December 1921

December 1, 1921 (Thursday)
  • The United States government implemented regulations for the right to broadcast wireless radio signals commercially, requiring a license from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Navigation, for all transmitters and setting aside two specific frequencies on the amplitude modulation (AM) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Initially, stations broadcasting news reports were allowed the 485 meter wavelength (equivalent to 620 kHz) and those broadcasting entertainment were allowed 360 meters (roughly 830 kHz). [1]
C-7
  • For the first time, a manned airship was flown filled with non-flammable helium rather than hydrogen, as the United States Navy flew the C-7, a C-class blimp from Hampton Roads, Virginia to Washington, D.C. and back. C-7 was powered by two engines and had a gondola hanging from it that was large enough to carry a crew of four people. [2] [3]
  • British Prime Minister David Lloyd George announced, for the first time in negotiations, that dominion status within the British Commonwealth would be offered to Ireland, similar to that existing at the time in Canada, as an alternative to independence. [4] In addition, the six counties of Ulster Province would remain as Northern Ireland within the United Kingdom, and a boundary commission would be created to arrange a permanent definition of the boundary between north and south.
  • Riots broke out in Vienna as a result of price increases. Shops were looted and foreign hotel guests were robbed.[5]
  • Nicaragua ended martial law in its northwestern provinces after receiving a shipment of weapons and munitions from the U.S. [4]

December 2, 1921 (Friday)

December 3, 1921 (Saturday)

December 4, 1921 (Sunday)
  • The Irish nationalist delegates rejected the British settlement offer of Dominion status, in that it continued to require an oath of allegiance to the British crown for all government members, and continued the partition of the island of Ireland. [4]
  • A delegation representing the "Far Eastern Republic" arrived in Washington, D.C., in hopes of obtaining American help in driving Japanese troops from Siberia and seeking diplomatic recognition. [4]
10,000 Mark note, worth $52 in January 1922, $3.15 in January 1923 [10]

December 5, 1921 (Monday)
  • Irish revolutionary leader Michael Collins met UK prime minister David Lloyd George at 10 Downing Street to discuss the remaining "points of difference" between the two sides, and came to an agreement that retained the division of Ireland, but accepted dominion status for the predominantly Roman Catholic southern provinces and eliminated the requirement of an oath of allegiance.[13]
  • The Football Association, governing body of association football in England, banned women from playing at FA-affiliated pitches, the only ones with spectator facilities, saying that "the game of football was quite unsuitable for females".[14]
  • More than 20 people were killed in a train wreck near Philadelphia at Woodmont. [4]
  • The 67th United States Congress, elected more than a year earlier in 1920, convened its first regular session. The first order of business was the 1922-1923 U.S. budget sent over by U.S. President Warren G. Harding, showing a deficit of $167,571,977. [4]
  • The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that picketing during labor strikes was a lawful exercise of the First Amendment right of free speech, but that it could be subject to an injunction if obstruction or intimidation were used. [4]
  • Born: Alvy Moore, American actor (d. 1997)

December 6, 1921 (Tuesday)
The signed treaty
  • The Anglo-Irish Treaty establishing the Irish Free State, an independent nation incorporating 26 of Ireland's 32 counties, was signed at the Cabinet Room of 10 Downing Street in London at 2:00 in the morning by British and Irish negotiators, bringing to an end the Irish War of Independence.[15]
  • In elections for the Canadian House of Commons, the Liberal Party of W. L. Mackenzie King won an overwhelming majority of the 225 seats over the ruling Conservative Party, led by Prime Minister Arthur Meighen. Although Meighen's Conservatives had had a 153 to 82 lead in the House before the election, they lost 104 seats, with Meighen himself and 11 members of his cabinet losing their bids for re-election as MPs. After the voting, the Liberals had 118 seats, the new Progressives had 58 and the Conservatives had only 59. In the voting, Agnes Macphail of the Progressives became the first woman to be elected to the Canadian Parliament.[16]
  • U.S. President Harding addressed a joint session of Congress to present his State of the Union address in person rather than sending it over to be read out loud. Harding advocated early refunding of foreign debts, increased regulation of non-taxable securities, providing relief for cooperative agriculture associations, a flexible tariff, and other reforms, and a hope that humanitarian aid could be increased to relieve the famine in Soviet Russia. [4]
  • The names of 11,000 U.S. draft dodgers, as determined by the U.S. Department of War, were ordered published in the Congressional Record. [4]
  • In discussions at the Washington Disarmament Conference over the dispute between China and Japan over the Shantung peninsula, China agreed to reimburse money spent by Japan for improvements to Shantung, and Japan agreed to return all public property under lease in Kiau-Chau. [4]
  • France's Prime Minister Aristide Briand received a 249 to 12 vote of confidence from the French Senate for his foreign policy, a 400 to 100 approval by the French Chamber of Deputies. [4]
  • Future Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, then 32, was arrested for the first time in his life, along with his father, for his participation in a strike as part of Gandhi's Non-Cooperation movement. [17]
  • The first penalty shot in the history of ice hockey was taken in one of the first games of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association, which had recently adopted the rule. The shot missed and it would be six more days before a goal was scored on a penalty shot. [18]
  • Died: Félix Arnaudin, 77, French folklorist and photographer

