Edgar Bronfman Sr.

Edgar Miles Bronfman (June 20, 1929 – December 21, 2013) was a Canadian-American businessman. He worked for his family distilled beverage firm, Seagram, eventually becoming president, treasurer and CEO. As President of the World Jewish Congress, Bronfman is especially remembered for initiating diplomacy with the Soviet Union, which resulted in legitimizing the Hebrew language in Russia, and contributed to Soviet Jews being legally able to practice their own religion, as well as emigrate to Israel.

Edgar Bronfman Sr.
Edgar Bronfman in 1989
Born
Edgar Miles Bronfman

(1929-06-20)June 20, 1929
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
DiedDecember 21, 2013(2013-12-21) (aged 84)
Manhattan, New York City
NationalityCanadian
CitizenshipCanadian; American (naturalized)
Alma mater
Occupation
  • Businessman
  • Philanthropist
Net worth$2.6 billion (2011)[1]
Spouse(s)
    Ann Margaret Loeb
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1953; div. 1973)​
      Lady Carolyn Townshend
      ​
      ​
      (m. 1973; annul. 1974)​
        Rita Eileen Webb
        ​
        ​
        (m. 1975; div. 1983)​
        • Rita Eileen Webb
          (remarried & divorced again)
        ​
        (m. 1994)​
        Children7, including
        Parent(s)Samuel Bronfman
        Saidye Rosner Bronfman
        Relatives

        Biography

        Bronfman was born into the Jewish-Canadian Bronfman family in Montreal,[1][2][3] the son of Samuel Bronfman, a Russian who had emigrated to Canada with his parents, and Saidye Rosner Bronfman, a native of Manitoba born to Eastern European immigrants. They raised their four children in Montreal.

        In 1925, Sam and his brother, Allan, built the family's first liquor distillery near Montreal. They later bought a distillery owned by the Seagram family and incorporated the name. The U.S. subsidiary of the Seagram Company Ltd. opened in 1933; Edgar Bronfman would later take charge of the subsidiary.[4]

        Bronfman had two older sisters: architect Phyllis Lambert, and Minda de Gunzburg, who married Baron Alain de Gunzburg (1925–2004), a great grandson of Joseph Günzburg. Bronfman also had a younger brother, Charles Bronfman. The Bronfmans "kept a kosher home, and the children received religious schooling on weekends. But during the week Edgar and his younger brother, Charles, were among a handful of Jews sent to private Anglophone schools, where they attended chapel and ate pork."[5]

        Bronfman attended Selwyn House School[6] in Montreal, and Trinity College School in Port Hope, Ontario, Canada. He next attended Williams College, then transferred to McGill University, where he graduated from in 1951 with a bachelor's degree in commerce.[2]

        Career

        Seagram
        Edgar M. Bronfman with his father, Sam Bronfman

        After graduating from McGill University with a B.A. degree, in 1951, he joined the family business, where he worked as an accounting clerk and apprentice taster. In 1953, he took over as head of the Seagram U.S. subsidiary, Joseph E. Seagram & Sons. He increased the range of products sold by the company, improved distribution, and expanded the number of countries in which Seagram's products were sold. In 1966, Cemp Investments, which managed the family's investments, bought 820,000 shares of MGM and, in 1969, Bronfman took over the chairmanship of MGM, albeit briefly.

        Following his father's death, in 1971, Bronfman took over as president, treasurer and director of Distillers Corporation-Seagram Ltd. His son, Edgar Jr., succeeded him as chief executive officer of the company in 1994.[7]

        World Jewish Congress

        When former World Jewish Congress President Philip Klutznick stepped down in 1979, Bronfman was asked to take over as acting head of the organization, then was formally elected President by the Seventh Plenary Assembly, in January 1981.[8] Together with his deputy, Israel Singer, Bronfman led the World Jewish Congress in becoming the preeminent international Jewish organization that it is today. Initiatives such as those seeking to help free Soviet Jewry; to expose Austrian President Kurt Waldheim's Nazi past; and to help victims of the Holocaust and their heirs to acquire compensation (including by Swiss banks); raised Bronfman's international profile during the 1980s and 1990s.[9][10][11][12]

