Heats of vaporization of the elements (data page)
Heat of vaporization
kJ/mol | |
---|---|
1 H hydrogen (H2) | |
use | (H2) 0.904 |
CRC | (H2) 0.90 |
LNG | 0.904 |
2 He helium | |
use | 0.0829 |
CRC | 0.08 |
LNG | 0.0829 |
WEL | 0.083 |
3 Li lithium | |
use | 136 |
LNG | 147.1 |
WEL | 147 |
Zhang et al. | 136 |
4 Be beryllium | |
use | 292 |
LNG | 297 |
WEL | 297 |
Zhang et al. | 292 |
5 B boron | |
use | 508 |
CRC | 480 |
LNG | 480 |
WEL | 507 |
Zhang et al. | 508 |
6 C carbon | |
use | |
WEL | (sublimation) 715 |
7 N nitrogen (N2) | |
use | (N2) 5.57 |
CRC | (N2) 5.57 |
LNG | (N2) 5.577 |
WEL | (per mole N atoms) 2.79 |
Zhang et al. | 5.58 |
8 O oxygen (O2) | |
use | (O2) 6.82 |
CRC | (O2) 6.82 |
LNG | (O2) 6.820 |
WEL | (per mole O atoms) 3.41 |
Zhang et al. | 6.82 |
9 F fluorine (F2) | |
use | (F2) 6.62 |
CRC | (F2) 6.62 |
LNG | (F2) 6.62 |
WEL | (per mole F atoms) 3.27 |
Zhang et al. | 6.32 |
10 Ne neon | |
use | 1.71 |
CRC | 1.71 |
LNG | 1.71 |
WEL | 1.75 |
Zhang et al. | 1.9 |
11 Na sodium | |
use | 97.42 |
LNG | 97.42 |
WEL | 97.7 |
Zhang et al. | 97.4 |
12 Mg magnesium | |
use | 128 |
LNG | 128 |
WEL | 128 |
Zhang et al. | 132 |
13 Al aluminium | |
use | 284 |
CRC | 294 |
LNG | 294.0 |
WEL | 293 |
Zhang et al. | 284 |
14 Si silicon | |
use | 359 |
LNG | 359 |
WEL | 359 |
Zhang et al. | 383 |
15 P phosphorus | |
use | 12.4 |
CRC | 12.4 |
LNG | 12.4 |
WEL | 12.4 |
Zhang et al. | 51.9 (white) |
16 S sulfur | |
use | (mono) 45 |
CRC | 45 |
LNG | (mono) 45 |
WEL | 9.8 |
Zhang et al. | 45 |
17 Cl chlorine (Cl2) | |
use | (Cl2) 20.41 |
CRC | (Cl2) 20.41 |
LNG | (Cl2) 20.41 |
WEL | (per mole Cl atoms) 10.2 |
Zhang et al. | 20.4 |
18 Ar argon | |
use | 6.53 |
CRC | 6.43 |
LNG | 6.43 |
WEL | 6.5 |
Zhang et al. | 6.53 |
19 K potassium | |
use | 76.90 |
LNG | 76.90 |
WEL | 76.9 |
Zhang et al. | 79.1 |
20 Ca calcium | |
use | 154.7 |
LNG | 154.7 |
WEL | 155 |
Zhang et al. | 153 |
21 Sc scandium | |
use | 332.7 |
LNG | 332.7 |
WEL | 318 |
Zhang et al. | 310 |
22 Ti titanium | |
use | 425 |
LNG | 425 |
WEL | 425 |
Zhang et al. | 427 |
23 V vanadium | |
use | 444 |
LNG | 459 |
WEL | 453 |
Zhang et al. | 451 |
24 Cr chromium | |
use | 339.5 |
LNG | 339.5 |
WEL | 339 |
Zhang et al. | 347 |
25 Mn manganese | |
use | 221 |
LNG | 221 |
WEL | 220 |
Zhang et al. | 225 |
26 Fe iron | |
use | 340 |
LNG | 340 |
WEL | 347 |
Zhang et al. | 354 |
27 Co cobalt | |
use | 377 |
LNG | 377 |
WEL | 375 |
Zhang et al. | 390 |
28 Ni nickel | |
use | 379 |
LNG | 377.5 |
WEL | 378 |
Zhang et al. | 379 |
29 Cu copper | |
use | 300.4 |
LNG | 300.4 |
WEL | 300 |
Zhang et al. | 305 |
30 Zn zinc | |
use | 115 |
LNG | 123.6 |
WEL | 119 |
Zhang et al. | 115 |
31 Ga gallium | |
use | 256 |
CRC | 254 |
LNG | 254 |
WEL | 256 |
Zhang et al. | 256 |
32 Ge germanium | |
use | 334 |
CRC | 334 |
LNG | 334 |
WEL | 334 |
Zhang et al. | 330 |
33 As arsenic | |
use | 32.4 |
WEL | 32.4 (sublimation) |
Zhang et al. | 32.4 |
34 Se selenium | |
use | 95.48 |
CRC | 95.48 |
LNG | 95.48 |
WEL | 26 |
Zhang et al. | 95.5 |
35 Br bromine (Br2) | |
use | (Br2) 29.96 |
CRC | (Br2) 29.96 |
LNG | (Br2) 29.96 |
