Indatraline

Indatraline (Lu 19-005) is a non-selective monoamine transporter inhibitor that has been shown to block the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin with effects similar to those of cocaine. However, the effects have been shown to have slower onset and longer duration than cocaine, suggesting that the compound may, along with similar compounds, be used for treatment of cocaine addiction.[1] Apparently, Lu 19-005 can be used to block the action of methamphetamine and MDMA.[2]

Indatraline
Clinical data
Routes of
administration		Oral
ATC code
  • none
Legal status
Legal status
  • In general: uncontrolled
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
UNII
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC16H15Cl2N
Molar mass292.20 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  (verify)

Compare indatraline with tametraline since they are directly homologous. There are some differences though. Superposition should make it possible to see that there is at least a relationship between the pharmacophore of indatraline and various phenyltropanes. More recently, additional work has been done also.[3]

Trans

If indatraline is N-alkylated it is possible to slow the onset of action, if the choice of alkyl group is sufficiently bulky, so that it is not until N-demethylation occurs that the molecules become really active.[3] N-methyl indatraline has a much longer duration than indatraline, because norindatraline is inactive whereas demethylating N-methyl-indatraline does not terminate the actions of the parent compound. Most drug addiction programs are of the opinion that a "slow onset, long duration" DRI is less likely to be abused (c.f. Volkow and others). The N-methyl products are clearly not just inactive prodrugs though.

Measurement of ambulation was recorded in 10-minute bins. Whereas for cocaine, locomotor activity (LMA) was already apparent at 10 min, at least 20 minutes were needed before the NMe2 analogs even started to increase locomotor activity. Very high doses actually meant less ambulation. The reason for this was increased stereotypy. It is apparent from the table that larger N-groups result in increased DAT selectivity relative to the SERT and NET. Although it is not necessary to enter into the details, the authors actually wanted a SNDRI.

Racemic

N-Demethyl analogs situated on the right-side of the arrow, assuming that this is the way they are metabolized in vivo.

[125I]RTI-55 used as the binding ligand at all 3 transporters.

Racemic (trans) 3',4'-Dichloro Indamines. Ki and IC50 (nM)
StereoR1R2DATDASERT5-HTNETNE
RacMeMe19 → 27200 → 230.33 → 5.065 → 4.895 → 2234 → 15
RacEtMe39 → 8.1270 → 6116 → 2.024 → 13250 → 48150 → 28
RacPrMe250 → 220340 → 5391 → 130190 → 480400 → 55640 → 130
RacPriMe180 → 32190 → 5144 → 931500 → 240260 → 110420 → 75
RacButMe890 → 1302700 → 3704700 → 740>10μM → 3100440 → 1501000 → 310
RacBnMe120 → 80550 → 380180 → >10μM3700 → >10μM2800 → 4601600 → 2600

Single enantiomers
Trans 3',4'-Dichloro indamines. Ki and IC50 (nM)
StereoR1R2DATDASERT5-HTNETNE
(±)-transMeMe192000.33659534
(+)-transMeMe8.71200.066.35221
(–)-transMeMe386503.6130130130

The eudysmic ratio between the two enantiomers of N-methyl-indatraline is not as high as was reported in the case of tametraline. The toxicity of the R,S isomer is less than for the S,R isomer.

Cis
Cis 3',4'-Dichloro indamines. Ki and IC50 (nM)
R1R2DATDASERT5-HTNETNE
MeMe63 → 290550 → 5002.4 → 385.5 → 4.0150 → 60086 → 130
EtMe660 → 140530 → 100013 → 4.772 → 192400 → ?4400 → 170
PrMe1200 → 2801000 → 620200 → 500810 → 13002000 → 540540 → 630
PriMe680 → 450960 → 140073 → 1301800 → 300650 → 35001800 → 1500
ButMe2800 → 650>10μM → 1500>10μM → 1700? → >10μM2200 → 1100>10μM → 1800
BnMe>10μM → 1100? → 5300300 → 2100700 → >10μM>10μM → 4800>10μM → >10μM

Chemistry

Two main routes have been reported. The first route shown is the original one reported by Bøgesø and co-workers.[4]

the other had been adapted to scale-up:[5]

Although a new method of making indatraline was recently published,[6] there is obviously more than one way of making this compound.

See for example: 6525206

Unfortunately for the 1-indanone intermediates a method is not available for direct reduction of the imine or oxime. It is reported that the wrong diastereomers are formed (cis) whereas the trans isomers are the ones that are needed. This frustrates the synthesis since an extra step has to be inserted. First the ketones are reduced to get mostly cis alcohols, which are then converted to the corresponding mesylates conserving stereochemistry. These can then be reacted with e.g. N-methylbenzylamine, effecting a Walden inversion (SN2). Final removal of the benzyl affords product, although it is racemic.

See also

References
  1. Negus SS, Brandt MR, Mello NK (October 1999). "Effects of the long-acting monoamine reuptake inhibitor indatraline on cocaine self-administration in rhesus monkeys". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 291 (1): 60–9. PMID 10490887.
  2. Rothman RB, Partilla JS, Baumann MH, Dersch CM, Carroll FI, Rice KC (March 2000). "Neurochemical neutralization of methamphetamine with high-affinity nonselective inhibitors of biogenic amine transporters: a pharmacological strategy for treating stimulant abuse". Synapse. 35 (3): 222–7. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2396(20000301)35:3<222::AID-SYN7>3.0.CO;2-K. PMID 10657029.
  3. Gardner EL, Liu X, Paredes W, Giordano A, Spector J, Lepore M, et al. (October 2006). "A slow-onset, long-duration indanamine monoamine reuptake inhibitor as a potential maintenance pharmacotherapy for psychostimulant abuse: effects in laboratory rat models relating to addiction". Neuropharmacology. 51 (5): 993–1003. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.06.009. PMID 16901516.
  4. Bøgesø KP, Christensen AV, Hyttel J, Liljefors T (December 1985). "3-Phenyl-1-indanamines. Potential antidepressant activity and potent inhibition of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin uptake". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 28 (12): 1817–28. doi:10.1021/jm00150a012. PMID 2999402.
  5. Froimowitz M, Wu KM, Moussa A, Haidar RM, Jurayj J, George C, Gardner EL (December 2000). "Slow-onset, long-duration 3-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-1-indanamine monoamine reuptake blockers as potential medications to treat cocaine abuse". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 43 (26): 4981–92. doi:10.1021/jm000201d. PMID 11150168.
  6. Silva LF, Siqueira FA, Pedrozo EC, Vieira FY, Doriguetto AC (April 2007). "Iodine(III)-promoted ring contraction of 1,2-dihydronaphthalenes: a diastereoselective total synthesis of (+/-)-indatraline". Organic Letters. 9 (8): 1433–6. doi:10.1021/ol070027o. PMID 17371034.
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