        Soviet Jewry

        In 1983, Bronfman suggested that "American Jews should abandon their strongest weapon, the Jackson–Vanik amendment, as a sign of goodwill that challenges the Soviets to respond in kind."[13][14]:458

        After Mikhail Gorbachev's ascension in 1985, Bronfman's New York Times message began to resonate with the public. In early 1985, Bronfman secured an invitation to the Kremlin and on September 8–11, visited Moscow, becoming the first World Jewish Congress President to be formally received in Moscow by Soviet Officials. Carrying a note from Shimon Peres, Bronfman met with Gorbachev, and initiated talks of a Soviet Jewish airlift. It is said that Peres' note called on the Soviet Union to resume diplomatic relations with Israel.[14]:457

        In a Washington Post profile a few months after the September trip, Bronfman laid out what he thought had been accomplished during his September meetings. He said, "There's going to be a buildup of pressure through the business community. The Russians know the Soviet Jewry issue is tied to trade ... My guess is that over a period of time, five to ten years, some of our goals will be achieved." Author Gal Beckerman says in his When They Come For Us We'll Be Gone, "Bronfman had a business man's understanding of the Soviet Jewish issue. It was all a matter of negotiation, of calculating what the Russians really wanted and leveraging that against emigration."[14]:458

        In March 1987, Bronfman along with fellow delegates of the World Jewish Congress, flew to Moscow once again. Bronfman held three days of discussions with senior Soviet officials. Together, Bronfman and the World Jewish Congress delegates advocated for the freeing of the Jews living under Soviet rule.

        On June 25, 1982, Bronfman became the first representative of a Jewish organization to speak before the United Nations. Speaking before the Special Session on Disarmament, Bronfman said, "world peace cannot tolerate the denial of the legitimacy of Israel or any other nation-state ... [and the] charge that Zionism is racism is an abomination."[15]

        Bronfman's goals for the visit were threefold. In his book, The Making of a Jew, he explained: First, he called for the release of all so-called Prisoners of Zion, the Jews imprisoned for expressing a desire to emigrate to Israel. Bronfman also wanted freedom for Jews in the Soviet Union to practice their religion. Finally, he called for the freedom for Soviet Jews to learn Hebrew, which was forbidden at the time.[16]

        A year later, in 1988, Bronfman returned to Moscow to meet with Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze. This trip resulted in the Soviets promising to legalize the teaching of Hebrew in the Soviet Union and to establish a Jewish cultural center in Moscow. Bronfman said of this visit, "By their actions, they are indicating that they are eager to get the question of Jewish rights and emigration off the bargaining table. And it is actions, rather than simply words, that count."[17]

        Edgar M Bronfman and President George H. W. Bush
        Kurt Waldheim

        In 1986, during Bronfman's presidency, the World Jewish Congress accused Austrian President Kurt Waldheim of covering up his past connections to the Nazi Party. It was when Waldheim became a candidate for president that the World Jewish Congress first published material showing Waldheim's active duty in the German army during wartime. This evidence was later used to prove that Waldheim must have known about the deportation of Jews to concentration camps, though Waldheim's service as an Austrian in the German army cannot be considered a war crime. Waldheim had served as an intelligence officer in a unit of the army that participated in the transfer of Greek Jews to death camps.[18] The allegations against Waldheim resulted in public embarrassment for the Austrian president.

        On May 5, 1987, Bronfman spoke to the World Jewish Congress saying Waldheim was "part and parcel of the Nazi killing machine". Waldheim subsequently filed a lawsuit against Bronfman, but dropped the suit shortly after due to a lack of evidence in his favor.[18]

        According to Joel Bainerman, in 1991 he was appointed to the International Jewish Committee for Inter-religious Consultations to conduct official contacts between the Vatican and the State of Israel.[19]