WEL | (per mole Br atoms) 14.8 |
Zhang et al. | 30 |
36 Kr krypton | |
use | 9.08 |
CRC | 9.08 |
LNG | 9.08 |
WEL | 9.02 |
Zhang et al. | 9.03 |
37 Rb rubidium | |
use | 75.77 |
LNG | 75.77 |
WEL | 72 |
Zhang et al. | 69 |
38 Sr strontium | |
use | 141 |
LNG | 136.9 |
WEL | 137 |
Zhang et al. | 141 |
39 Y yttrium | |
use | 390 |
LNG | 365 |
WEL | 380 |
Zhang et al. | 363 |
40 Zr zirconium | |
use | 573 |
LNG | 573 |
WEL | 580 |
Zhang et al. | 591 |
41 Nb niobium | |
use | 689.9 |
LNG | 689.9 |
WEL | 690 |
Zhang et al. | 682 |
42 Mo molybdenum | |
use | 617 |
LNG | 617 |
WEL | 600 |
Zhang et al. | 617 |
43 Tc technetium | |
use | 585.2 |
LNG | 585.2 |
WEL | 550 |
44 Ru ruthenium | |
use | 619 |
LNG | 591.6 |
WEL | 580 |
Zhang et al. | 619 |
45 Rh rhodium | |
use | 494 |
LNG | 494 |
WEL | 495 |
Zhang et al. | 493 |
46 Pd palladium | |
use | 358 |
LNG | 362 |
WEL | 380 |
Zhang et al. | 358 |
47 Ag silver | |
use | 254 |
LNG | 258 |
WEL | 255 |
Zhang et al. | 254 |
48 Cd cadmium | |
use | 99.87 |
CRC | 99.87 |
LNG | 99.9 |
WEL | 100 |
Zhang et al. | 100 |
49 In indium | |
use | 231.8 |
LNG | 231.8 |
WEL | 230 |
Zhang et al. | 225 |
50 Sn tin | |
use | (white) 296.1 |
LNG | (white) 296.1 |
WEL | 290 |
Zhang et al. | 296 |
51 Sb antimony | |
use | 193.43 |
LNG | 193.43 |
WEL | 68 |
Zhang et al. | 193 |
52 Te tellurium | |
use | 114.1 |
CRC | 114.1 |
LNG | 114.1 |
WEL | 48 |
Zhang et al. | 114 |
53 I iodine (I2) | |
use | (I2) 41.57 |
CRC | (I2) 41.57 |
LNG | (I2) 41.6 |
WEL | (per mole I atoms) 20.9 |
Zhang et al. | 41.6 |
54 Xe xenon | |
use | 12.64 |
CRC | 12.57 |
LNG | 12.64 |
WEL | 12.64 |
Zhang et al. | 12.6 |
55 Cs caesium | |
use | 63.9 |
LNG | 63.9 |
WEL | 65 |
Zhang et al. | 66.1 |
56 Ba barium | |
use | 140.3 |
CRC | 140 |
LNG | 140.3 |
WEL | 140 |
Zhang et al. | 142 |
57 La lanthanum | |
use | 400 |
LNG | 402.1 |
WEL | 400 |
Zhang et al. | 400 |
58 Ce cerium | |
use | 398 |
LNG | 398 |
WEL | 350 |
Zhang et al. | 398 |
59 Pr praseodymium | |
use | 331 |
LNG | 331 |
WEL | 330 |
Zhang et al. | 331 |
60 Nd neodymium | |
use | 289 |
LNG | 289 |
WEL | 285 |
Zhang et al. | 289 |
61 Pm promethium | |
use | 289 |
LNG | 289 |
WEL | 290 |
62 Sm samarium | |
use | 192 |
LNG | 165 |
WEL | 175 |
Zhang et al. | 192 |
63 Eu europium | |
use | 176 |
LNG | 176 |
WEL | 175 |
Zhang et al. | 176 |
64 Gd gadolinium | |
use | 301.3 |
LNG | 301.3 |
WEL | 305 |
Zhang et al. | 301 |
65 Tb terbium | |
use | 391 |
LNG | 293 |
WEL | 295 |
Zhang et al. | 391 |
66 Dy dysprosium | |
use | 280 |
LNG | 280 |
WEL | 280 |
Zhang et al. | 280 |
67 Ho holmium | |
use | 251 |
LNG | 71 |
WEL | 265 |
Zhang et al. | 251 |
68 Er erbium | |
use | 280 |
LNG | 280 |
WEL | 285 |
Zhang et al. | 280 |
69 Tm thulium | |
use | 191 |
LNG | 247 |
WEL | 250 |
Zhang et al. | 191 |
70 Yb ytterbium | |
use | 129 |
LNG | 159 |
WEL | 160 |
Zhang et al. | 129 |
71 Lu lutetium | |
use | 414 |
LNG | 414 |
WEL | 415 |
Zhang et al. | 414 |
72 Hf hafnium | |
use | 648 |
LNG | 571 |
WEL | 630 |
Zhang et al. | 648 |
73 Ta tantalum | |
use | 732.8 |
LNG | 732.8 |
WEL | 735 |
Zhang et al. | 753 |
74 W tungsten | |
