Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve

The Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve is a 6,000-acre (2,400 ha) park located north of Mount Diablo in Contra Costa County, California under the administration of the East Bay Regional Park District (EBRPD). The district acquired the property in 1973. The preserve contains relics of 3 mining towns, former coal and sand mines, and offers guided tours of a former sand mine. The 60 miles (97 km) of trails in the Preserve cross rolling foothill terrain covered with grassland, California oak woodland, California mixed evergreen forest, and chaparral.

Black Diamond Mines
Nearest cityAntioch, California
Coordinates37°57′1″N 121°51′25″W
NRHP reference No.91001425 [2]
CHISL No.932[3]
Added to NRHPOctober 02, 1991
Rose Hill Cemetery, Black Diamond Mines
Rose Hill Cemetery, Black Diamond Mines
Trail to a mine, Black Diamond Mines

History

Mount Diablo Coalfield
Historic marker for Mt. Diablo coal field

In 1859 William C. Israel discovered a coal deposit while clearing out a spring on his land at Horse Haven Valley, six miles south of Antioch. His initial attempt to mine the coal was not financially successful but soon other coal deposits were discovered nearby and mining operations grew rapidly.[4] The area became known as the Mount Diablo Coalfield, the largest in California, producing more than 400 million short tons (357 million long tons) of coal during this time.[5]

The area includes the remains of twelve coal mines and the sites of several long-gone coal mining towns. The Preserve contains over 200 miles (320 km) of mine workings. The largest and oldest town, Nortonville, had a peak population of about 1,000. Somersville, Stewartville, West Hartley and Judsonville were located in valleys to the east. The sites of Stewartville and West Hartley are located on private property outside the eastern boundary of the Preserve. The mines were the Empire, Central, Star, Corcoran, Pittsburg, Manhattan, Eureka, Independent, Union, Black Diamond, Mt. Hope, and Cumberland. The coal produced was of a low grade (sub-bituminous or lignite), but for a time in the 19th century, was the only readily accessible and economic source in California. Therefore, it was a very valuable resource and powering the railroads, ships and heavy industry of California. The mineral was often called 'black diamond."[6]

The coal was carried to the San Joaquin River by three railroads: the Empire, Pittsburg, and Black Diamond, for shipment by barge to markets in San Francisco, Sacramento, Stockton and other communities. Coal mining activity ended as better-quality imported coal became affordable and as petroleum emerged as an energy source. After the coal mines closed, the towns were abandoned and the area was used mainly for cattle grazing. In 1974 the Southport Land and Commercial Company (former Black Diamond Coal Mining Company) donated 160 acres of its land holdings to help It become Black Diamond Mines Regional Park.

The coal mines are closed due to hazards posed by the age of the mines, the gases they produce (carbon dioxide and methane), and their rock quality (the shale and coal in the mines is unstable). In 1980 four young boys from the local area were killed by the methane gas from one of the open mines [7] However, a number of mine openings have been turned into public-access openings which allow visitors to look into the mines and, for some, to walk a short distance underground. The deepest public-access opening is known as Prospect Tunnel. Visitors can enter 200 feet (61 m) of this excavation made by miners searching for coal.

Rose Hill Cemetery
Rose Hill Cemetery

Rose Hill Cemetery, officially designated as a Protestant cemetery, the final resting place for over 200 residents of the coalfield, is located on a hillside between the Somersville and Nortonville townsites.[lower-alpha 1] After the mines closed and the nearby towns were abandoned, the cemetery fell into disuse. Many of the gravestones were stolen or destroyed by vandals. In 1960, Ansel Adams photographed two Italian Cypress trees in the cemetery, and called the image,"Poplars, Cemetery near Mount Diablo".[9] The photo was taken with a Polaroid camera, though it's possible that it was not a typical consumer camera model.

The land the cemetery occupies was originally owned by the Black Diamond Coal Mining Company and was given to Contra Costa County by Emma Rose, the daughter of Black Diamond Mining Company president Alvinza Hayward. The original records for the cemetery were destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire.[10]

Few people buried in the cemetery are identified. Many of the individual plots were never marked. More had only a wooden marker - nearly all of which were destroyed over the years by either wildfires that swept through the area or by insects, weather, or other natural cause. Vandals are said to have carried off some of the more permanent stone markers.[8]

A few whose earthly remains were laid to rest here include:

  • William Gething, age 36, who was killed with 9 other men in an 1876 explosion; 7 other men who died at the same time are buried nearby.
  • Sarah Norton, age 68, wife of Noah Norton (namesake of Nortonville), who also worked as a midwife and was killed instantly when she was thrown from her buggy to deliver yet another baby; she reportedly delivered over 600 babies for miners' wives.[8]
  • The earliest stone marker belongs to Elizabeth Richmond, who died in February, 1865.[9]
  • The youngest known person was the one-day old, unnamed daughter of Thomas H. and Elizabeth Jenkins, who died on April 15, 1880.[9]
  • The oldest known person was Ruth French, age 81, died on September 11, 1874.[9]
  • The most recent known burial was William T. Davis, died in 1954.[9]