        Edgar M Bronfman and President Barack Obama
        Swiss bank restitution

        In the late 1990s, Bronfman championed the cause of restitution from Switzerland for Holocaust survivors.[20][21] Bronfman began an initiative that led to the $1.25 billion settlement from Swiss banks.[22] This settlement aimed to resolve claims "that they hoarded bank accounts opened by Jews who were murdered by the Nazis".[23][24] The Swiss banks, the United States Government, and Jewish groups investigated unclaimed assets deposited by European Jews into Swiss banks before the Holocaust.[25] Negotiations began in 1995 between the U.S. and Switzerland. The parties reached a settlement in August 1998, and signed the $1.25 billion settlement in January 1999. In exchange for the settlement money, both parties agreed to release the Swiss banks and government from any claims regarding the Holocaust. The settlement was officially approved on November 22, 2000, by Judge Edward R. Korman.[26]

        Israel

        Bronfman was accused by another WJC official of "perfidy" when he wrote a letter to President Bush in mid-2003 urging Bush to pressure Israel to curb construction of its controversial West Bank separation barrier,[27] co-signed by former Secretary of State Lawrence Eagleburger.[28] Former Israeli prime minister Shimon Peres said in support of Bronfman, "Clearly, issues that are open for debate in Israel should be open for debate in the Jewish world."[29]

        Resignation

        Bronfman stepped down from his post as President on May 7, 2007, amid scandals and turmoil about Israel Singer.[30][31][32] Bronfman's leadership is known for transforming the World Jewish Congress into the powerful organization it is today. As president, Bronfman is remembered most for his diplomacy with the Soviet Union in freeing Soviet Jews.[33]

        At his memorial held in January 2014, Former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said of Bronfman, "Edgar was never shy of pressing an issue in the face of injustice," as she spoke about the many causes he championed in his lifetime.[34]

        Personal life

        Marriages and children

        Bronfman was married five times (twice to his third wife).

        • Ann Margaret Loeb (1932–2011). In 1953, he married Loeb, a Jewish-American banking heiress. Loeb was the daughter of John Langeloth Loeb Sr. (a Wall Street investment banker whose company– which he had co-founded with his father –was a predecessor of Shearson Lehman/American Express), and Frances Lehman (a scion of the Lehman Brothers banking firm). They divorced in 1973. They had five children:[35]
          • Samuel Bronfman II – On August 9, 1975, Samuel was abducted in New York. He was held for more than a week when his father personally paid a $2.3 million ransom. He was later rescued by the FBI and New York City police from a Brooklyn apartment where he was found with his hands bound and his eyes and mouth covered with adhesive tape. The captors, both natives of Ireland, former limousine operator, Dominic Byrne, and his neighbor, former fireman Mel Patrick Lynch– "who claimed that he and whisky heir Samuel Bronfman were homosexual lovers," and "claimed that Bronfman's nine-day disappearance in August 1975 was a hoax abduction engineered by the 23-year-old whisky heir himself" –were acquitted of kidnapping, but convicted of extortion charges and spent several years in prison.[36] The ransom money was recovered.[37] He was married to Melanie Mann.[38]
          • Edgar Bronfman Jr.
          • Matthew Bronfman
          • Bhavani Lev née Holly Bronfman – His only daughter with Loeb moved to India and, in 1997, co-founded, with her husband, Israeli-citizen Yoav Lev, Organic India, an organic food and supplements company based in Lucknow, India. Fabindia purchased a 40% stake in Organic India in 2013. She is a convert to Hinduism and has taken the name Bhavani Lev.[39]
          • Adam Bronfman, managing director of The Samuel Bronfman Foundation.
        • Lady Carolyn Townshend. In 1973, soon after his divorce from Loeb, he married Townshend, the daughter of the 7th Marquess Townshend. The couple separated after 10 days and their marriage was annulled in 1974.
        • Rita Eileen Webb, later Georgiana "George" Bronfman.[40] In 1975, he married Webb, then 25, who converted to Judaism and is the daughter of Barry and Eileen Webb, proprietors of an Essex country pub, Ye Old Nosebag. Webb and Bronfman divorced in 1983 and were later remarried, but again divorced. ("After the second divorce, she began a brief but tempestuous affair with Lorenzo Ricciardi [spouse of Mirella Ricciardi], an Italian filmmaker in his 60s. He was arrested in 1990 for trying to kill her."[41] In 2007, Webb married English actor Nigel Havers.) Bronfman and Webb had two children together:[42][43]
        • Jan Aronson. In 1994, he married the artist Jan Aronson.

