March 1920

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March 13, 1920: Wolfgang Kapp attempts to overthrow government of Germany
March 20, 1920: "Superdreadnought" USS Maryland becomes U.S. Navy's most powerful weapon
March 15, 1920: Allied troops began occupation of Constantinople to end Ottoman Empire
March 28, 1920: Hollywood superstars Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks marry

The following events occurred in March 1920:

March 1, 1920 (Monday)
  • Admiral Miklós Horthy, who had commanded the Austro-Hungarian Navy during World War I, then later led the Hungarian Army to defeat the dictatorship of Bela Kun, was elected as the Regent of the Kingdom of Hungary. The National Assembly voted 131 to 9 to approve him until a permanent King of Hungary could be found.[1] Horthy took the oath of regency immediately after the vote.
Admiral Horthy
  • The Battle of Tel Hai, the first military confrontation between Zionist Jews and Palestinian Arabs, took place when Shi'ite Muslims confronted European Jewish settlers in Northern Galilee in Palestine (now Israel). Although the casualties were limited to eight Zionists and five Palestinians, the example of Tel Hai has become an example in Israeli culture of courage and sacrifice.[2]
  • At 12:01 a.m., the United States Railroad Administration returned control of American railroads to its constituent railroad companies.[3][4] The railroads had been under federal control since 1918 during U.S. participation in World War I.[5]
  • France's nationwide railroad strike ended, after a compromise between the government and the Confederation Generale du Travail (CGT) union that no striker would be penalized for disobeying a return-to-work order, and an increase in pay that would not include pay for time on strike [6]
  • By a vote of 4 to 3, the United States Supreme Court decided that the United States Steel Corporation was not a monopoly subject to breakup under U.S. antitrust law. Justices Brandeis and McReynolds did not participate in the case because of a conflict of interest.[7]
  • By a margin of 2 to 1, the French Socialist Party convention in Strasbourg elected not to ally itself with the Soviet Communist Party [8]
  • Born: Julian Samora, Mexican-American sociologist who pioneered Latino Studies (d. 1996)
  • Died:
    • John H. Bankhead, 77, U.S. Representative for Alabama from 1887 to 1907, then U.S. Senator until his death. Bankhead was the last surviving Confederate Army veteran to serve in Congress.[3]
    • Joseph Trumpeldor, 39, Russian Zionist activist who helped form the Zion Mule Corps to help Russians emigrate to Palestine, was killed in the Battle of Tel Hai

March 2, 1920 (Tuesday)
Chin Yun-p'eng
  • China's Prime Minister Chin Yun-p'eng resigned after his party continued to insist on negotiating with Japan on rights to China's Shantung peninsula [9]
  • In a city mayoral vote that attracted national attention because one of the two candidates had been a leader of the Seattle General Strike that seen a walkout of most of the U.S. city's labor force, Hugh M. Caldwell was elected Mayor of Seattle, defeating I.W.W. official James A. Duncan by a margin of 40,850 to 34,849.[10] Conservative U.S. newspapers had characterized the vote as a question of "the most momentous issue ever brought to the polls here— that of sovietism [11]

March 3, 1920 (Wednesday)

March 4, 1920 (Thursday)

March 5, 1920 (Friday)
  • South Korea's right-wing daily newspaper, Chosun Ilbo, was first published as a Korean nationalist publication in Japanese Korea.[16]
  • The Norwegian government dissolved the Metal Central of the State (the Statens metalcentral) as the import and export crisis eased with the end of World War One.[17] The agency controlled the limited supply of copper and other metals (but not iron or steel) by Norwegian manufacturers during the war and the subsequent recovery.
  • France announced its opposition to the Allied plan for rehabilitation of the German economy, on the grounds that the French economy was in greater need of aid because most of World War One had been fought in France rather than in Germany. A United Press reporter paraphrased the French explanation by noting that "France's greatest industrial cities were laid waste and her factories wrecked with typical Teuton thoroughness" while "Germany's industries were little affected by the ward because German territory was not invaded extensively [18]
  • Born:

March 6, 1920 (Saturday)
  • The Anti-Saloon League, which had successfully lobbied U.S. state legislators to pass the 18th Amendment for Prohibition, issued a statement asking that the federal government should buy the more than 60 million gallons (227 million liters) of already-distilled whiskey that remained in bonded warehouses after it could no longer be sold without a prescription, in that "there is a constant temptation to devise ways and means of utilizing that liquor in spite of the law".[19]
  • Prime Minister Domingos Leite Pereira of Portugal and his government resigned.[20] António Maria Baptista formed a new cabinet on March 8.[21]
  • The upper house of the Netherlands' States General of the Netherlands, the Eerste Kamer, voted 21 to 2 in favor of entry into the League of Nations, following up on the vote in favor cast by the Tweede Kamer on February 19.[22]
  • Born: Lewis Gilbert, British film director best known for three James Bond films; in Hackney, London (d. 2018)

March 7, 1920 (Sunday)

March 8, 1920 (Monday)

March 9, 1920 (Tuesday)
  • The New Hampshire primary was held, beginning the 1920 U.S. presidential election campaign, former U.S. Army Chief of Staff Leonard Wood was the top vote recipient among registered Republicans, while the largest number of registered Democrats favored Herbert Hoover, who would win the presidency as a Republican in 1928.[31] Republican Warren G. Harding would win the general election in November 1920.
  • Born:
    • Frank Llaneza, American cigar industry baron and tobacco blender; in Tampa (d. 2010)
    • Franjo Mihalić, Yugoslavian Croatian marathon runner and winner of the 1956 Boston Marathon; in Ludina (d. 2015)
  • Died: Haralamb Lecca, 47, Romanian playwright and poet

March 10, 1920 (Wednesday)
Premier Branting
  • The world's first peaceful establishment of a social democratic government took place in Sweden, as Hjalmar Branting took over as Prime Minister when Nils Edén left office.[33]
  • West Virginia ratified the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, permitting universal women's suffrage, by a vote of 16 to 13 in favor [34][35] One week earlier, the state House of Delegates had approved ratification by a similarly narrow vote of 47 to 40.[3]
  • Born:

March 11, 1920 (Thursday)

March 12, 1920 (Friday)
Helfferich
Erzberger
  • Japanese soldiers in the besieged Russian city of Nikolayevsk-on-Amur launched a surprise attack on the troops of Soviet Army general Yakov Tryapitsyn rather than to comply with Tryapitsyn's ultimatum to voluntarily surrender their weapons. After three days, most of the Japanese soldiers were dead, and most of the surviving soldiers and civilians would be killed by the Soviet troops.[38][39]
  • Germany's Finance Minister, Matthias Erzberger, resigned after failing in his libel lawsuit against former Vice Chancellor Karl Helfferich. Testimony by Erzberger's witnesses revealed Helfferich's corrupt business practices.[40]
  • The Lions Club, founded as an American service organization on June 7, 1917, began its first steps in becoming Lions Clubs International (LCI) with the chartering of the Border Cities Lions Club in Windsor, Ontario after being successful in 23 U.S. states.[41] By its 100th anniversary, LCI would have 1.4 million members in clubs in more than 200 nations.
  • The U.S. Navy submarine USS H-1 ended its service when it ran aground on a shoal off of Santa Margarita Island in California. Four men died, including H-1's commanding officer Lieutenant Commander James R. Webb, were killed while they tried to reach shore, and the wreckage of H-1 sank after it was pulled off the shoal on March 24.[42][43] Lt. Comm. Webb was washed overboard by a wave while guiding his men, and sailors H. S. Delmarine, Harry W. Gilles and Joseph Kauffman were found to be missing when the other 22 surviving crew reached the shore.[44]
  • Died: Edward P. McCabe, 69, African-American land agent who sought to make the Oklahoma Territory into a majority black state. He was also one of the few black politicians to win a state public office after the end of the Reconstruction Era, serving as the county clerk of Graham County, Kansas and, from 1883 to 1887, the Kansas State Auditor.[45]

