Cahuapanan languages
The Cahuapanan languages are a language family spoken in the Amazon basin of northern Peru. They include two languages, Chayahuita and Jebero, which are spoken by more than 11,300 people. Chayahuita is spoken by most of that number, but Jebero is almost extinct.
| Cahuapanan | |
|---|---|
| Kawapanan | |
| Geographic distribution | Peru |
| Linguistic classification | Macro-Jibaro ?
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Glottolog | cahu1265 |
Language contact
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Kechua, Arawak, Kandoshi, Pukina, and Karib language families due to contact.[1]
Varieties
- Chayahuita or Chawi (also known or rendered as Balsapuertino, Cahuapa, Chayabita, Chayawita, Chayhuita, Tshaahui, Paranapura, Shayabit)
- Chayahuita dialect
- Cahuapana dialect
- Jebero (also known or rendered as Chebero, Xebero, Xihuila)
Glottolog classifies the extinct language Maynas as close to Chawi.
Other Cahuapanan varieties that are listed by Loukotka (1968):[2]
- Yamorai - spoken on the Sillai River in Loreto Department
- Ataguate - extinct language of the same region, once spoken on the Aipena River and around Lake Atagua (unattested)
- Pamdabegue - once spoken on the Aipena River and Paranapura River in Loreto Department (unattested)
- Miguira (Shuensampi, Miquira, Mikirá[3]) - extinct language once spoken in the single village of Maucallacta on the Paranapura River
Proto-language
| Proto-Cahuapanan | |
|---|---|
| Proto-Kawapanan | |
| Reconstruction of | Cahuapanan languages |
Rojas-Berscia (2019)
Rojas-Berscia (2019) gives the following forms for Proto-Kawapanan, along with their respective Shawi, and Shiwilu reflexes.[4]
gloss Proto-Kawapanan Shawi Shiwilu agouti *îtɘʔ ihtɘʔ ɘttʃɘk Aipena River *aîpina ~ *îpina aipina ɘrpina anona *aɘ ~ *ɘ ɘ-(ʃa), aɘ ɘk-pi apangora crab *sîwa ʃiwa sɘrwa armadillo *tiʔlɘ(ʔ) tɘʔnɘ-ʃa(ʔ)wɘ tʃiʔlɘk bat *isɘʔ isɘʔ iʃɘk belly *yuʔ yoʔ ð̞u ʔ bird *iLansîʔ, *ilansîʔ inansi-raʔ, ina(i)nʃi-ra ~ inai-ra ilansɘrʔ bite *ki-tɘ(ʔ)- kɘ-tɘ- ki-tɘk- blood *wɘLa-yɘʔ wɘna-iʔ wɘkla-ð̞ek boa *kupi-wan kopi-wan kupiwan boquichico *wankî wanki wankɘr-tʃɘk breadfruit *pîtu pito pɘttʃu brother (of a woman) *yuʔyuʔ yoʔyoʔ yuyuʔ burn (vt.) *yiʔsîʔ- iʔʃi- 'dip into salt’ ð̞iʔsɘrʔ- carry *piʔpɘ(ʔ)- pɘʔpɘ- piʔpɘk- chest *tiʔ-tɘʔ tɘʔ-tɘʔ ‘breast (of birds)’ tʃiʔ-tɘk choro monkey *suluʔ soroʔ suluʔ cicada *kaʼyula kaʔyora kað̞ula condor *tamɘ tamɘ tamɘk coto monkey *luʔluʔ noʔnoʔ luʔluʔ cover:CL *-tɘʔ -tɘʔ -tɘk cunchi *tuʔwan toʔwan tuʔwan cunchi (fish sp.) *ikîa-La ~ *ikîla-La ikia-na < *îkîa-{l/n}a ikɘλa-la cunchi, tullu