        NXIVM

        In 2003, a Forbes magazine article reported that Bronfman took a course from NXIVM under the leadership of Keith Raniere, endorsing it, but had since "grown troubled" due to the "emotional and financial investment" daughters Clare and Sara were giving to Raniere's group, remarking that Clare had loaned NXIVM $2 million, though she denied this. Bronfman was quoted stating, "I think it's a cult."[46] In 2018, Raniere, then daughter Clare and her long-time mentor NXIVM president Nancy Salzman, among others, were arrested on federal charges in connection with NXIVM.[47] In September 2018, daughter Sara was named the defendant in a 2018 class-action suit regarding her NXIVM activities.[48]

        Death

        Bronfman died on December 21, 2013 at his home in Manhattan. He was 84.[5] Bronfman was survived by his widow, Aronson, seven children, 24 grandchildren and two great-grandchildren at the time of his death.[49]

        Philanthropy
        Bronfman at the founding of Hillel of Uruguay

        Bronfman was a philanthropist who gave large amounts of money to Jewish causes, including Hillel: The Foundation for Jewish Campus Life, which he was credited with helping revive together with Hillel President Richard Joel in the 1990s. The Hillel at New York University is called The Edgar M. Bronfman Center for Jewish Student Life, known by students just as "Bronfman".[50] Bronfman established the Bronfman Youth Fellowships in Israel, a leadership program for Jewish youth, and provided the funding for MyJewishLearning.com, a digital media entity that includes Kveller, a popular Jewish parenting site.[51]

        His mother has a concert hall named after her in Montreal, the Saidye Bronfman Centre, and a building at McGill University is named after his father.

        Bronfman was also the Founder and President of The Samuel Bronfman Foundation, whose work is informed by these four principles: "Jewish renaissance is grounded in Jewish learning, Jewish youth shape the future of the Jewish people, vibrant Jewish communities are open and inclusive, and that all Jews are a single family."[52]

        Major points of focus for The Samuel Bronfman Foundation are pluralism, intermarriage, community engagement – especially youth – and making Jewish knowledge accessible to Jews of all backgrounds.[53] It is known for its work with the following grantees:

        Edgar M. Bronfman meets with Hillel Students
        • In 1987, Bronfman founded The Bronfman Youth Fellowships in Israel,[54] a network of 1,000 young Jews from Israel and North America that includes some of today's most inspiring Jewish writers, thinkers and leaders. The Bronfman Youth Fellowships tap future influencers at a formative point in their lives, their final year of high school, and immerses them in an intensive exploration of Jewish text study, pluralism and social responsibility.[55] The Fellowship has been called "a new kind of yeshiva and a modern house of study."[56]
        • Hillel: The Foundation for Jewish Campus Life, which is the largest Jewish campus organization in the world, engaging Jewish students globally in religious, cultural, artistic, and community-service activities. Hillel's mission is "to enrich the lives of Jewish undergraduate and graduate students so that they may enrich the Jewish people and the world".[57]
        • MyJewishLearning.com, which is the leading transdenominational website of Jewish information and education, offering articles and resources on all aspects of Judaism and Jewish life, along with Kveller, a Jewish parenting website that is a project of MyJewishLearning.com.[58]

        In April 2012, Bronfman joined the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Giving Pledge, a long-term charitable initiative that aims to inspire conversations about philanthropy and increase charitable giving in the United States.[59][60] Bronfman and 12 others joined the 68 billionaires who had already signed the giving pledge.[61]

        Following his death in 2013, Jewish news outlets called Bronfman a "prince of his people," for his unique combination of lineage, intrigue, and devotion to the Jewish people through learning and philanthropy.[62] Through his Jewish philanthropy, Bronfman became known for his unique approach to Jewish life. A proud Jew who publicly stated his disbelief in God,[63] Bronfman developed his own understanding of Judaism, as he learned Jewish texts and traditions both in his personal life and in his work at The Samuel Bronfman Foundation. In an article, journalist Ami Eden writes about Bronfman, who chose to incorporate meaningful Jewish traditions into his life, all the while continuing to educate himself about the religion until his final days. Bronfman also promoted the idea that Jewish organizations needed to stop using fear as a selling point, but rather encourage ordinary Jews to take a deeper interest in the substantive heritage they have been born to. Specifically, while much of the American Jewish community saw intermarriage as an epidemic to be curbed, Bronfman considered the trend an opportunity for Jews to learn further with their non-Jewish partners.[64]

        Awards
        Edgar M. Bronfman received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Bill Clinton in 1999

        In 1986 Bronfman was honored with the Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur (Legion of Honour), from the Government of France.[65]

        Bronfman was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by U.S. President Bill Clinton in August 1999[66] and the Star of People's Friendship by East German leader Erich Honecker in October 1988.