March 13, 1920 (Saturday)
Dr. Kapp
President Ebert
  • Dr. Wolfgang Kapp carried out a coup in Germany known as the Kapp Putsch that briefly ousted the Weimar Republic of President Ebert in Berlin [46] Dr. Kapp, a United States native [47] and a co-founder of the Fatherland Party, proclaimed himself as Chancellor of Germany. President Friedrich Ebert and Chancellor Gustav Bauer fled their offices at Berlin at 1:00 in the morning and traveled to Dresden, but not before Ebert issued a proclamation calling on the German public to call a general strike and to resist the return of Kaiser Wilhelm II to power. German union leaders responded with general strike, and President Ebert re-established his government at Stuttgart, which would lead to the collapse of Dr. Kapp's coup.[48]
  • Murmansk, a Russian port city on the Barents Sea, surrendered to the Soviet Union after having resisted the Bolshevik Army for more than two years [49]
  • Alexandru Averescu was named as the new Prime Minister of Romania, the day after Alexandru Vaida-Voevod was fired by King Ferdinand I
  • A jury in Centralia, Illinois convicted seven members of the Industrial Workers of the World (I.W.W.) for conspiracy and murder of U.S. war veterans in 1919. Three other defendants were acquitted, including one by reason of insanity.[3]
  • Born: Ralph J. Roberts, American businessman who co-founded American Cable Systems in 1963 and, after acquiring Storecast Corportion of America, built it into the telecommunications giant Comcast; in New York City (d. 2015)

March 14, 1920 (Sunday)
  • At a referendum, residents of the lower portion of Schleswig voted overwhelmingly in favor of continuing to be part of Germany.[50] Residents of the upper portion had voted in favor of joining Denmark in February.[3]
  • Born: Hank Ketcham, American cartoonist who created the Dennis the Menace comic strip in 1951; in Seattle (d. 2001)
  • Died: Nikolai Korotkov, 46, Russian physician who pioneered vascular surgery; from tuberculosis

March 15, 1920 (Monday)
  • Constantinople was occupied by British Empire forces, acting for the Allied against the Turkish National Movement, without opposition.[51] Retrospectively, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey would regard this as the dissolution of the Ottoman regime in Istanbul.[52][51]
  • By a vote of 56 to 26, the U.S. Senate approved most of the Treaty of Versailles, but substituted a compromise version of Article X of the Treaty.[53]
  • British Prime Minister Lloyd George announced in the House of Commons that the Allies had come to an agreement on mandates for the disposition of many of the German Empire's former African and Pacific Ocean colonies. German East Africa (Deutsch-Ostafrika), which would later become the nations of Tanganyika (now mainland Tanzania), Rwanda and Burundi), was assigned to the UK. German South West Africa (Deutsch-Südwestafrika), now Namibia, was assigned to South Africa. In the Pacific, New Zealand, was assigned a mandate for German Samoa (now Samoa); Australia was to receive the other colonies south of the Equator were divided among ; and Japan was to receive those north of the Equator [54]
  • For the first time in American history, the office of the U.S. Secretary of State was vacant, as Frank Polk completed his service as Acting Secretary, limited by law to 30 days after the firing of Robert Lansing. "Until the office is filled," a news report noted, "no one can leave the United States for a foreign country because there is no one to sign passports" (which were limited to the duration of the time outside the U.S.). "Scores of congressmen discovered this today when the sought to get passports to Europe, Cuba, South America, and other places for constituents." [55] The crisis continued for a week until the Senate confirmed the new nominee, Bainbridge Colby.
  • The Ruhr Red Army, a communist paramilitary group of 60,000 men, was formed in Germany.
  • Born:
  • Died:
    • Rudolf Berthold, 28, German flying ace who shot down 44 planes in World War I and later led a militia, the Freikorps was killed in a clash with union members in Hamburg
    • George Louis Beer, 47, American historian

March 16, 1920 (Tuesday)
  • British troops in India fired on a mob of strikers at Jamshedpur.[51]
  • Hazel Miner, a 15-year-old student in Center, North Dakota, died from hypothermia while protecting her younger brother and sister in a blizzard that killed 34 people.[56] During the 1920s, Hazel's story would spread through the United States and she would obtain posthumous fame.
  • Born:
  • Died: Joseph Apukai Akina, 63, Hawaiian lawyer, who served in last session of the Kingdom of Hawaii's House of Representatives and was later the first Speaker of the Assembly for the Territory of Hawaii House of Representatives

March 17, 1920 (Wednesday)

March 18, 1920 (Thursday)