December 7, 1921 (Wednesday)
  • Guatemala's President Carlos Herrera was deposed in a coup d'etat led by Guatemalan Army General José María Orellana and José Maria Lima. [4]
  • In London, King George V summoned parliament to ratify the Irish treaty, while Irish President Eamon de Valera called on similar approval from his cabinet in Dublin. Sir James Craig, the premier of Northern Ireland, asked the Stormont to delay any action on ratifying the agreement. [4]
  • A violent riot, involving an estimated 360,000 people, broke out in the U.S. city of Chicago when police attempted to make arrests during picketing by striking meatpackers. Nine people were shot, one fatally, and violence spread to Omaha, Nebraska and South St. Paul, Minnesota. [4]
  • Died: Nathan Cole Jr., American newspaper publisher and co-founder, 1881, of the Los Angeles Times [19]

December 8, 1921 (Thursday)
  • A U.S. Senate subcommittee investigating capital punishment in the U.S. Army announced that only 11 of the servicemen given the death sentence during World War One had actually been executed. [4]
  • Irish republican leader Eamon de Valera declared that, after discussions with his cabinet, he and two ministers were opposed to ratification of the Anglo-Irish peace treaty, but referred the matter to the Irish parliament, the Dail Eireann, for further discussion. De Valera asked the Irish people to continue orderly conduct during the debate. Arthur Griffith, one of the Irish republicans who had signed the treaty as a delegate, declared that he was strongly in favor of ratification. [4]
  • Died: Henry D. Flood, 56, U.S. Congressman for Virginia since 1901, died in Washington three days after the beginning of his eleventh term. [4]

December 9, 1921 (Friday)
  • All 43 crew were rescued from the U.S. Navy submarine S-48 after it sank in waters 80 feet (24 m) deep in Long Island Sound, during the sub's first sea trial after departing from New York. [4] A civilian mechanic from Bridgeport, Connecticut, Peter F. Dunne, conceived a plan to raise the bow of the ship above the surface, where the crew was able to escape through a torpedo tube. [4]
  • The strong anti-knocking effect of the lead compound tetraethyllead (TEL) in gasoline was discovered by Charles F. Kettering, Thomas Midgley Jr. and Thomas Boyd at the General Motors laboratories in the United States.[20]
  • The Estonian cargo ship Saaremaa collided with another ship off Kronstadt, part of the Soviet Union, and sank with the loss of 23 lives.[21]
  • The last Irish republican political prisoners were released from the Ballykinlar prison in Northern Ireland, a little more than three weeks after the shooting of Tadhg Barry. [4]
  • Anti-Christian pamphleteer John William Gott became the last person in England to be publicly prosecuted and imprisoned for blasphemous libel.[22] Gott, who had several prior jail sentences for blasphemy, had published a satire of the Christian religion in a pamphlet, including the statement that Jesus Christ had entered Jerusalem "like a circus clown on the back of two donkeys" and was sentenced to nine months imprisonment at hard labor. Shortly after his release in August, he died on November 4, 1922, at the age of 56.
  • Negotiations between China and Japan broke down when Japan announced that it would not cede the Tsingtao to Tsinan railroad to Chinese control, regardless of compensation. [4]
  • Died: Sir Arthur Pearson, 55, British newspaper publisher who founded the Daily Express, a London afternoon tabloid, in 1900. Pearson died accidentally, apparently from falling in his bathtub, striking his head, and drowning. [23]

