Foreign relations of Thailand

The foreign relations of Thailand are handled by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Thailand.

Thailand participates fully in international and regional organizations. It has developed close ties with other ASEAN members—Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Brunei, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, and Vietnam—whose foreign and economic ministers hold annual meetings. Regional cooperation is progressing in economic, trade, banking, political, and cultural matters. In 2003, Thailand served as APEC host. Dr. Supachai Panitchpakdi, the former Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand, served as Secretary-General of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) from 2005 until 31 August 2013. In 2005 Thailand attended the inaugural East Asia Summit.

Since the military coup of May 2014, Thailand's global reputation has plunged, according to Professor Thitinan Pongsudhirak of Chulalongkorn University. He maintains that, "When the fourth anniversary of Thailand's coup comes to pass later this month [May 2018], Thailand's foreign relations will be one of the many costs to be counted from the military government....Instead of moving ahead in its relations with the outside world, Thailand has regressed to a standstill.[1]

Disputes

Parts of the border with Laos are undefined. A maritime boundary dispute with Vietnam was resolved, August 1997. Parts of maritime border with Cambodia are disputed.[2] Sporadic conflict with Myanmar over alignment of border.

Asia

Royal Thai Embassy in Helsinki flying the Asean flag as well as own national flag.

Bangladesh

Relations are considered close and cordial and have made strides to improve trade and investment between the two countries. Diplomatic relations were established on 5 October 1972 and Thailand opened its embassy in 1974 followed by Bangladesh setting up their own in Bangkok in the following year. The first visit between the two countries was President Ziaur Rahman's visit to Thailand in 1979 followed by Prime Minister Prem Tinsulanonda in 1983. Other Heads of States like Ershad visited in 1985, 1988 and 1990 and Thaksin Shinawatra in July and December 2002 and January 2004. Thailand is a key country in Bangladesh's "Look East" policy and relations have begun to increase and diversify into different areas.

They seek not to intervene in each other's internal matters as shown by their response to the events occurring in their own respective countries in 2006 such as the 2006 Thai coup d'état and 2006–2008 Bangladeshi political crisis. Both have considerable cooperation in summits organised by BIMSTEC and the ASEAN regional forum. Upper class and upper middle class Bangladeshis often go to Thailand for medical treatment and operations that the country's medical infrastructure cannot provide.

Brunei

Brunei has an embassy in Bangkok, and Thailand has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan.[3] The relations have always been close and cordial.[4]

Cambodia

Parts of Cambodia's border with Thailand are indefinite, and the maritime boundary with Thailand is not clearly defined. On 5 November 2009 Thailand recalled its ambassador from Cambodia in protest of the Cambodian government's appointment of Thai ex-leader Thaksin Shinawatra as an economic adviser.[5] Thai Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva stated that this was "the first diplomatic retaliation measure" against the appointment.[5] He also said that Cambodia was interfering in Thai internal affairs and as a result bi-lateral co-operation agreements would be reviewed.[5] The Cambodian government has stated that it would refuse any extradition request from Thailand for Thaksin as it considered him to be a victim of political persecution.[5]

In the months leading up to the Cambodian decision, troops from both nations had clashed over territory claimed by both countries immediately adjacent to Cambodia's Preah Vihear temple, leading to a deterioration in relations.[5] At 20:30 on 5 November Cambodia announced that it was withdrawing its ambassador from Thailand as a retaliatory measure.[6][7] Sok An, a member of the Council of Ministers and Deputy Prime Minister of Cambodia, said that the appointment of Thaksin is a decision internal to Cambodia and that it "conforms to international practice".[7] The mutual withdrawal of ambassadors is the most severe diplomatic action to have occurred between the two countries.[7]

China

Thailand established diplomatic relations with the PRC on 1 July 1975.[8] It remains as a key regional ally of China, with growing cooperation between both countries.[9][10][11][12][13]

For an evaluation of Sino-Siamese relations, see Siamese Inter-State Relations in the Late Nineteenth Century: From An Asian Regional Perspective.[14]

India

Diplomatic relations between India and Thailand were established in 1947, soon after India gained independence. Thailand maintains three diplomatic posts in India: in Mumbai, in New Delhi, and in Calcutta. India maintains three enclaves in Thailand: in Bangkok, Chiang Mai, and A Muang.