March 19, 1920 (Friday)
  • The United States Senate failed to ratify the Treaty of Versailles, a move which rejected U.S. entry into the League of Nations. The vote was 49 for and 35 against, seven short of the necessary two-thirds majority [63][64] President Wilson had announced in advance that he would not sign any ratification of the resolution by U.S. Senator Henry Cabot Lodge for an amended version of Article X of the treaty, a factor in the failure of the Senate to join.[65] The American press generally condemned the failure of the treaty and disagreed as to whether Republican U.S. senators or the Democrat president were to blame. The New York Times commented that "Mr. Lodge has been beaten at his own game, a most despicable deadly game" while the New York World faulted President Wilson saying that "The inefficiency, all-sufficiency and self-sufficiency of our self-named and only negotiator created a bedevilment whose waves never could be disquieted... he was able to command enough senators to drive a knife into the heart of his own work." [66]
  • Germany surrendered five warships to United States control under the terms of the 1918 Armistice, including the battleship SMS Ostfriesland and the light cruiser SMS Frankfurt [67]
  • Born:

March 20, 1920 (Saturday)
  • With Wolfgang Kapp's coup having failed, German President Ebert, returned from Stuttgart to Berlin, but former Chancellor Bauer did not. Ebert was accompanied by first chancellor, Philipp Scheidemann, sparking rumors that Scheidemann would be asked to head the post-coup government.[68]
  • U.S. Senator Truman Newberry of Michigan was found guilty of excessive use of campaign funds in his 1918 election campaign.[69] The U.S. Supreme Court would later reverse the conviction, and Newberry would be allowed to take his seat, but he would resign in 1922 under further investigation of his qualifications.
  • USS Maryland, the first of the new "superdreadnought" Colorado-class battleships, was launched from Norfolk, Virginia.[51] Armed with eight 16-inch (406mm) guns, it and the other two Colorado-class ships would be the U.S. Navy's most powerful vessels for almost 20 years. USS Colorado, for whom the class was named, would not be launched until 1921.
  • In Ireland, Thomas MacCurtain, the Lord Mayor of Cork, was assassinated in a home invasion when a group of gunmen shot him in his bedroom, then fled [70][71]
  • Born:

March 21, 1920 (Sunday)

March 22, 1920 (Monday)
  • Washington became the 35th U.S. state to ratify the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, permitting women the right to vote nationwide.[73] The vote in favor of ratification was unanimous in the state house of representatives, and the state senate followed suit. With 35 states having ratified, only one more was necessary for the 19th Amendment to become part of the U.S. Constitution, but it would take almost five months before Tennessee would become the 36th state on August 18, 1920.
  • Bainbridge Colby was confirmed by the Senate as the new U.S. Secretary of State, replacing Robert Lansing. "The confirmation to-day was not unanimous," the New York Tribune noted, reporting that "No record vote was had, but several Senators answered in the negative on a viva voce vote." [74]
  • In a postseason best-of-three college basketball championship title series, between the best eastern team (the 19-0 University of Pennsylvania Quakers and the best western team (the 10-2 University of Chicago Maroons) the Maroons handed the Quakers their first loss of the season, winning 28 to 24 before a crowd of 3,600 at the Chicago campus's Bartlett Gymnasium [75] At halftime, Chicago led Penn, 18–3. Penn staged a furious comeback attempt but was never able to take the lead. The series moved to Philadelphia for Game 2 on March 25.
  • Born:
    • Werner Klemperer, German-born American TV actor, winner of two Emmy Awards for his role as "Colonel Klink" in the 1960s comedy Hogan's Heroes; in Köln (d. 2000)
    • Ross Martin, Polish-born American TV actor known for his role as "Artemus Gordon" in the 1960s adventure show The Wild Wild West; as Martin Rosenblatt in Grodek (now Horodok, Ukraine); (d. 1981)
    • Josip Manolić, the first Prime Minister of Croatia after its 1991 separation from Yugoslavia; in Kalinovac (still alive in 2020)
    • Gilbert Plass, Canadian physicist who was one of the first to make the connection between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global warming; in Toronto (d. 2004)

March 23, 1920 (Tuesday)
  • Azerbaijan troops carried out the burning of the Armenian half of the town of Shusha and the massacre of its population, after the Armenians had failed in an uprising against the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.[76] At least 500, and perhaps as many as 30,000 civilians were killed over four days and 2,000 homes were destroyed.
  • The drapery hook, now universal in homes with curtains, was patented by its inventor, James William McGhee, who had applied for the patent less than a year earlier.[77]
  • Retired General Leonard Wood won his third presidential primary, as approved by Republican voters in South Dakota, while former U.S. Ambassador to Germany James W. Gerard was the winner of the Democratic primary.[51]
  • By executive order, U.S. President Wilson abolished further price-fixing of coal by the government.[51]
  • Born:

March 24, 1920 (Wednesday)
  • Syria's King Faisal issued an ultimatum for the French Army to leave Syria and the British Army to withdraw from Palestine by April the 6th.[51] British Prime Minister David Lloyd George replied that the Allies did not recognize Faisal as the rightful king.[51]
  • The town of East Brookfield, Massachusetts, the last municipality to be founded in that state, was incorporated by vote of the state Senate,[78]
  • Born:
  • Died:
    • Mrs. Humphry Ward, 69, British novelist and suffragette
    • William J. Browning, 70, U.S. Representative from New Jersey since 1911, collapsed and died of a heart attack after getting a shave and haircut inside the U.S. Capitol barber shop. Reportedly, he joked with the barber, "Well, it will probably be the last chance you'll ever get to shave me." [79]
    • Maria Antonietta Torriani, 80, Italian journalist and author who published under the pen name Marchesa Colombi

March 25, 1920 (Thursday)

March 26, 1920 (Friday)
  • This Side of Paradise, the first of F. Scott Fitzgerald's novels, was published by Scribner's.[82] It became a bestseller, and launched Fitzgerald's success.
  • The German government asked France for permission to use its own troops against the rebellious Ruhr Red Army, in the French-occupied Ruhr region.
  • In Poplar Bluff, Missouri, James Jackson survived the first hanging in the state its revival of capital punishment in 1919. Before climbing the scaffold at the Butler County Jail|, Jackson, an African-American convicted of the sexual assault of a white woman, but when the trap door was sprung, the rope broke and he dropped to the ground. After he regained consciousness, Jackson asked that the second hanging attempt be done quickly, and the second execution took place less than half an hour later.[83]
  • Born:
  • Died:

March 27, 1920 (Saturday)
  • Germany was found to be in violation of the limitations imposed upon it under the Treaty of Versailles, which limited its army to no more than 204 guns and no airplanes at all. The German Luftwaffe had 6,000 airplanes and the military had 12,000 guns.[51]
  • Herman Muller formed a new cabinet as Chancellor of Germany, serving as Foreign Minister as well.[51]
  • The Penn Quakers narrowly won the 1919-1920 college basketball championship, defeating the University of Chicago Maroons, 23 to 21, in the third and deciding game held at Princeton University [84]
  • Born:
  • Died: Samuel Colman, 88, American landscape painter

March 28, 1920 (Sunday)
  • On Palm Sunday, 380 people in the United States were killed by a series of 37 tornadoes that swept through the eastern half of the United States, from Illinois to Georgia.[85][86] Heaviest hit was Troup County, Georgia, which was struck at 5:45 in the evening local time, killing 27 people in LaGrange alone, and over 100 elsewhere in the county. Indiana and Ohio both suffered more than 50 deaths each.
  • France's Chamber of Deputies voted 518 to 70 in favor of confidence in Prime Minister Millerand.[51]
  • Popular movie stars Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks were married at a private ceremony in Los Angeles, a little less than a month after her March 2 divorce from Owen Moore [87]
  • Died: Elmer Apperson, 58, pioneer automobile manufacturer who co-founded the Apperson Brothers Motor Company with his younger brother, Edgar, in 1901.

March 29, 1920 (Monday)

March 30, 1920 (Tuesday)
Herbert Hoover
Grover Bergdoll
  • Former U.S. war relief administrator Herbert Hoover, who had been placed on the ballot by supporters in both Democrat and Republican presidential primaries, formally announced that he would run for the Republican Party nomination for President of the United States.[91] Hoover announced his decision in a lengthy telegram sent to the chairman of a "Hoover for President" club in California.
  • Grover Bergdoll, known as "the millionaire draft dodger", began a five-year prison sentence for desertion at Fort Jay in New York.[51] He would serve only five months before escaping in August while being allowed to visit his mansion in Philadelphia.