        In 2000, he received the Leo Baeck Medal for his humanitarian work promoting tolerance and social justice,[67] and in 2005 received the Hillel Renaissance Award.

        Works or publications
        Edgar M. Bronfman, Jan Aronson (left), and Rabbi Andy Bachman (far right) speak about The Bronfman Haggadah
        • Bronfman, Edgar M., and Jan Aronson. The Bronfman Haggadah. WorldCat. New York: Rizzoli International Publications, 2012. ISBN 978-0-8478-3968-1
        • Bronfman, Edgar M., and Beth Zasloff. Hope, Not Fear: A Path to Jewish Renaissance. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-3123-7792-2
        • Bronfman, Edgar M., and Catherine Whitney. The Third Act: Reinventing Yourself After Retirement. New York: G. P. Putnam, 2002. ISBN 978-0-399-14869-9
        • Bronfman, Edgar M. Good Spirits: The Making of a Businessman. New York: Putnam, 1998. ISBN 978-0-399-14374-8
        • Bronfman, Edgar M. The Making of a Jew. New York: Putnam, 1996. ISBN 978-0-399-14220-8

        Articles and videos

        Bronfman was a guest blogger for The Huffington Post and a regular contributor to The Washington Post.[68][69]

        Bronfman also made many appearances on the Charlie Rose Show.[70]

        The following are video and press interviews of Edgar M. Bronfman:

        The following is a video of the memorial service held for Edgar M. Bronfman on January 28, 2014 at Lincoln Center.

