Joint Chiefs of Staff

The Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) is the body of the most senior uniformed leaders within the United States Department of Defense, that advises the president of the United States, the secretary of defense, the Homeland Security Council and the National Security Council on military matters. The composition of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is defined by statute and consists of a chairman (CJCS), a vice chairman (VJCS), the service chiefs of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, Space Force, and the chief of the National Guard Bureau.[1][2][JCS 1] Each of the individual service chiefs, outside their JCS obligations, work directly under the secretaries of their respective military departments, e.g. the secretary of the Army, the secretary of the Navy, and the secretary of the Air Force.[3][4][5][6]

For other uses, see Joint Chiefs of Staff (disambiguation).

Joint Chiefs of Staff
JCS
RoleAdvisory board providing professional military advice to the Secretary of Defense and the President
Established in practice1942
Constituting instrumentNational Security Act of 1947
currently codified at
10 U.S.C. § 151
Predecessor entitiesJoint Board
(1903–1942)
Members
Chairman GEN Mark A. Milley, USA
Vice Chairman Gen John E. Hyten, USAF
Number of membersEight
Administration
Parent agencyU.S. Department of Defense
Staff organizationThe Joint Staff (for the Chairman and the Vice Chairman; the service chiefs and the National Guard Bureau chief have their own staffs assisting them)
SeatThe Pentagon

Following the Goldwater–Nichols Act in 1986, the Joint Chiefs of Staff do not have operational command authority, either individually or collectively, as the chain of command goes from the president to the secretary of defense, and from the secretary to the regional combatant commanders.[7] Goldwater–Nichols also created the office of vice chairman, and the chairman is now designated as the principal military adviser to the secretary of defense, the Homeland Security Council, the National Security Council and the president.[8]

The Joint Staff (JS) is a headquarters staff in the Pentagon, composed of personnel from each of the six service branches, that assists the chairman and the vice chairman in discharging their responsibilities and is managed by the director of the Joint Staff (DJS).[9]

Role and responsibilities
The Joint Chiefs of Staff in December 2020.

After the 1986 reorganization of the Armed Forces undertaken by the Goldwater–Nichols Act, the Joint Chiefs of Staff does not possess operational authority over troops or other units. Responsibility for conducting military operations goes from the president to the secretary of defense directly to the commanders of the unified combatant commands and thus bypasses the Joint Chiefs of Staff completely.

Today, their primary responsibility is to ensure personnel readiness, policy, planning and training of their respective services for the combatant commanders to utilize. The Joint Chiefs of Staff also act in an advisory capacity for the president of the United States and the secretary of defense. In addition, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff acts as the chief military advisor to the president and the secretary of defense. In this strictly advisory role, the Joint Chiefs constitute the third-highest deliberatory body for military policy, after the National Security Council and the Homeland Security Council, which includes the president and other officials besides the chairman of the Joint Chiefs.

While serving as the chairman or vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, chief of staff of the Army, commandant of the Marine Corps, Chief of Naval Operations, chief of staff of the Air Force, or commandant of the Coast Guard, the salary is $15,583.20 a month,[10] regardless of cumulative years of service completed under section 205 of title 37, United States Code.

Current members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Position Photograph Name Service Flag
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General
Mark A. Milley		  United States Army
Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General
John E. Hyten		  United States Air Force
Chief of Staff of the Army General
James C. McConville		  United States Army
Commandant of the Marine Corps General
David H. Berger		  United States Marine Corps
Chief of Naval Operations Admiral
Michael M. Gilday		  United States Navy
Chief of Staff of the Air Force General
Charles Q. Brown Jr.		  United States Air Force
Chief of Space Operations General
John W. Raymond		  United States Space Force
Chief of the National Guard Bureau General
Daniel R. Hokanson		  United States Army

Commandant of the Coast Guard

Although it is a branch of the Armed Forces pursuant to 14 U.S.C. § 101, the Coast Guard operates under the Department of Homeland Security rather than the Department of Defense, except when the president (e.g., in times of war or national emergency) transfers it to the Department of the Navy.[11] The commandant of the Coast Guard is not a de jure member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff but is sometimes regarded as a de facto member, being entitled to the same supplemental pay as the Joint Chiefs,[12] and occasionally attending meetings of the JCS by invitation.[13] Unlike the Joint Chiefs, who are not actually in the military's operational chain of command, the commandant is both the administrative and the operational commander of the service.

Position Photograph Name Service Flag
Commandant of the Coast Guard Admiral
Karl L. Schultz		  United States Coast Guard

History

Joint Board
United States secretary of defense Harold Brown and deputy secretary of defense Charles W. Duncan Jr with Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General George S. Brown and the other members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff at the Pentagon 1977.

As the U.S. military grew in size following the American Civil War, joint military action between the Army and Navy became increasingly difficult. The Army and Navy were unsupportive of each other at either the planning or operational level and were constrained by disagreements during the Spanish–American War in the Caribbean campaigns.[14][15] The Joint Army and Navy Board was established in 1903 by President Theodore Roosevelt, comprising representatives from the military heads and chief planners of both the Navy's General Board and the Army's General Staff. The Joint Board acting as an "advisory committee" was created to plan joint operations and resolve problems of common rivalry between the two services.[14][15]

Yet, the Joint Board accomplished little, as its charter gave it no authority to enforce its decisions. The Joint Board also lacked the ability to originate its own opinions and was thus limited to commenting only on the problems submitted to it by the secretaries of war and Navy. As a result, the Joint Board had little to no impact on the manner in which the United States conducted World War I.