March 31, 1920 (Wednesday)
  • The House of Commons passed the second reading of the Irish Home Rule bill by a vote of 348 to 94,[51] clearing the way for a third and final reading for approval, but United Kingdom Prime Minister David Lloyd George declared that demands for self-determination would not be granted. "I know this bill is accepted by no considerable section of the Irish people," Lloyd George said. "If you ask the great majority of the Irish what they will accept, they will say 'We want independence and an Irish republic. In these circumstances it is of no use to talk about self-determination. If we use these words we mean going to the full length of an Irish republic, and that will never be tolerated by Great Britain.".[92] The United Kingdom's Chief Secretary for Ireland, Ian Macpherson, resigned the next day.
  • Born:
    • Marga Minco (pen name for Sara Menco), Netherlands journalist and novelist; in Ginneken en Bavel (still alive)
    • Howard A. Anderson Jr., American cinematographer and visual effects artist for hundreds of television series and films; in Los Angeles (d. 2015)
  • Died:

References
  1. "Regent Is Chosen in Hungary— Admiral Nicholas Horthy Receives 131 of 140 Votes Cast By National Assembly", Cincinnati Enquirer, March 2, 1920, p1
  2. "New Beginning, Old Past: The Collective Memory of Pioneering in Israeli Culture", by Yael Zerubavel, in New Perspectives on Israeli History: The Early Years of the State, ed. by Laurence J. Silberstein (NYU Press, 1991) p193
  3. "Record of Current Events", The American Review of Reviews (April, 1920), pp359-362
  4. "Roads Back in Private hands After 760 Days; Transfer Is Effected Without a Hitch", Chicago Daily Tribune, March 1, 1920, p1
  5. Kincaid A. Herr, The Louisville and Nashville Railroad, 1850-1963 (University Press of Kentucky, 2015) p223
  6. "France's Rail Strike Ends; Public Hostile", Chicago Daily Tribune, March 2, 1920, p5
  7. "Steel Corporation Wins Big Suit— U.S. Steel Not Trust, Holding of High Court", The Pittsburg Press, March 1, 1920, p1; not a typo, the Pittsburg spelling was used at the time rather than Pittsburgh.
  8. "French Socialists Decide to Join No Internationale", Chicago Daily Tribune, March 2, 1920, p3
  9. "Chinese Premier Resigns Office", Buffalo Times, March 2, 1920, p1
  10. "Americanism Wins Seattle Election by 16,000 Votes", Chicago Daily Tribune, March 3, 1920, p1
  11. "Soviets Today Try to Choose Seattle Mayor", Chicago Daily Tribune, March 2, 1920, p3
  12. "President Takes His First Ride Since October", Dayton (O.) Daily News, March 3, 1920, p1
  13. J. E. Rea, T.A. Crerar: A Political Life (McGill-Queen's University Press, 1997) p. 73
  14. "Turkey Plucked of War Plumes by Peace Pact— Navy Doomed, Army to Be Mere Police Force", Chicago Daily Tribune, March 4, 1920, p3
  15. "Turks to Retain Only Relics of Ancient Power— Allies Permit Moslems to Keep 'Sacred' Places", Chicago Daily Tribune, March 5, 1920, p2
  16. Hyaeweol Choi, New Women in Colonial Korea: A Sourcebook (Routledge, 2013) p224
  17. "Arkivskaper: Statens metallsentral" (in Norwegian). National Archival Services of Norway. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
  18. "France Opposes Economic Policy Toward Germany— Believe Allied Plan Will Rehabilitate Germany More Quickly Than France", UP report by Henry Wood, Buffalo Evening Times', March 5, 1920, p2-1
  19. "Drys Ask U.S. to Buy Whole Liquor Supply", Chicago Sunday Tribune, March 7, 1920, p1
  20. "Portuguese Cabinet Reported Resigned", AP report in Green Bay Press-Gazette, March 6, 1920, p1
  21. "Portugal Has New Cabinet", United News report in Buffalo Evening News, March 8, 1920, p4
  22. "Dutch Parliament Votes to Join World League", Chicago Daily Tribune, March 8, 1920, p1