Sandstone mine
Inside the Hazel-Atlas Mine at Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve

In the 1920s, a mine producing high-quality silica sandstone was started by owner Marvin Greathouse on a hillside above the Somersville townsite. He sold the product to the Hazel-Atlas Glass Company which operated a plant in Oakland manufacturing glass containers. Hazel-Atlas eventually purchased the mine and operated it until about 1945. Another sandstone mine in the Nortonville area produced sand used by the Columbia Steel mill in Pittsburg, California for steel casting. The two companies recovered more than 1.8×106 short tons (1.6×106 long tons) of sand between from the 1920s to the 1940s.[5] The Hazel-Atlas mine is being restored and maintained by park staff and can be visited on guided tours which cover the area's mining history and geology.[11]

Greathouse Portal, Black Diamond Mine Regional Preserve in 2012

Inside the Greathouse portal, a 950 foot (290 m)-long section of the entrance corridor has been made into a museum. The first section is a series of self-guided exhibits, while the larger second section (which has a separate entrance from the outside), houses a reconstruction of the Hazel-Atlas works as it would have appeared around 1940.[12]

EBRPD originally repurposed the Hazel-Atlas mine as a museum in the 1970s, but storm damage in 2007 forced closure of this attraction for extensive repairs. It did not reopen for five years.[13]

Recreation

The trails offer views of Mount Diablo, the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, and on clear days, the Sierra Nevada.

The Preserve usually has an impressive variety of wildflowers in spring including the rare Mount Diablo fairy lantern (Calochortus pulchellus), Mount Diablo sunflower (Helianthella castanea), and Brewer's dwarf flax (Hesperolinon breweri). It is home to a variety of wildlife including deer, mountain lions, coyotes, foxes, bobcats, golden eagles, and a variety of hawks. The endangered San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica) and threatened California red-legged frog (Rana draytonii), California tiger salamander (Ambystoma californiense) and Alameda whipsnake (Masticophis lateralis) are present as well. The park is open year-round for hiking, mountain biking, and horseback riding from 8 am to dusk. A backpack camp and a group camp can be reserved for overnight stays. There have been many reports of a ghost in the park.

2016 land donation

EBRPD accepted the donation of 50 acres (20 ha) by Antioch Holdings LLC on December 20, 2016. The property had been deeded to the holding company by Gordon Grevelle, president of Suncrest Homes, who had originally planned to build a gated residential community there when he had bought the tract in 1987. After going through an extensive permitting process and a decline in the California housing market, Grevelle decided that the project he had envisioned would be unlikely to meet his financial goals. Since the tract was already surrounded by park land, he chose to make the land available to EBRPD, which announced its intention to add the land to the Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve. Grevelle estimated the market value of his donation at $3.5 million in 2016.[14]

Notes
  1. One writer states that there were over 230 burial plots, though the exact number cannot be documented. Only 80 gravestones remained in 2016. Men buried there were mostly immigrant miners from Wales, killed in mining accidents, while the women were wives who died during childbirth. The majority of graves in the cemetery are for children who died in epidemics of scarlet fever, typhoid fever, smallpox, and diphtheria during the late 1800s.[8]

See also

References
  1. "Mount Diablo coal field". Office of Historic Preservation, California State Parks. Retrieved 2012-09-05.
  2. "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
  3. "Mount Diablo coal field". Office of Historic Preservation, California State Parks. Retrieved 2012-09-05.
  4. Hulaniski, Frederick J., ed. (1917). The History of Contra Costa County. Elms Publishing Company. p. 96.
  5. "Todd, Gail. SFGate. "Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve." September 26, 2012. Retrieved July 11, 2013". Archived from the original on July 11, 2013. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
  6. Erickson, Ger. "Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve." 2017. Archived 2017-02-24 at the Wayback Machine Accessed February 22, 2017.
  7. "Teen-agers die in abandoned mine". UPI. Archived from the original on 2020-04-07. Retrieved 2020-04-07.
  8. Viall, Tim. "Exploring the East Bay; the ghosts of old coal miners haunt Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve north of Mt. Diablo." ESanJoaquin.Blogs. July 16, 2016. Archived September 3, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Accessed September 2, 2018.
  9. Pohl, Michael. "Rose Hill Cemetery #007." Michael Pohl Photography. May 21, 2017. Archived September 3, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Accessed September 2, 2018.
  10. Gibbons, Traci. Rose Hill Cemetery (Booklet). East Bay Regional Park District.
  11. "Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve - Park Features". East Bay Regional Park District. Archived from the original on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 24 Aug 2011.
  12. "Sand Mine Underground Visitor Center." RoadsideAmerica.com Archived 2017-02-23 at the Wayback Machine Accessed February 22, 2017.
  13. Alden, Andrew. "Black Diamond Regional Mines Preserve Reopens Visitor Center." KQED Science Quest. May 17, 2012. Archived February 23, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Accessed February 22, 2012.
  14. Coetsee, Rowena. "Black Diamond Mines park 50 acres larger." Brentwood News. December 30, 2016.

Resources
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