December 10, 1921 (Saturday)

December 11, 1921 (Sunday)
  • In British India, Indian National Congress president-elect Chittaranjan Das (C. R. Das) and Bengal Caliphate Committee president Abul Kalam Azad were arrested by colonial authorities along with about 600 other independence advocates under the terms of the India Sedition Act, to prevent protests during the tour of Edward, Prince of Wales. [4]
  • The United States and Japan reached an agreement regarding the island of Yap and other South Pacific islands under mandate, with Japanese sovereignty recognized in return for the U.S. having equal rights with Japan on access to undersea cables and wireless service, as well as a guarantee that American missionaries and educators would be protected. [4]
  • Alexandru Averescu announced his resignation as Prime Minister of Romania, along with his cabinet of ministers. [28]

December 12, 1921 (Monday)
  • As Germany's economic crisis worsened, the German Federal Council increased the rates for all communication (postal, telephone, telegraph) and railway transportation to a new level that was 20 times as much as it had been before World War One. [4]
  • In an attempt to resolve the dispute between Chile and Peru over the legal status of the Tacna and Arica territory on the borders of the two nations, Chile proposed that a plebiscite be held among the residents of the area in South America.[4]
  • At Allahabad in India, the visit of the Prince of Wales was welcomed by a small crowd of British residents, while almost all native Indians boycotted the ceremonies. [4]
  • In the town of Franklin, Kansas, a group of 2,000 immigrants, mostly women whose husbands were striking miners, formed a mob and attacked scab labor that had come to replace the strikers, using red pepper and throwing rocks. The Kansas National Guard was sent in to restore order. [4]
  • Britain extended the India Sedition Act to its territory in Burma, where the Prince of Wales was scheduled to visit. [4]
  • Died: Henrietta Swan Leavitt, 53, American astronomer[29]

December 13, 1921 (Tuesday)
Congressman Elston
  • John A. Elston, 47, a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from California since 1915, committed suicide at the age of 47 by drowning himself in the Potomac River. Elston, who represented the area around the San Francisco Bay, left a suicide note in his coat, found at the bank of the river near the Washington Monument. He wrote "I am in a chain of circumstances that spell ruin, although my offense was innocently made in the beginning. I hope all the facts will come out. Staying means embarrassment to my district and to a worthy people, clean and generous." Earlier in the day, Elston had failed to answer roll call in the House and detectives looked for him, taking him to get medical attention. Hours later, he disappeared again and his body was found two days later. [30] [31]
  • Signing the Four-Power Treaty on Insular Possessions, Japan, the United States, United Kingdom, and France agreed to recognize the status quo in the Pacific Ocean, pledging not to interfere with each other’s territories. [32]
  • The U.S. Railway Labor Board ruled that "time-and-a-half" overtime pay would not be required except when a worker had been on the job for more than ten hours on a shift, but restricted railroads to scheduling workers for no more than an eight-hour shift, with allowance for overruns. [4]

December 14, 1921 (Wednesday)
  • Japan agreed to accept the "5:5:3 ratio" on total tonnage of ships in the Imperial Japanese Navy, with Japan to have 3/5ths as many warships in its fleet as the United States Navy and the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom. U.S. Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes had proposed the limitation on November 12, based on the total amount of coastline (including colonial possessions) that each nation had to defend. Numerically, the United Kingdom would have 20 warships totaling 582,050 tons; the United States would have 18 warships combining for 525,850 tons; and Japan would have 10 warships at 313,300 tons. [4]
  • The Allied Reparation Commission announced that it had been delivered forfeited German ships that the Commission valued as being worth 756 million gold marks based on the worth of the German mark at the end of World War One. [4]

December 15, 1921 (Thursday)

December 16, 1921 (Friday)