  23. Tadeusz Wawrzyński (1999). "Dowództwa armii 1920-1922" [Army HQs, 1920-1922]. Biuletyn Centralnego Archiwum Wojskowego (in Polish). Central Military Archive of the Polish Army (22).
  24. "Syria Proclaims Independence; Arabs Seek to Force Recognition", New York Tribune, March 12, 1920, p1
  25. "Proclaim Feisal as King of Syria— Congress at Damascus Declares Independent State",Montreal Gazette, March 12, 1920, p1
  26. "Turk Outrages Must Cease, Allies Decide", Pittsburgh Gazette, March 8, 1920, p4
  27. "British War Vessels Off to Constantinople— Squadron, Which Arrived at Bizerta, Africa, Starts for Turk Capital as Allies Prepare Drastic Action— To Protect Armenians", New York Tribune, March 9, 1920, p2
  28. "Britain Won't Sell Indies to United States", Chicago Daily Tribune, March 9, 1920, p1
  29. December 1, 1932 diplomatic note from British Embassy to U.S. Department of State
  30. "UK finally finishes paying for World War I", by Jenny Cosgrove, CNBC.com, March 9, 2015
  31. "Big Vote for Wood in New Hampshire— Delegates Pledged to General Win in Primaries— Hoover Men Lead on Democratic Side", Washington Post, March 10, 1920, p1
  32. "Fear Beam Trawler Jutland Lost With All On Board", Halifax (NS) Chronicle Herald, March 13, 1920, p. 1
  33. "Socialist Named Swedish Premier", New York Tribune, March 12, 1920, p2
  34. "Senate Adopts House Suffrage Resolution", '"Charleston (WV) Mail, March 11, 1920, p1
  35. "Women Win West Virginia For Suffrage", New York Tribune, March 11, 1920, p1
  36. "Mi Tio Jose", by Julio Colon Gomez, Revista Ingenieria p.22-23
  37. "Steamer Sinks After Collision", Edmonton Journal, March 17, 1920, p1
  38. "Japanese Suffer Losses in Fight With Russ Force", Vancouver Sun, March 31, 1920, p1
  39. "Japan and the Russian Far East", by Max Strypyansky, Soviet Russia (March 1, 1922) p128
  40. Howard M. Sachar, The Assassination of Europe, 1918-1942: A Political History (University of Toronto Press, 2014) p86
  41. "J.W. Hewer Chosen as Boss Lion in New Organization", Windsor (ON) Star, March 15, 1920, p3
  42. "H-1", in Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships (U.S. Department of the Navy, 1968) p196
  43. "4 Lose Lives as Submarine Runs Aground", San Francisco Examiner, March 15, 1920, p1
  44. "Submarine Chief Drowns While Trying to Save Crew", Chicago Daily Tribune, March 19, 1920, p3
  45. "Only Negro Elective— Edward P. McCabe, Who Died Recently, Was Twice State Auditor", Ottawa (KS) Herald, March 18, 1920, p7
  46. "REVOLT SWEEPS GERMANY— 'Chancellor' Kapp Rules Berlin", Chicago Sunday Tribune, March 14, 1920, p1
  47. "Kapp Born in N.Y. in 1858; Went to Germany in 1870", Chicago Daily Tribune, March 15, 1920, p2
  48. Dirk Schumann, Political Violence in the Weimar Republic, 1918-1933: Fight for the Streets and Fear of Civil War (Berghahn Books, 2012) pp35-41
  49. The Territories of the Russian Federation, 2004, ed. by Imogen Gladman (Europa Publications, 2004) p.111
  50. "2d Schleswig Zone Votes to Remain German", Chicago Daily Tribune, March 16, 1920, p2
  51. "Record of Current Events", The American Review of Reviews (May, 1920), pp473-478
  52. Declaration of 1 November 1922
  53. "Reservation to Article X, Wins 56 to 26— All Is Clear Now for the Final Vote", Chicago Daily Tribune, March 16, 1920, p1
  54. "John Bull Takes Big Bite Out of Foe's Colonies", Chicago Daily Tribune, March 16, 1920, p1
  55. "U.S. Is Without a State Secretary for First Time", Chicago Daily Tribune, March 16, 1920, p3
  56. "Five Freeze to Death in N.D. Blizzard", Chicago Daily Tribune, March 17, 1920, p1
  57. "Deir el-Bahri, Meket-Re tomb", by Rosanna Pirelli, in Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, ed. by Kathryn A. Bard (Routledge, 2005)
  58. "An Excavation Of One Of The World’s Greatest Art Collections", by Oliver Roeder, FiveThirtyEight.com, April 6, 2017