use | 806.7 |
LNG | 806.7 |
WEL | 800 |
Zhang et al. | 774 |
75 Re rhenium | |
use | 704 |
LNG | 704 |
WEL | 705 |
Zhang et al. | 707 |
76 Os osmium | |
use | 678 |
LNG | 738 |
WEL | 630 |
Zhang et al. | 678 |
77 Ir iridium | |
use | 564 |
LNG | 231.8 |
WEL | 560 |
Zhang et al. | 564 |
78 Pt platinum | |
use | 510 |
LNG | 469 |
WEL | 490 |
Zhang et al. | 510 |
79 Au gold | |
use | 342 |
CRC | 324 |
LNG | 324 |
WEL | 330 |
Zhang et al. | 342 |
80 Hg mercury | |
use | 59.11 |
CRC | 59.11 |
LNG | 59.1 |
WEL | 59.2 |
Zhang et al. | 58.2 |
81 Tl thallium | |
use | 165 |
LNG | 165 |
WEL | 165 |
Zhang et al. | 162 |
82 Pb lead | |
use | 179.5 |
CRC | 179.5 |
LNG | 179.5 |
WEL | 178 |
Zhang et al. | 177 |
83 Bi bismuth | |
use | 179 |
CRC | 151 |
LNG | 151 |
WEL | 160 |
Zhang et al. | 179 |
84 Po polonium | |
use | 102.91 |
LNG | 102.91 |
WEL | about 100 |
85 At astatine | |
use | 54.39 (At2) |
GME | 54.39 (At2) |
WEL | about 40 |
86 Rn radon | |
use | 18.10 |
LNG | 18.10 |
WEL | 17 |
87 Fr francium | |
use | ca. 65 |
WEL | about 65 |
88 Ra radium | |
use | 113 |
LNG | 113 |
WEL | about 125 |
89 Ac actinium | |
use | 400 |
WEL | 400 |
90 Th thorium | |
use | 514 |
LNG | 514 |
WEL | 530 |
91 Pa protactinium | |
use | 481 |
LNG | 481 |
WEL | 470 |
92 U uranium | |
use | 417.1 |
LNG | 417.1 |
WEL | 420 |
93 Np neptunium | |
use | 336 |
LNG | 336 |
WEL | 335 |
94 Pu plutonium | |
use | 333.5 |
LNG | 333.5 |
WEL | 325 |
Notes
- Values refer to the enthalpy change in the conversion of liquid to gas at the boiling point (normal, 101.325 kPa).
References
Zhang et al.
Zhang Y; Evans JRG & Zhang S (2011). "Corrected Values for Boiling Points and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Elements in Handbooks". J. Chem. Eng. Data. 56 (2): 328–337. doi:10.1021/je1011086.
CRC
As quoted from various sources in an online version of:
- David R. Lide (ed.), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 6, Fluid Properties; Enthalpy of Vaporization
GME
- Kugler HK & Keller C (eds) 1985, Gmelin handbook of inorganic and organometallic chemistry, 8th ed., 'At, Astatine', system no. 8a, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, ISBN 3-540-93516-9, pp. 116–117
LNG
As quoted from various sources in:
- J.A. Dean (ed.), Lange's Handbook of Chemistry (15th Edition), McGraw-Hill, 1999; Section 6, Thermodynamic Properties; Table 6.4, Heats of Fusion, Vaporization, and Sublimation and Specific Heat at Various Temperatures of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds
WEL
As quoted at http://www.webelements.com/ from these sources:
- G.W.C. Kaye and T. H. Laby in Tables of physical and chemical constants, Longman, London, UK, 15th edition, 1993.
- D.R. Lide, (ed.) in Chemical Rubber Company handbook of chemistry and physics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 79th edition, 1998.
- A.M. James and M.P. Lord in Macmillan's Chemical and Physical Data, Macmillan, London, UK, 1992.
- H. Ellis (ed.) in Nuffield Advanced Science Book of Data, Longman, London, UK, 1972.
See also
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