The end of the Cold War led to a significant enhancement in the substance and pace of bilateral interactions. Indian Look East policy from 1993 and Thailand's Look West policy since 1996 set the stage for a substantive consolidation of bilateral relations. The past few years since 2001 have witnessed growing warmth, increasing economic and commercial links, exchange of high-level visits on both sides, and the signing of a large number of Agreements leading to a further intensification of relations. Thailand and India are cooperating in various multilateral fora like India's dialogue partnership with ASEAN, the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), and the East Asia Summit, the sub-regional grouping BIMSTEC involving Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Myanmar, Nepal and Bhutan, and trilateral transport linkages with Thailand, Myanmar and India. India is a member of the Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD) initiated by Thailand in 2002 and of the Mekong–Ganga Cooperation (MGC), a group of six countries.

Indonesia

Indonesia and Thailand are viewed as natural allies.[15] The nations established diplomatic ties in 1950 and have enjoyed a cordial relationship since.[16] Both countries have established embassies. Indonesia has its embassy in Bangkok and a consulate in Songkhla, while Thailand has its embassy in Jakarta. State visits have been conducted for years. Both nations are the founders of ASEAN and the members of Non-Aligned Movement and APEC. Indonesia is also appointed as observer in Cambodian–Thai border dispute.[17][18]

Iran

Israel

Israel and Thailand have had official relations since June 1954. The Israeli embassy in Bangkok was established in 1958.[19] Since 1996, Thailand has had an embassy in Tel Aviv.[20] After the floods in 2011, Israel sent water management experts to Thailand. Princess Chulabhorn Mahidol is involved in advancing scientific cooperation between the two countries. The Thai ambassador to Israel is Jukr Boon-Long.[21]

Japan

Abhisit with Japanese Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama, 8 November 2009, Tokyo

Japan has become a key trading partner and foreign investor for Thailand. Japan is Thailand's largest supplier, followed by the United States. Since 2005, the rapid ramp-up in export of automobiles of Japanese makes (esp. Toyota, Nissan, Isuzu) has helped to dramatically improve the trade balance, with over 1 million cars produced last year. As such, Thailand has joined the ranks of the world's top ten automobile exporting nations. In 2007, a Japan–Thailand Economic Partnership Agreement was signed, aiming at free trade between the two countries after a transition period of 10 years.

Laos

In some respects, Thailand can be seen as a greater threat to Laos's independence than Vietnam because of its closer cultural affinity, its easier access, and its control over the railroad and highway routes to the sea. The Mekong River, which both sides have an interest in making a "river of true peace and friendship" — as their respective prime ministers called for in 1976 – also provides a north–south artery during the rainy season.[22]

Malaysia

Thailand has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur, and consulate-general offices in George Town and Kota Bharu. Malaysia maintains an embassy in Bangkok. Recently, Thai-Malay relations have soured considerably due to the ethnically Malay Pattani separatists in three southern provinces of Thailand. There have been claims by some Thai politicians that certain parties in Malaysia has taken an interest in the cause of their opponents in the war, which is vehemently disputed by the latter.

Myanmar

Pakistan

In August 2013, the Thai Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra visited Pakistan in the first visit in a decade.[23]

Palestine

Thailand officially recognised Palestine as an independent state on 18 January 2012.[24]

Philippines

Thai-Philippines relations continue to be friendly. Relations with Thailand were established 14 June 1949. Thailand is one of the Philippines major trading partners and one of the Philippines' rice suppliers. Relations continues to be strengthened through talks and agreements on economic, security, and cultural matters including concerns on rice trading, and combatting drugs and human trafficking.

Saudi Arabia

Relations Saudi Arabia and Thailand were established in 1957 and hundreds of thousands of Thais went to Saudi Arabia to work.[25] However, relations have been severely strained for the past 20 years due to fallout from the Blue Diamond Affair. Diplomatic missions were downgraded to chargé d'affaires level and the number of Thai workers in Saudi Arabia plummeted.[25] Saudi Arabia does not issue working visas for Thais and discourages its citizens from visiting the country.