uma *tuʔwan toʔwan tuʔwan curassow *iʼsa iʔsa iʃa ear *wɘ wɘ-ra-tɘʔ wɘk earth *luʔpaʔ noʔpaʔ luʔpaʔ earth:CL *-luʔ -nuʔ - luʔ egg *kayuʔ kayoʔ kað̞uʔ evening star *îʔwa-yu iʔwa-yo ɘrʔwa-ð̞u feather, bodily hair *anpuluʔ anporoʔ anpuluʔ fire *pɘn pɘn pɘn firewood *yiwɘ iwɘ ð̞iwɘk fish *samî sami samɘr floodplain *titɘ(ʔ)-pi tɘtɘ-pi ~ tɘti-wi tʃitɘk-pi-luʔ flower *yanku yanko ð̞anku foot *lan-tɘʔ nan-tɘʔ lan-tɘk genipa *ɘsa isa ɘksa giant armadillo *ipɘ ɘpɘ ~ ipɘ ipɘk hair *aîn ~ *în ain ɘrn head *mutuʔ motoʔ mutuʔ horn *pɘnmun pomon pɘnmun house *piyɘʔ pɘiʔ pið̞ɘk huaman samana tree *anpînian anpinian anpɘnɲan huangana *laman naman laman huasaco *aʔlanan aʔnanan aʔlanan huito tree *ɘsa isa ɘksa husband *suʔya suʔya, suʔ-in suð̞a, suð̞-in irapai palm *panpɘ panpɘ panpɘk-lu jaguar *niʼniʔ niʔniʔ ɲiɲiʔ(-wa) knee *tuʔtuʔpi toʔtopi tuʔtuʔpi leaf for the roof *paLi pani-ra paʎi leg *tuLa tona tula liquid:CL *-yɘʔ -iʔ -ð̞ɘk lisa fish *nîka-la nika-ra nɘrka-la louse *timɘn tɘmɘn tʃimɘn macana fish *sîʼwi(n) ʃiʔwi-roʔ sɘrwin maize *tiʔtîʔ ʃiʔʃiʔ < *tîʔtîʔ tʃitɘr ~ tʃitɘrʔ mammal sp. *puʔsî poʔʃi ‘squirrel sp.’ puʔsɘr ‘pygmy-marmoset’ manioc *kîʔ kiʔ kɘrʔ maquisapa *tuʼya toʔya tuð̞a moriche palm *tipî ʃipi < *tîpî tʃipɘr ~ tʃipɘrʔ mosquito net *tipî-tɘʔ ʃipi-tɘʔ < *tîpî-tɘʔ tʃipɘr-tʃɘk ~ tʃipɘt-tʃɘk mouth, language *lanlan/*lanlam-V-, *laʔlaʔ nanan / nanam-ɘn musmuque monkey *kuyɘ kuwi kuð̞ɘk nail *tuʔ-tɘ(ʔ)-la toʔ-tɘ-ra-tɘʔ tuʔtɘk-la name *linlin ninin ʎinʎin nose *nî-tɘʔ ni-tɘʔ nɘrtʃɘk ~ nɘttʃɘk opossum *ana-sî anaʃi anasɘr otter *yɘnni ini ð̞ɘnɲi over *ayi- ai- að̞i- pain in the eye *yaʼpi- yaʔpi-ra ‘eye’ ð̞api- pineapple *sînpa ʃinpa sɘrnpa platanillo *tanku tanko ‘platanillo’ tanku ‘banana’ porcupine *sisɘ(ʔ) sɘsɘʔ ~ sɘsɘ sisɘk ~ siʔsɘk pressing with fingernails *yɘʔ- iʔ- ð̞ɘk- pucacuru ant *lipî nipi lipɘr-λa pus *yuLîʔ yoniʔ ð̞ulɘrʔ-yuʔ rain *uʔlan oʔnan uʔlan recently/late, afternoon *îʔwa iʔwa ɘrʔwa reed *siwî(n) ʃiwi siwɘn-ɲan river mouth *tinpîn-nan / *tinpîn-nam- tʃinpinam-ɘn tʃinpɘnɲan root *i-tɘʔ i-tɘʔ i-tɘk rope *iLa-lin ina-rin ila-ʎin sachavaca, tapir *panwala pawara panwala sand *yî-luʔ-tɘʔ i-nu-tɘʔ ð̞ɘ-λuʔ-tɘk scare *ayi(ʔ)wan aiwan að̞iwan- shrimp *wan wan-ʃa wan-ʃɘn sister (of a man) *utî oʃi, uʃi utɘr sister (of a woman) *kayɘ kai, 3 kai-n kað̞ɘk, kað̞ɘ-n sour *aî- ~ *î- ai- ɘr- sweet *kasî- kaʃi kasɘr termite *îʔtɘ(ʔ)l... ~ *îʔtɘ(ʔ)l... iʔtɘrɘʔ ɘttʃɘkla thief (> to steal) *apî(ʔ) apiʔ apɘr- thin *simɘn ʃimɘn- simɘn thorn *lawan nawan lawan tick *tɘpa tɘpa tɘkpa to believe *latɘ(ʔ)- natɘ- latɘk- to bite *ki-tɘ(ʔ)- kɘtɘ- kitɘk to burn *aʼpɘ(ʔ)- aʔpɘ- apɘk- to burn (vt.) *yiʔsîʔ- iʔʃi- ‘to dip into salt’ < *yîʔsî- ð̞iʔsɘrʔ to bury *paʼpîʔ- paʔpi- papɘrʔ- to carry *piʔpɘ(ʔ)- pɘʔpɘ- piʔpɘk- to climb *nanpɘ(ʔ)- nanpɘ- nanpɘk- to come *wɘʔ- wɘʔ- wɘk- to crawl *patɘ(ʔ)- patɘ- patɘk- to cut *pɘʔtɘ(ʔ)- ~ *pɘʼtɘ(ʔ)- pɘʔtɘ- pɘktɘk- to die *timin- tʃimin- tʃimin- to die out *takîʔ- taki- takɘrʔ to eat, to have sex *kaʔ- kaʔ- kaʔ- to end *nanîʔ- nani- ‘to end’ nanɘrʔ- ‘to forget, to flee’ to fly *pɘn- pɘn- pɘn- to fry, to singe *kɘ-, *kɘ-t- kɘ-t- kɘk- to gnaw *wɘLu- wɘno- wɘklu- to jump *inyɘ(ʔ)- nii- inð̞ɘk to kneel *iyɘnsun- ison- yɘnsun- to know *luwî- nowi- luwɘr- to meet (to find?) *kapîʔ- na-kapi- kapɘrʔ- to plant *tîaʔ- ʃaʔ- tɘra- to pour *pasîʔ- paʃi- ‘to perfume’ pasɘrʔ- to see *liʔ- niʔ- ʎiʔ- to sting *wî- wi- wɘr- to suck, to lick *iluʔ- iro- iluʔ- to sweep *witɘ(ʔ)- wɘtɘ- ‘to extend’ witɘk- to tie *tɘnpuʔ- tonpoʔ ‘bundle’, tonpo- ~ tɘnpo- tɘnpuʔ- to untie *ɘʔkî- ~ *ɘʼkî- iʔki-ri- ɘkkɘr tocon monkey *tukun tokon tukun tongue *ninɘ(ʔ)-la nɘnɘ-ra ɲinɘk-la toucan *yuʼwin yoʔwin ð̞uwin trace *îʔla iʔna- ɘrʔʎa vein, sinew, tendon *îpa-tɘʔ ipa-tɘʔ ɘrpa-tɘk vine:CL *-lin -rin -lin vulture *supuʔ sopoʔ supuʔ water *yɘʔ iʔ ð̞ɘk who *yɘn in ð̞ɘn wound (> to get spoilt, ugly) *apîʔ apiʔ apɘrʔ yanguaturi (armadillo sp.) *ipɘ ɘpɘ/ipɘ ipɘk you *kɘnma kɘma kɘnma
Valenzuela (2011)
Valenzuela (2011) gives the following Swadesh list table for the Proto-Cahuapana, Jebero, and Chayahuita.[5]
no. Spanish gloss English gloss Proto-Cahuapana Jebero Chayahuita 1 yo, me, a mí I *kʷa kʷa, -ku ka, ku 2 tú you *kɨma kənma kɨma 3a nosotros (exclusivo) we (exclusive) *k[u/i]ja kuða kija 3b nosotros (inclusivo) we (inclusive) *k[ɨ/a]npu(ʔ)wa(ʔ) kənmuʔwa kanpuwa, kamuwa 4 este this *[a/i]suʔ asuʔ isuʔ 5 él, ella he, she *[na/i]na nana iná 6 ¿quién? who? ðən intaʔ 7 ¿qué? what? *ma(ʔ) maʔnən maʔtaʔ 8 no no *kuʔ kuʔlaʔ kuʔ 9a todos all (pl.) iɲəɾðapəɾ kaʔipinan 9b todo all (sg.) iɲə jaʔipiɾa 10 mucho many *na(ʔ)ku(n) nakusuʔ naʔkun 'muchos' ("many, pl.") 11 uno one *a(ʔ)ɾaʔ alaʔsaʔ aʔnaʔ 12 dos two *katuʔ katuʔtaʔ katuʔ 13 grande big aʔʎupi panka 14 largo long ʃin napuɾupi 15 pequeño small aʔməɾ waʔwiʃin 16 mujer woman kuʔapəɾ sanapi 17 hombre, varón man, male ənmupinən kɨmapi 18 persona person muðaʔ pijapi 19 pájaro bird ʃunpula inaiɾa 20a jaguar jaguar *ni[ʔ]niʔ ɲiɲiʔ niʔniʔ 20b perro dog ɲiɲiʔwa niʔniɾa 21 piojo louse *timɨn tʃimən tɨmɨn 22 árbol tree *naɾa nala naɾa 23 semilla, ojo seed, eye *ɾaja laða -ɾaja 'cara, ojo, semilla' ("face, eye, seed") 24 hoja sheet lalumək wɨɾun- 25 raíz root *itɨk iɾək itɨʔ 26 corteza bark tʃipiɾək ʃaʔwɨtɨʔ 27 piel skin tʃipitək