wooden barques) making use of the Roaring Forties trade winds on voyaging to South Australia could be propelled by the prevailing winds into Backstairs Passage, or as far Bass Strait.[7]

Shipwrecks

• San Pareille - brigantine wrecked between Cape Jervis and Lands End on 30 January 1855.[8]
• Vanquish - schooner wrecked near Fishery Beach in early December 1864.[9]
• Thistle - schooner wrecked near Cape Jervis in 1866.[10]
• Hopper Barge No.3 - hopper barge sunk at Lands End on 21 October 1880 during the operation to refloat the stranded SS Sorata.[11]
• Ferret - fishing cutter wrecked at Waitpinga Beach in December 1932.[12]
• Grelka - schooner wrecked near Cape St Alban, Kangaroo Island, on 25 January 1955.[13]
• Galini - crayboat wrecked near the Pages during November 1981.[14]
• Olive Florence - wooden sailing vessel started to leak and foundered in heavy seas, between Cape Jervis and Emu Bay, 30 May 1994.[15]

2005 Sea Kayaking Tragedy

On 30 July 2005, two inexperienced sea kayakers drowned in Backstairs Passage.[16]

Protected areas

Protected areas located within and adjoining the strait’s extent include:

• Conservation parks - The Pages at the strait’s east end,[17] Baudin, Lashmar and Cape Willoughby on the Kangaroo Island coast,[18][19][20] and Deep Creek and Newland Head on the Fleurieu Peninsula coast.[21][22]
• Marine parks - Encounter Marine Park[23]

Citations and references

Citations

1. DMH, 1985, chart 12
2. BIA, 2005, page 184
3. Flinders (1966) [1814], p. 262
4. Bye, John A. T. and Carvalho Junior, Oldemar. The first recorded successful cross Backstairs Passage swim: research note [Andrew Martin's swim is a unique entry in the annals of South Australian exploration.] [online]. South Australian Geographical Journal, Vol. 95, 1996: 70-74.
5. Australian Hydrographic Service; Cooper, A. H (2006), Australia - south coast, Port Adelaide to Backstairs Passage (Notices to Mariners inclusive to 2006 ed.), Published by the Australian Hydrographic Service, 28th May 1958, under the superintendence of Commander A.H. Cooper, R.A.N, retrieved 12 April 2017
6. "Kangaroo Island Heritage Survey 1991" (PDF). Department of Environment: heritage surveys. Government of South Australia. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
7. "Bound for South Australia". State Library of South Australia: South Australian State Records. Government of South Australia. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
8. Coroneos (1997), p. 57
9. Coroneos (1997), pp. 75-76
10. "Australian National Shipwreck Database". environment.gov.au. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
11. Coroneos (1997), pp. 80-82
12. Coroneos (1997), pp. 91-92
13. Coroneos (1997), pp. 95-96
14. Coroneos (1997), p. 97
15. "Australian National Shipwreck Database". environment.gov.au. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
16. Carter, Peter. "Paddling Backstairs Passage". Peter Carter's Home Page. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
17. Island conservation parks of Backstairs Passage and Encounter Bay management plans (PDF). Adelaide: National Parks and Wildlife Service. 1983. pp. 1–3. ISBN 0-7243-4588-4.
18. "Baudin Conservation Park". Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
19. "Lashmar Conservation Park". Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
20. "Cape Willoughby Conservation Park". Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
21. "Deep Creek Conservation Park". Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
22. "Newland Head Conservation Park". Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
23. "Encounter Marine Park Management plan summary" (PDF). Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. p. 2 of 6. Retrieved 17 June 2014.

References

• Boating Industry Association of South Australia (BIA); South Australia. Department for Environment and Heritage (2005), South Australia's waters an atlas & guide, Boating Industry Association of South Australia, ISBN 978-1-86254-680-6
• South Australia. Department of Marine and Harbors (1985), The Waters of South Australia a series of charts, sailing notes and coastal photographs, Dept. of Marine and Harbors, South Australia (DMH), ISBN 978-0-7243-7603-2
• Flinders, Matthew (1966) [1814]. A Voyage to Terra Australis : undertaken for the purpose of completing the discovery of that vast country, and prosecuted in the years 1801, 1802, and 1803 in His Majesty's ship the Investigator, and subsequently in the armed vessel Porpoise and Cumberland Schooner; with an account of the shipwreck of the Porpoise, arrival of the Cumberland at Mauritius, and imprisonment of the commander during six years and a half in that island. (Facsimile ed.). Adelaide; Facsimile reprint of: London : G. and W. Nicol, 1814 ed. In two volumes, with an Atlas (3 volumes): Libraries Board of South Australia. p. 262. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
• Coroneos, Cosmos (1997), Shipwrecks of Encounter Bay and Backstairs Passage, Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology & Australian National Centre of Excellence for Maritime Archaeology