December 17, 1921 (Saturday)
  • As the Washington Disarmament Conference continued, U.S. Secretary of State Hughes modified the 5:5:3 ratio to a "5-5-3-1.75-1.75", with the navies of France and Italy to have 35% as much total warship tonnage as the U.S. or the British Navy. [34]
  • U.S. President Harding eliminated the fringe benefit of free rent and utilities for all U.S. civilian employees working in the Panama Canal Zone, and directed that the government workers would be responsible for their own expenses. [34]
  • Peru rejected the Chilean proposal for a plebiscite to determine the status of the Tacna-Arica region, and made a counter-proposal that the matter be submitted for arbitration by a neutral party. [34]
  • Crewmen from the Argentine Navy battleship ARA Almirante Brown, defending the coat, rowed boats ashore to successfully capture a group of about 250 armed bandits at Matatapera in Santa Cruz Province. [40]
  • The U.S.–Hungarian Peace Treaty, signed on August 29, went into effect as instruments of ratification were exchanged, ending the state of war between the U.S. and the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
  • The earliest known example of the moth species Batrachedra astricta was discovered and collected by entomologist Charles E. Clarke at Opoho in New Zealand. [41]
  • Born:Nadezhda Popova, "The Night Witch", Soviet Air Force officer and Heroine of the Soviet Union for her leadership of the 46th Guards Night Bomber Regiment during World War II"; in Shabanovka, Orel Oblast, Russian SFSR (d. 2013) [42]
  • Died:
    • Gabriela Zapolska, 64, Polish stage actress, playwright and novelist
    • RAF Captain Edmund Tempest, 27, British flying ace during World War One with 17 victories, was killed in an accidental plane crash while serving in Baghdad.

December 18, 1921 (Sunday)
  • Austria and Czechoslovakia adjourned their international conference over border disputes and agreed to submit further controversies to international arbitration. [34]
  • Poland's soccer football team played its first international match, losing, 1 to 0, to Hungary in a match in Budapest. [43]

December 19, 1921 (Monday)

December 20, 1921 (Tuesday)
  • Liang Shiyi became the new Premier of the Republic of China, succeeding Yan Huiqing. [34]
  • Sir George Fuller took office as the new Premier of the Australian state of New South Wales, seven days after Premier James Dooley lost a vote of confidence in the state legislature. Only seven hours after Fuller had formed a government and became the head of government as premier, he lost another vote of confidence in the legislature and was not seated. On December 27, Dooley was appointed premier again after forming a new government. [45]
  • The U.S. Senate voted to pass the Russian Famine Relief Act and approved the appropriation of $20,000,000 ($300 million in 2021) for that purpose, pursuant to the request of President Harding and following the approval by the House on December 17, subject to the condition that all purchases of food be made in the U.S. and shipped to the Soviet Union in American vessels. [34]
  • Died:

December 21, 1921 (Wednesday)
  • The Italian-built dirigible Roma, purchased by the U.S. Army, was commissioned to service and made a demonstration flight over Washington, D.C. [34]
  • Groundbreaking took place for the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, an outdoor stadium which would be completed on May 1, 1923, would host the 1932 and the 1984 Summer Olympics, and would continue to host sporting events nearly 100 years later. [48]
  • Born: Luigi Creatore, U.S. songwriter and record producer, in New York City (died 2015)[49]
  • Died: James W. Cannon, 69, American textile manufacturer who founded the Cannon Mills company, at one time the world's largest producer of towels.

December 22, 1921 (Thursday)

December 23, 1921 (Friday)

December 24, 1921 (Saturday)
  • Forty-four people were killed in tornadoes that swept across the U.S. states of Arkansas, Louisiana and Mississippi on Christmas Eve, and 100 more were injured. [34]
  • Colombia ratified the treaty with the United States recognizing the independence of Panama, a former Colombian province that had been declared a separate nation after the intervention of the U.S. in 1903. [34]
  • The New Economic Policy of the Soviet Union, created by Premier Vladimir Lenin, was approved by the 9th All-Russian Soviet Congress. [34]