ʃaʔwɨtɨʔ 28 carne meat tʃutʃu nuʃa 29 sangre blood uklaðək wɨnaiʔ 30 hueso bone *ɾans[i/ɨ]ʔ lansiʔ nansɨʔ 31 grasa fat, grease *ija ija- ija- 'freír' 32 fuego fire *pɨn pən pɨn 33 huevo egg *kajuʔ kaðuʔ kajuʔ 34 sangre blood wiʔwək pumun 35 hueso bone ʎintək winan 36 pluma feather *anpuɾuʔ anpuluʔ anpuɾuʔ 37 pez fish *sami saməɾ sami 38 pelo hair *ain(tɨk) əntʃək ain 39 cabeza head *mutuʔ mutuʔ mutuʔ 40 oreja ear *w[i(ʔ)/ɨ]ɾatɨk wiʔwək wɨɾatɨʔ 41 ojo eye *ja(ʔ)pi ðapi- 'doler el ojo' ("the eye hurts") jaʔpiɾa 41b ojo, cara eye, face laða -ɾaja 'clasificador' ("classifier") 42 uña nail *tuʔtɨ(k)ɾa tuʔtəkla tuʔtɨɾatɨʔ 43 respirar breathe *n[i/ɨ]tɨk nəʔttʃək (< nəɾ + -tək) nitɨʔ 44 boca mouth *ɾaʔɾa[ʔ/n] laʔlaʔ nanan 45 diente tooth *ɾatɨk latək natiʔ 46 lengua tongue *ninɨkɾa ɲinəkla nɨnɨɾa 47 pie foot *ɾantɨk lantək nantɨʔ 48 rodilla knee *tutuʔtu[ʔ]pi tuʔtuʔpi tuʔtupitɨʔ 49 mano hand itəkla imiɾa 50 barriga belly *juʔ məɾpi; ikəɾ-ðu(ʔ) 'doler la baɾɾiga' ("the belly hurts") juʔnau 51 cuello neck *kuɾupi kulupi 'manzana de Adán' ("Adam's apple") kunupi 52 seno breast muðin ʃuʔʃu 53 corazón heart *jinɾupi ðinlupi ninupi 54 hígado liver *kankan kankan kankan 55 beber drink *uʔu- u- uʔu 56 comer eat *kaʔ kaʔ- kaʔ 57 morder bite *kitɨ(k) kitək- kɨtɨ- 58 ver see *ɾiʔ ʎiʔ- niʔ- 59 oír hear lawək- natan- 60 saber know ɲintʃi- 'aprender' ("to catch") nitotɨ- 61 dormir sleep *w[i/ɨ]C(ʔ) witʃiʔ- wɨʔɨ- 62 morir die *timin tʃimin- tʃimin- 63 matar kill ðiʔ- tɨpa- 64 nadar swim *(i)jun iðun- jun- 65 volar fly *pɨn pənnuʔ- pɨn- 66 ir go *paʔ paʔ- paʔ- 67 venir come *wɨ(k) wək- wɨ- 68 estar echado, echarse lying down pəkkwaʔ- kɨwɨn- 'echarse' ("to lie down") 69 estar sentado, sentarse seated ðuʔ- wɨnsɨ- 70 estar parado standing up *wani wanəɾ- wani- 71 dar give ənkaʔ- kɨtɨ- 72 decir say *it(ɨ/u) (i)ɾ- itɨ- 'dice' ("say") 73 sol sun kəkki piʔi 74 luna moon *juki ðukəɾ juki 75 estrella star *ta(n)juɾa tanðula tajuɾa 76 agua water ðək iʔʃa, tɨʔkɨin 'río' ("river") 77 lluvia rain *uʔɾan uʔlan uʔnan 78 piedra stone *ɾaʔpi laʔpi naʔpi 79 arena sand ðəʎuʔtɨk, kaʎiluʔ inutɨʔ 80 tierra earth *ɾu(ʔ)paʔ lupaʔ nuʔpaʔ 81 nube cloud ðinpanluʔtək wiɾiɾuʔtɨ, jaɾaɾuʔtɨ, piʔiɾutɨ, ʃituɾuʔ 82 humo smoke kəʎu kunaiʔ 83 ceniza ashes *jaɾuʔ pənðaluʔ januʔ 84 quemar(se) burn *w[i/ɨ](ʔ)ki wəʔkəɾ- wiki- 85 camino road intʃilala iɾa 86a cerro mountain *mutupi mutupi mutupi 86b selva jungle *tanan tanan tanan 87 rojo red pipəɾ kɨwan 88 verde green wawa 'una fruta' ("a fruit"), aðawaʔ 'opaco' ("opaque") kanuɾa 89 amarillo yellow *ʃaʔpi(ʔ) ʃaʔpiʔ ʃaʔpitun 90 blanco white ðaða wiɾitun 91 negro black kəɾ jaɾatun 92 noche