        See also

        References
        1. "Forbes 400 Richest Americans: Edgar Bronfman Sr". Forbes.
        2. "Biography: Edgar M. Bronfman, WJC Past President". World Jewish Congress. Archived from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
        3. Curtis, Christopher G. "Bronfman Family". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on October 20, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
        4. Kandell, Jonathan (December 22, 2013). "Edgar M. Bronfman, Who Brought Elegance and Expansion to Seagram, Dies at 84". The New York Times.
        5. Kandell, Jonathan (December 22, 2013). "Edgar M. Bronfman, Who Brought Elegance and Expansion to Seagram, Dies at 84". The New York Times. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
        6. The invisible thread that unites all Jews
        7. The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "Seagram Company Ltd". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
        8. "Bronfman Heads Jewish Congress". The New York Times. February 1, 1981. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
        9. "Jewish Philanthropist Edgar Bronfman Passes Away at 84". The Jerusalem Post. December 22, 2013. Retrieved April 29, 2014.
        10. Pfeffer, Anshel (December 23, 2013). "1929–2013: Edgar Bronfman: Born too late be a Rothschild, too early to be an oligarch". Haaretz. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
        11. Bookstein, Rabbi Yonah (December 22, 2013). "Will Anyone Fill Bronfman's Chair?". Jewish Journal. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
        12. Associated Press (December 22, 2013). "Billionaire Businessman Edgar Bronfman Sr. Dies: Bronfman Headed the World Jewish Congress for More Than a Quarter Century". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
        13. "THE JACKSON/VANIK AMENDMENT AND MFN FOR THE SOVIET UNION – HON. LEE H. HAMILTON (Extension of Remarks – January 24, 1990)" (Letter from Edgar M. Bronfman, president of the World Jewish Congress, to Hon. Lee H. Hamilton, House of Representatives). Congressional Record: 101st Congress (1989–1990). The Library of Congress. January 24, 1990. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
        14. Beckerman, Gal (2010). When they come for us, we'll be gone : the epic struggle to save Soviet Jewry (1st Mariner Books ed. 2011. ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 9780618573097.
        15. "Bronfman Says World Peace Can't Allow Denial of Israel's Legitimacy". JTA: The Global Jewish News Source. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. June 28, 1982. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
        16. Bronfman, Edgar M. (1996). The making of a Jew. New York: Putnam. ISBN 9780399142208.
        17. Edgar Bronfman Tribute Book. World Jewish Congress Archives. p. 62.
        18. "Bronfman Says Waldheim Dropped Suit 'because He Has No Case'". JTA: The Global Jewish News Source. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. July 5, 1988. Retrieved December 23, 2013.
        19. Bainerman, Joel. "The Vatican Agenda". JoelBainerman.com. Archived from the original on January 16, 2009. Retrieved December 24, 2013.
        20. "World News Briefs; Swiss Reject Finding Of $3 Billion Gold Debt". The New York Times. October 8, 1997. Retrieved December 24, 2013.
        21. Sanger, David E. (October 7, 1997). "A Price Tag of Billions in Nazi Gold". The New York Times. Retrieved December 24, 2013.
        22. Dori, Yoram (December 22, 2013). "Opinion: Edgar Bronfman, the legend". Jewish Post. Translated by Hochner, Hannah. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
        23. Ain, Stewart (December 21, 2010). "Short Takes: Holbrooke's Swiss Bank Diplomacy". The Jewish Week. Retrieved December 24, 2013.
        24. Russell Mead, Walter (April 13, 1997). "Los Angeles Times Interview: Edgar Bronfman Sr.: Tracking Nazi Plunder Into Switzerland's Secret Vaults". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 24, 2013.
        25. Ponce, Phil (August 13, 1998). "Swiss Accountability". The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer Transcript. Retrieved December 24, 2013.
        26. Reig, Shari C. (March 1–2, 2007). "The Swiss Banks Holocaust Settlement" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 4, 2013. Retrieved December 24, 2013. Presented at the Conference on Reparations for victims of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes: systems in place and systems in the making, The Peace Palace, The Hague, The Netherlands, 1–2 March 2007
        27. Gilmore, Inigo (August 10, 2003). "Israel's wall sparks row among US Jews". The Telegraph (UK). Retrieved December 24, 2013.
        28. "World Jewish Congress Embarks on Major Organizational Overhaul". JTA: The Global Jewish News Source. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. November 4, 2003. Retrieved December 24, 2013.
        29. "Bronfman Letter on Fence Revives Debate on Jewish Criticism of Israel". JTA: The Global Jewish News Source. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. August 13, 2003. Retrieved December 24, 2013.
        30. Amiram Barkat (March 25, 2007). "Members of the Tribe/The end of a beautiful friendship". Haaretz. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