  59. "Dr. Kapp Quits Revolt", Chicago Daily Tribune, March 17, 1920, p1
  60. "First Photos of Wilson Taken Since Illness", Chicago Daily Tribune, March 18, 1920, p1
  61. "President's First Picture Since His Illness— Mr. Wilson Permitted Photographers to Snap Him Wednesday as Hew Went for a Drive with Mrs. Wilson", Chicago Daily Tribune, March 19, 1920, p5
  62. "Constantinople Taken Over by Allies' Forces", Chicago Daily Tribune, March 18, 1920, p1
  63. "SENATE KILLS TREATY— Goes Back to White House; 7 Votes Short", Chicago Daily Tribune, March 20, 1920, p1
  64. John Milton Cooper, Jr., Breaking the Heart of the World: Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations (Cambridge University Press, 2001) p283
  65. Lisa M. Budreau, Bodies of War: World War I and the Politics of Commemoration in America, 1919-1933 (NYU Press, 2009) p103
  66. "Nation's Press Regrets Fate of Treaty; Wilson and Senator's Allotted the Blame", Chicago Daily Tribune, March 20, 1920, p4
  67. "5 German War Vessels for U.S.", Chicago Daily Tribune, March 20, 1920, p3
  68. "Reds Control Ruhr District; Ebert Rules Again in Berlin, Chicago Daily Tribune, March 20, 1920, p1
  69. "2 Year Term in Prison for T. H. Newberry", Chicago Sunday Tribune, March 21, 1920, p1
  70. "Irish Lord Mayor Shot Dead", The Observer (London), March 21, 1920, p13
  71. "No Trace of Men Who Killed Mayor of Cork", Chicago Sunday Tribune, March 21, 1920, p1
  72. "Reds Promise to Cease Their Attacks on Finland", Chicago Daily Tribune, March 22, 1920, p3
  73. "35 States Ratify Suffrage; Held up in Delaware— Washington's Action Leaves One to Go", Chicago Daily Tribune, March 23, 1920, p1
  74. "Senate Confirms Bainbridge Colby", New York Tribune, March 23, 1920, p. 1
  75. "Maroons Score Victory, 28-24, Over Penn Five", Chicago Daily Tribune, March 23, 1920, p14
  76. Jonathan Smele, The 'Russian' Civil Wars, 1916-1926: Ten Years That Shook the World (Oxford University Press, 2016) p143
  77. "Drapery hook", U.S. Patent No. 1,334,661
  78. "About Our Town", East Brookfield official website
  79. "Cong. Browning Dies at Capitol", Washington Times, March 24, 1920, p1
  80. Cottrell, Peter (2009). The War for Ireland, 1913-1923. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-9966.
  81. "Penn Downs Chicago, 29-18 — Windy City Five's Long Shots Fail", Minneapolis Star Tribune, March 26, 1920, p24
  82. James L. W. West III, The Making of "This Side of Paradise" (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016) p99
  83. "Poplar Bluff Negro Hanged— Rope Breaks First Time Trap is Sprung— Confesses to Crime Before Starting to Scaffold", AP report in Springfield (MO) News-Leader, March 27, 1920, p1
  84. "Penn Defeats Chicago For Basketball Title", Baltimore Sun, March 28, 1920, p14
  85. "103 Die in Tornadoes", Chicago Daily Tribune, March 29, 1920, p1
  86. "Tornado Takes Terrible Toll in Human Life and Property at LaGrange and WestPoint", Atlanta Constitution, March 29, 1920, p1
  87. "Mary Pickford Weds Douglas Fairbanks", Chicago Daily Tribune, March 31, 1920, p1
  88. "Danes Riot to Oust King; Demand a Republic— Monarch to Give Answer This Morning", Chicago Daily Tribune, March 30, 1920, p1
  89. "King of Denmark Refuses Social Democrats' Demands; General Strike Threatened", El Paso (TX) Herald, March 30, 1920, p1
  90. Woodward, David R. (September 2004). "Robertson, Sir William Robert, first baronet (1860–1933)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/35786. Retrieved 2007-12-07. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  91. "Hoover in Race as Republican", Chicago Daily Tribune, March 31, 1920, p1
  92. "No Republic! Irish Told", Chicago Daily Tribune, April 1, 1920, p1
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