night kasisəɾ 'oscuro' ("dark") taʃiʔ 93 gusano worm *kuwi(ʔ) kuweɾ 'lombriz' ("earthworm") kuwiʔ 94 frío cold sanək sɨwɨn 95 lleno full muɾ mɨntaʃa, mɨnta- 'estar lleno' ("to be full") 96 nuevo new *na nalu naʃa 97 bueno good mukankan, uʔtʃimu 'bonito' ("beautiful") nuja 98 redondo round munkun putʃin jaʔnuɾinsuʔ, tawiʃi 99 seco dry ən- 'estar seco' ("to be dry") jakɨn 100 nombre name *ɾiɾin ʎi(n)ʎin ninin
Vocabulary
Loukotka (1968)
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Cahuapanan languages.[2]
gloss Cahuapana Chayavita Jebero Miquirá one ara haná aláʔatsa two katu kató katáta three kara kará kála head mutu mostó móto hu-mato ear buek wuiraté wuíoga tooth nate naté látek fire puín puíng pön punga stone napí napí láʔapi napi sun kéki pií köki kogua moon matáshi yuxkí rúkör rúki maize tötrla shiʔishí chíter chichi dog nini niʔíni niní nini boat nũng ñong ñung nunga
Further reading
- Hart, H. L. (1988). Diccionario chayahuita-castellano (Serie Lingüística Peruana, 29). Yarinacocha: Ministerio de Educación and Summer Institute of Linguistics.
References
 |
Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Cahuapanan reconstructions |
- Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas (Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.
- Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
- Loukotka, Čestmír. 1949. Sur Quelques Langues Inconnues de l'Amerique du Sud. Lingua Posnaniensis I: 53-82.
- Rojas-Berscia, Luis Miguel. 2019. From Kawapanan to Shawi: Topics in language variation and change. Doctoral dissertation, Radboud University Nijmegen.
- Valenzuela Bismarck, Pilar. 2011. Contribuciones para la reconstrucción del proto-cahuapana: comparación léxica y gramatical de las lenguas jebero y chayahuita. In Willem F. H. Adelaar and Pilar Valenzuela Bismarck and Roberto Zariquiey Biondi (eds.), Aru, Simi, Taqu, Lengua: Estudios en homenaje a Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino, 271-304. Lima: Fondo Editorial, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.
- Alain Fabre, 2005, Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos: KAWAPANA
- Valenzuela Bismarck, Pilar, 2011, Contribuciones para la reconstrucción del proto-cahuapana: Comparación léxica y grammatical de las lenguas jebero y chayahuita. In W.F.H. Adelaar, P. Valenzuela Bismarck & R. Zariquiey Biondi (eds.), Estudios en lenguas andinas y amazónicas. Homenaje a Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino, pp. 271–304. Lima: Fondo Editorial Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.
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