December 25, 1921 (Sunday)
Debs walking out of prison
  • Socialist Party of America leader Eugene V. Debs was released from federal prison, along with 23 other inmates who had been convicted of violating anti-sedition laws during World War One, after U.S. President commuted their sentences to time served. [34]
  • The British cargo ship Atherton capsized in the Thames Estuary near the Girdlers Lightship. Its crew was rescued by SS Falcon before it sank.[51]
  • Died: Vladimir Korolenko, 68, Ukrainian-born Russian novelist and human rights activist. [4]

December 26, 1921 (Monday)

December 27, 1921 (Tuesday)
  • Chile agreed with Peru to send delegates to Washington to resolve the Tacna-Arica dispute and to submit unsettled questions to arbitration. [34]
  • Philippe Berthelot resigned as Foreign Minister of France after criticism of his relationship with the Bank of China in Paris. [34]
  • Born:
  • Died: Gustav Mullins, 67, British portrait photographer of European royalty and celebrities

December 28, 1921 (Wednesday)

December 29, 1921 (Thursday)

December 30, 1921 (Friday)
  • Saad Zaghloul, the former Prime Minister of Egypt, was deported by British authorities to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), roughly 3,500 miles (5,600 km) away. Sent with Zaghloul were five of his political allies, after the British government concluded that the original plan for exile on the island of Malta was insufficient. [34]
Stinson and Bertaud
  • A new record for airplane endurance was set by Edward Stinson and Lloyd W. Bertaud, who flew over 24 hours in a Larsen metal monoplane around Long Island after taking off from Mineola, New York. They finally landed after 26 hours, 19 minutes and 35 seconds. [34]
  • In what would become known as the “Gun Alley Murder” in Melbourne in Australia, a 12-year-old schoolgirl was raped and murdered after having last been seen near the Australian Wine Saloon, owned by Colin Campbell Ross. [60] Ross was charged and convicted based on the testimony of two witnesses and circumstantial evidence, and would be hanged on April 24. More than 80 years later, DNA analysis of a key piece of evidence and doubts about the reliability of the witness would lead to a posthumous pardon by the Governor of the state of Victoria on May 27, 2008, the only pardon up to that time for a person executed in Australia. [61]
  • Born: Rashid Karami, 10-time Prime Minister of Lebanon; in Miriata (died 1987)[62]
  • Died: Claude Allin Shepperson, 54, British artist and illustrator [63]

December 31, 1921 (Saturday)