        31. Strom, Stephanie (May 8, 2007). "President of Jewish Congress Resigns After 3 Years' Turmoil". The New York Times. Retrieved December 24, 2013.
        32. Popper, Nathaniel (May 11, 2007). "Bronfman Era Ends at World Jewish Congress". The Jewish Daily Forward. Retrieved December 24, 2013.
        33. "Edgar Bronfman Helped to 'Let his People Go'". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
        34. Hannah Dreyfus (January 29, 2014). "Hillary Clinton Remembers Edgar M. Bronfman". Tablet Mag. Retrieved April 29, 2014.
        35. "Ann L. Bronfman: Obituary". Legacy.com. April 10, 2011. Retrieved December 24, 2013.
        36. Newman, Peter C. The Bronfman Dynasty; Mcclelland & Stewart-Bantam Limited; Canada; 1978. ISBN 9780771067587.
        37. "Ann Loeb Bronfman: Obituary". Legacy.com. The Record/Herald News. April 9, 2011. Retrieved December 24, 2013.
        38. New York Times: "Notes on People; Abducted Bronfman Son to Wed"
        39. Economic Times of India: "Fabindia acquires a 40% stake in Organic India" by Rasul Bailay & Chaitali Chakravarty March 6, 2013.
        40. The Telegraph "Edgar Bronfman – obituary"; The Telegraph; December 22, 2015.
        41. Tkacik, Maureen. "Poor Little Rich Girls: The Ballad of Sara and Clare Bronfman". Observer (August 10, 2010). Retrieved September 12, 2018.
        42. "Edgar Bronfman Sr". cityfile new york. Cityfile Inc. Archived from the original on February 8, 2012. Retrieved December 24, 2013.
        43. Andrews, Suzanna (November 2010). "Feuds: The Heiresses and the Cult" (UK edition). Vanity Fair magazine. Retrieved December 24, 2013.
        44. Forbes: "Can A Business Entrepreneur Save Libya?" by Carrie Sheffield December 5, 2013
        45. New York Post, SEPTEMBER 4, 2018 December 1, 2018.
        46. Freedman, Michael (October 13, 2003). "Cult of Personality". Forbes. Retrieved July 25, 2018.
        47. "Seagram heiress Bronfman pleads not guilty in NXIVM 'sex slave' case". NBC News. Retrieved July 25, 2018.
        48. Saul, Emily (September 4, 2018). "Another Seagram's heiress sued in Nxivm 'sex cult' case". New York Post. Retrieved September 12, 2018.
        49. Survivors Archived December 24, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
        50. Wiener, Julie (June 23, 2000). "Bronfman brothers give Jews reason to raise glasses". jweekly.com. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved December 24, 2013.
        51. "Edgar Bronfman, philanthropist and Jewish communal leader, dies at 84". JTA: The Global Jewish News Source. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. December 21, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
        52. "Our Mission". The Samuel Bronfman Foundation. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
        53. Mishkin, Budd (May 6, 2009). "One on 1: Edgar Bronfman Blends Family Legacy With Personal Cause". NY1. Time Warner Cable Enterprises LLC. Archived from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved December 24, 2013.
        54. EJP (October 17, 2012). "Bronfman Youth Fellowships Celebrates 25 Years". eJewish Philanthropy. Retrieved December 24, 2013.
        55. ELP (November 24, 2013). "Bronfman Fellowships Seeks Outstanding Israeli and North American High School Students". eJewish Philanthropy. Retrieved December 24, 2013.
        56. ELP. "Bronfman: A Modern Talmudic Jew". The Jewish Week. Archived from the original on December 28, 2013. Retrieved December 24, 2013.
        57. "About Hillel". Hillel.org. Retrieved December 24, 2013.
        58. "About My Jewish Learning". MyJewishLearning.com. Archived from the original on January 4, 2014. Retrieved December 23, 2013.
        59. "Twelve More U.S. Families Pledge Majority of Wealth to Philanthropy" (PDF). The Giving Pledge. April 19, 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 4, 2013. Retrieved December 24, 2013.
        60. EJP (April 20, 2012). "Bronfman Signs Giving Pledge". eJewish Philanthropy. Retrieved December 24, 2013.
        61. Loomis, Carol; Miguel Helft (April 19, 2012). "12 more billionaires sign on to Buffett/Gates pledge". Fortune. CNN. Retrieved December 24, 2013.
        62. Eden, Ami. "Prince of the Jews". Retrieved December 24, 2013.
        63. Rabbi Mishael Zion and Rebecca Voorwinde (December 24, 2013). "Bronfman: A Modern Talmudic Jew". The Jewish Week. Archived from the original on April 26, 2014. Retrieved July 18, 2014.
        64. Sokol, Sam (December 22, 2013). "Jewish philanthropist Edgar Bronfman passes away at 84 | Israel News". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved July 18, 2014.
        65. "French Legion of Honor". NNDB. Soylent Communications. Retrieved December 24, 2013.
        66. "Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients". United States Senate. Retrieved December 24, 2013.
        67. "Recipients of the Leo Baeck Medal". Leo Baeck Institute. Retrieved December 24, 2013.
        68. "Edgar M. Bronfman at The Huffington Post". HuffPost.
        69. "Edgar M. Bronfman at The Washington Post". The Washington Post.
        70. "List of all past Charlie Rose programs". Charlie Rose Show. Charlie Rose LLC. Archived from the original on December 19, 2013. Retrieved December 24, 2013.

        Further reading
        • Faith, Nicholas (2006). The Bronfmans: The Rise and Fall of the House of Seagram. ISBN 978-0-312-33219-8
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