South Korea

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1958. The year 2008 is the 50th year of bilateral relations with two nations. During the Korean War, Thailand was the second nation sending troops for supporting South Korea just after the United States. In October 2003, South Korean president Roh Moo-hyun visited Thailand while Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra went to Seoul in November 2005.[26] South Korean is the 10th largest trade partner, which is about to reach the scale of 10 billion dollars.[27]

Vietnam

Diplomatic relations between the two countries have existed since 1976, and are very friendly both economically and politically nowadays.[28] Yet, relations between the two countries had always been marred by discord, which resulted from bitter rivalry to gain control of the area of what is today Laos and Cambodia.

In the 19th century, Thailand (then known as Siam) had fought a series of wars with the Nguyễn dynasty which then ruled over Vietnam over control of Cambodia. This rivalry will only temporarily subside when French colonists stepped in and gradually building an establishment in Southeast Asia, known as French Indochina.

During the Vietnam War, Thailand was aligned with South Vietnam and the United States and the U Tapao Air Base was used as a base for USAF aircraft. During the Fall of Saigon in 1975, fleeing South Vietnamese pilots arrived at U Tapao before fleeing to other countries.

In 1979, when the Khmer Rouge government in neighbouring Cambodia was toppled, this had raised concerns in Thailand and the Thai government quickly allied itself with the Khmer Rouge, later the CGDK, in fear of Vietnamese expansionism. In fact, Thailand was foremost among the ASEAN, of which it is part of, in opposing the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia.

Cambodian refugees soon stayed at border camps straddling the Thai-Cambodian border, and these camps are often controlled by the Khmer Rouge or the CGDK. In the years that followed, Vietnam launched a series of raids on the camps and Vietnamese troops often penetrated into Thai territory and shelled Thai border villages and towns.

Americas

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Belize1999/06/11

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 June 1999.[29]

 Brazil1959/04/17
 Canada1961/11/08
 Colombia1979/04/20
  • Colombia has its embassy in Bangkok.[34]
  • Thailand is represented through its embassy in Lima, Peru
 Mexico1975/08/28
 Peru1965/11/10

In 2009, Thailand and Peru signed a free trade agreement calling for elimination of tariffs on 70% of 5,000 items listed in the agreement. Thailand imports tin and fish from Peru. Peru imports auto parts, electrical appliances, and clothes from Thailand.[37]

 United States1833/03/20
Pimpen Vejjajiva, Michelle Obama, Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva and U.S. President Barack Obama on 23 September 2009, in New York

Thailand has had relations with the United States since 1833. In 2003, the United States designated Thailand as a major non-NATO ally, which grants Thailand many financial and military benefits derived from the United States.

Europe

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Armenia7 July 1992
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 July 1992 by protocol.[42]
  • Armenia has an honorary consulate in Bangkok.[43]
  • Thailand is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Moscow, Russia and through hononary consulate in Yerevan.[44]
 Bulgaria10 August 1974
  • Since 1975, Bulgaria has an embassy in Bangkok.[45]
  • Thailand has an honorary consulate in Sofia.[46]
 Croatia9 September 1992
 Cyprus5 May 1980
 Denmark21 May 1858See Denmark–Thailand relations
  • Denmark is represented in Thailand through its embassy in Bangkok and an honorary consulate in Phuket.
  • Thailand is represented in Denmark through its embassy in Copenhagen.
 Estonia22 October 1921 See Foreign relations of Estonia
  • Thailand (then Siam) first recognised Estonia on 22 October 1921.[52]
  • Both countries re-established diplomatic relations on 27 April 1992.
  • Estonia is represented in Thailand through its consulates in Bangkok and Phuket.[53]
  • Thailand is represented in Estonia through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
 France15 August 1856See France–Thailand relations
 Germany7 February 1862
Flags of Thailand, Germany and Bavaria for the visit of prime minister Yingluck Shinawatra in Munich 2012
 Greece26 May 1958
 Hungary24 October 1973
 Kosovo 22 November 2013 See Kosovo–Thailand relations
  • Thailand recognised the Republic of Kosovo as independence state on 24 September 2013.[67][68]
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 November 2013.
  • Kosovo has an embassy in Bangkok.
 Netherlands1604
 Portugal10 February 1859 See Portugal-Thailand relations
 Romania1 June 1973
 Russia See Thailand-Russia relations
President Putin with former Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra before the start of the APEC Summit in 2003