References
  1. Radio Service Bulletin, Bureau of Navigation, Department of Commerce, December 1, 1921
  2. Basil Clark, The History of Airships (St. Martin's Press, 1961) p. 147
  3. "Aeronautics and Astronautics Chronology, 1920-1924" from Eugene M. Emme, Aeronautics and Astronautics: An American Chronology of Science and Technology in the Exploration of Space, 1915-1960 (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1961), pp. 11-19
  4. The American Review of Reviews, Volume 65 (January, 1922)] pp. 22-26
  5. Great Britain. Dept. of Overseas Trade (1921). Report on Economic and Commercial Conditions in Austria. H.M. Stationery Office. pp. 6–10.
  6. [Thomas de Waal, Great Catastrophe: Armenians and Turks in the Shadow of Genocide (Oxford University Press, 2015) p. 86
  7. "The Treaty of Friendship between the Armenian SSR, the Azerbaijan SSR and the Georgian SSR, on the one hand, and Turkey, on the other, concluded with the participation of the RSFSR in Kars"
  8. "Morto il cardinale Carlo Furno, già Nunzio apostolico in Italia". La Stampa (in Italian). 10 December 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
  9. History: Grey Cup, 1921, Canadian Football League website
  10. https://web.archive.org/web/20160107203002/http://www.schoolshistory.org.uk/ASLevel_History/week6_economicrecovery.htm%7Cexchange rates 1918-23
  11. "Who Really Won In 1921?", by Ken Crippen, History of Pro Football In Western New York
  12. Harris M. Lentz III (23 May 2014). Obituaries in the Performing Arts, 2013. McFarland. p. 99. ISBN 978-1-4766-1652-0.
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  14. Anna Doble (9 June 2015). "The secret history of women's football". BBC Newsbeat. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  15. "Official Correspondence relating to the Peace Negotiations, part 1: Preliminary Correspondence". CELT. University College, Cork. Retrieved 22 February 2016.
  16. Canadian Historic Sites; Occasional Papers in Archaeology and History: Lieux Historiques Canadiens; Cahiers D'archéologie Et D'histoire. Parks Canada. 1974. p. 152.
  17. Shashi Tharoor, Nehru: The Invention of India (Arcade Publishing, 2003) p.41-42
  18. "The Pacific Coast Hockey Association", by Ron Boileau and Philip Wolf, Total Hockey: The Official Encyclopedia of the National Hockey League (Total Sports, 2000) pp. 51–54
  19. "Early-Day Editor Is Summoned," Los Angeles Times, December 8, 1921, page I-1
  20. Albert Lidgett (1970). Petroleum Times. Petroleum Times. p. 23.
  21. "Imperial and Foreign News Items". The Times (42909). London. 21 December 1921. col G, p. 11.
  22. Royle, Edward. "Gott, John William". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/47693. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  23. Sydney Dark, The Life of Sir Arthur Pearson (Hodder and Stoughton, 1922), pp.203-204
  24. "A Guide to the United States’ History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Germany", United States Department of State
  25. James F. Lee, The Lady Footballers. Routledge (2008) p. 120
  26. "Obituary: Cornell H. Mayer, 1921-2005", by Venkataraman Radhakrishnan Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society (December 2006), pp. 1279-1280
  27. The Builder. 1922. p. 714.
  28. "Mit şi realitate: Alexandru Averescu" ("Myth and Reality: Alexandru Averescu"), in Magazin Istoric (May 1997)
  29. Harry G. Lang; Professor Center for Research and Learning Rochester Institute of Technology Harry G Lang; Bonnie Meath-Lang (1995). Deaf Persons in the Arts and Sciences: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-313-29170-8.
  30. "Congressman is Potomac Suicide", Chicago Daily Tribune, December 16, 1921, p. 1
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  32. J. Chal Vinson The Drafting of the Four-Power Treaty of the Washington Conference, Journal of Modern History, Vol. 25, No. 1 (Mar., 1953), pp. 40–47
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  35. "Cardiff steamer missing". The Times (42916). London. 30 December 1921. col F, p. 5.
  36. Naxos.com
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  41. "New Species of Lepidoptera in the Collection of the Auckland Museum", by Alfred Philpott, in Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum (1930) pp. 1–16
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  48. Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, Ballparks.com
  49. Roberts, Sam (15 December 2015). "Luigi Creatore, Songwriter and Producer, Dies at 93". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
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  52. Stephen White, The Origins of Detente: The Genoa Conference and Soviet-Western Relations, 1921-1922 (Cambridge University Press, 1985) p. 21
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  54. "Steven Ritch, 1921-1995", BluRay.com
  55. "Robert Lipshutz, Carter Aide, Dies at 88", by Robert Hevesi, The New York Times, November 10, 2010
  56. "Judith Wallerstein Dies at 90; Psychologist Was Described by Time Magazine as the 'godmother of the Backlash against Divorce'", by Elaine Woo, Los Angeles Times, July 4, 2012
  57. 4 Billion Lire Owed By Banca Di Sconto, The New York Times, December 31, 1921
  58. Trewhella Cameron, Jan Smuts: An Illustrated Biography (Human & Rousseau, 1994) p. 90
  59. Canada. Privy Council Office; Public Archives Canada (1982). Guide to Canadian Ministries Since Confederation, July 1, 1867-February 1, 1982. Government of Canada, Privy Council Office. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-660-11156-8.
  60. "GUN ALLEY MURDER". The Daily Telegraph. XLII (3). Tasmania, Australia. 4 January 1922. p. 5. Retrieved 30 July 2016 – via National Library of Australia.
  61. Kevin Morgan, Gun Alley: Murder, Lies and Failure of Justice (Hardie Grant Books, 2012)
  62. The New York Times Biographical Service. University Microfilms. 1987. p. 539.
  63. Dictionary of British Book Illustrators: The Twentieth Century (John Murray, 1905)
  64. "Grand Slam Tennis Archive - Australasian Open 1921". Archived from the original on 2017-09-08. Retrieved 2019-11-17.
  65. États africains d'expression française et République malgache, Paris, Éditions Julliard, 1964, p. 73 (French)
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