The Soviet Union and Thailand established diplomatic relations with each other on 12 March 1941; Thailand recognised Russian Federation as the successor to Soviet Union on 28 December 1991. Russia has an embassy in Bangkok and two honorary consulates in Phuket and Pattaya. Thailand has an embassy in Moscow and two honorary consulates in Saint Petersburg and Vladivostok.

 Spain23 February 1870 See Spain-Thailand relations
 Sweden18 May 1868
Flags of Sweden and Thailand
 Turkey1958[79]See Thailand–Turkey relations
  • Thailand has an embassy in Ankara.[79]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Bangkok.[79]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.342 billion USD in 2018 (Thai exports/imports: 1.09/0.256 billion USD).[80]
  • Negotiations on a bilateral Free Trade Agreement (FTA) began in 2017.[79]
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Bangkok and Phuket.[79]
 Ukraine6 May 1992
  • Thailand is represented in Ukraine through its consulate in Kyiv.[81]
  • Ukraine has an embassy in Bangkok and an honorary consulate in Pattaya.[82]
 United Kingdom18 April 1855

After Burma lost the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26) relations opened between the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Siam and the United Kingdom with a treaty of alliance in February 1826 and another treaty in June negotiated by East India Company emissary Henry Burney. This was followed by the Bowring Treaty of 1855 to liberalise trade. In 1893, Lord Lansdowne of the British Raj finalized the border between Burma and Siam; the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 then dissected the northern Malay states.

  • In 1917 the modern Siamese kingdom declared war on Germany during World War I, which secured it a seat at the Versailles Peace Conference. Foreign Minister Devawongse Varopakarn used this as an opportunity to argue for the repeal of the 19th century treaties and restoration of full Siamese sovereignty. While Britain and France delayed until 1925, the United States obliged in 1920. Following the outbreak of World War II, relations with Britain, France and the United States deteriorated rapidly – though former Queen Rambai Barni was nominal head of the Seri Thai resistance movement in Great Britain. Japan allowed Thailand to resume sovereignty over the sultanates of northern Malaya that had been lost in the 1909 treaty with Britain, and to invade and annex the Shan States in northern Burma. After the Japanese surrender, Allied military responsibility for Thailand fell to the British, who favoured treating the kingdom as a defeated enemy. Americans, however, supported Thailand's new government; during the Cold War relations with the United Kingdom took a back seat to those with the United States.

Oceania

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Australia
 New Zealand

Thai diplomatic missions

Royal Thai embassies and consulates

Country Official name City Type
 Argentina Argentine Republic Buenos Aires Embassy
 Australia Commonwealth of Australia Canberra Embassy
Sydney Consulate
 Austria Republic of Austria Vienna Embassy
 Bahrain Kingdom of Bahrain Manama Embassy
 Bangladesh People's Republic of Bangladesh Dhaka Embassy
 Belgium Kingdom of Belgium Brussels Embassy
 Brazil Federative Republic of Brazil Brasilia Embassy
 Brunei Nation of Brunei, Abode of Peace Bandar Seri Begawan Embassy
 Cambodia Kingdom of Cambodia Phnom Penh Embassy
 Canada Canada Ottawa Embassy
Vancouver Consulate
 Chile Republic of Chile Santiago Embassy
 China People's Republic of China Beijing Embassy
Chengdu Consulate
Guangzhou Consulate
Hong Kong Consulate
Kunming Consulate
Nanning Consulate
Qingdao Consulate
Shanghai Consulate
Xi'an Consulate
Xiamen Consulate
 Czech Czech Republic Prague Embassy
 Denmark Kingdom of Denmark Copenhagen Embassy
 Egypt Arab Republic of Egypt Cairo Embassy
 Finland Republic of Finland Helsinki Embassy
 France French Republic Paris Embassy
 Germany Federal Republic of Germany Berlin Embassy
Frankfurt Consulate
 Greece Hellenic Republic Athens Embassy
 Hungary Hungary Budapest Embassy
 India Republic of India New Delhi Embassy
Chennai Consulate
Kolkata Consulate
Mumbai Consulate
 Indonesia Republic of Indonesia Jakarta Embassy
 Iran Islamic Republic of Iran Tehran Embassy
 Israel State of Israel Tel Aviv Embassy
 Italy Italian Republic Rome Embassy
 Japan Japan Tokyo Embassy
Osaka Consulate
 Jordan Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Amman Embassy
 Kazakhstan Republic of Kazakhstan Nur-Sultan Embassy
 Kenya Republic of Kenya Nairobi Embassy
 Kuwait State of Kuwait Kuwait City Embassy
 Laos Lao People's Democratic Republic Vientiane Embassy
Savannakhet Consulate
 Libya Libya Tripoli Embassy
 Madagascar Republic of Madagascar Antananarivo Consulate
 Malaysia Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Embassy
George Town Consulate
Kota Bharu Consulate
 Mexico United Mexican States Mexico City Embassy
 Morocco Kingdom of Morocco Rabat Embassy
 Mozambique Republic of Mozambique Maputo Embassy
 Myanmar Republic of the Union of Myanmar Yangon Embassy
   Nepal Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal Kathmandu Embassy
 Netherlands Kingdom of the Netherlands The Hague Embassy
 New Zealand New Zealand Wellington Embassy
 Nigeria Federal Republic of Nigeria Abuja Embassy
 Norway Kingdom of Norway Oslo Embassy
 Oman Sultanate of Oman Muscat Embassy
 Pakistan Islamic Republic of Pakistan Islamabad Embassy
Karachi Consulate
 Peru Republic of Peru Lima Embassy
 Philippines Republic of the Philippines Manila Embassy
 Poland Republic of Poland Warsaw Embassy
 Portugal Portuguese Republic Lisbon Embassy
 Qatar State of Qatar Doha Embassy
 Romania Romania Bucharest Embassy
 Russia Russian Federation Moscow Embassy
 Saudi Arabia Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Riyadh Embassy
Jeddah Consulate
 Senegal Republic of Senegal Dakar Embassy
 Singapore Republic of Singapore Singapore Embassy
 South Africa Republic of South Africa Pretoria Embassy
 South Korea Republic of Korea Seoul Embassy
 Spain Kingdom of Spain Madrid Embassy
 Sri Lanka Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Colombo Embassy
 Sweden Kingdom of Sweden Stockholm Embassy
  Switzerland Swiss Confederation Bern Embassy
 Timor-Leste Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste Dili Embassy
 Turkey Republic of Turkey Ankara Embassy
 United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi Embassy
Dubai Consulate
 United Kingdom United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland London Embassy
 United States United States of America Washington Embassy
Chicago Consulate
Los Angeles Consulate
New York City Consulate
 Vietnam Socialist Republic of Vietnam Hanoi Embassy
Ho Chi Minh City Consulate

Permanent missions

Organization Official name City and Country
 ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations Jakarta, Indonesia
 UN United Nations Geneva, Switzerland
New York City, United States

Thailand economic and trade office

Country Official name City
 Taiwan Republic of China Taipei

International organization participation

APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, BIMSTEC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAS (observer), OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNITAR, UNMIBH, UNTAET, UNU, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

See also

Further reading

  • Chachavalpongpun, Pavin. Reinventing Thailand: Thaksin and his foreign policy (Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2010).
  • Klein, Ira. "Salisbury, Rosebery, and the Survival of Siam." Journal of British Studies 8.1 (1968): 119-139. in 1890s
  • Phuangkasem, Corrine. Thailand's Foreign Relations: 1964-80 (Brookfield Publishing Company, 1984).
  • Bhawan Ruangsilp (2007). Dutch East India Company Merchants at the Court of Ayutthaya: Dutch Perceptions of the Thai Kingdom, Ca. 1604-1765. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-15600-5.
  • Suwannathat-Pian, Kobkua. Thai-Malay relations: traditional intra-regional relations from the seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries (Oxford University Press, USA, 1988).

References

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