After World War I, in 1919 the two secretaries agreed to reestablish and revitalize the Joint Board. The mission of the General Staff was to develop plans for mobilization for the next war; the U.S. was always designated "blue" and potential enemies were assigned various other colors.[16]

This time, the Joint Board's membership would include the chiefs of staff, their deputies, and the chief of war plans division for the Army and director of plans division for the Navy. Under the Joint Board would be a staff called the Joint Planning Committee to serve the board. Along with new membership, the Joint Board could initiate recommendations on its own initiative. However, the Joint Board still did not possess the legal authority to enforce its decisions.

World War II
Joint Chiefs of Staff meeting (circa 1943). From left to right are: Gen. Henry H. Arnold, Chief of the Army Air Forces; Adm. William D. Leahy, Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy; Adm. Ernest J. King, Commander in Chief, U.S. Fleet and Chief of Naval Operations; and Gen. George C. Marshall, Chief of Staff of the United States Army.

U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt and British prime minister Winston Churchill established the Combined Chiefs of Staff (CCS) during the 1942 Arcadia Conference.[17] The CCS would serve as the supreme military body for strategic direction of the joint U.S.–UK war effort.

The UK portion of the CCS would be composed of the British Chiefs of Staff Committee, but the United States had no equivalent body. The Joint Board's lack of authority made it of little use to the CCS, although its 1935 publication, Joint Action of the Army and Navy, did give some guidance for the joint operations during World War II. The Joint Board had little influence during the war and was ultimately disbanded in 1947.

As a counterpart to the UK's Chiefs of Staff Committee in the CCS, and to provide better coordinated effort and coordinated staff work for America's military effort, Admiral William D. Leahy proposed a "unified high command" in what would come to be called the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Modeled on the British Chiefs of Staff Committee, the JCS' first formal meeting was held on 9 February 1942, to coordinate operations between War and Navy Departments.[17][18] The official history of the Army Air Forces noted that although there was "no official charter establishing this committee...by the end of February it had assumed responsibilities toward the American war effort comparable to the CCS on the combined level."[19] On 20 July 1942, Admiral Leahy became the "Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief", with all individual service chiefs operating under his authority.

The first members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff were:[20]

NameServicePosition
Admiral William D. LeahyUSNChief of Staff to the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy and
Special Presidential Military Advisor
General George C. MarshallUSAChief of Staff of the United States Army (CSUSA)
Admiral Ernest J. KingUSNCommander in Chief of the United States Fleet and
Chief of Naval Operations (COMINCH-CNO)
General Henry H. 'Hap' ArnoldUSAChief of the Army Air Forces and Deputy Chief of Staff for Air
The Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1960. From left to right are: Army Chief of Staff, Gen. Lyman Lemnitzer; Navy Chief of Operations, Adm. Arleigh Burke; Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Gen. Nathan F. Twining; Air Force Chief of Staff, Gen. Thomas D. White; Marine Corps Commandant Gen. David M. Shoup.

Each of the members of the original Joint Chiefs was a four-star flag or general officer in his service branch. By the end of the war each had been promoted: Leahy and King to Fleet Admiral; Marshall and Arnold to General of the Army. Arnold was later appointed to the grade of General of the Air Force.

One of the Joint Chiefs of Staff's committees was the Joint Strategic Survey Committee (JSSC). The JSSC, "one of the most influential planning agencies in the wartime armed forces", was an extraordinary JCS committee that existed from 1942 until 1947.[21] Members included Lieutenant General Stanley D. Embick, U.S. Army, chairman, 1942–1946, Vice Admiral Russell Willson, U.S. Navy, 1942–1945, Vice Admiral Theodore Stark Wilkinson, U.S. Navy, 1946, and Major General Muir S. Fairchild, U.S. Army Air Force, 1942–?.

National Security Act of 1947
The Joint Chiefs of Staff and several combatant commanders gathered at the Pentagon on 1 July 1983.

With the end of World War II, the Joint Chiefs of Staff was officially established under the National Security Act of 1947. Per the National Security Act, the JCS consisted of a chairman, the chief of staff of the Army, the chief of staff of the Air Force (which was established as a separate service by the same Act), and the chief of naval operations. The commandant of the Marine Corps was to be consulted on matters concerning the Corps, but was not a regular member; General Lemuel C. Shepherd, Jr., Commandant in 1952–55, was the first to sit as an occasional member. The law was amended during the term of General Louis H. Wilson, Jr. (1975–79), making the commandant a full-time JCS member in parity with the other three DoD services.

The position of vice chairman was created by the Goldwater–Nichols Act of 1986 to complement the CJCS, as well as to delegate some of the chairman's responsibilities, particularly resource allocation through the Joint Requirements Oversight Council (JROC).

General Colin L. Powell (1989–1993) was the first African American to serve on the Joint Chiefs of Staff. General Charles Q. Brown Jr. was the first African-American to be appointed as Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force and the first African-American to lead any branch of the services. General Richard B. Myers (Chairman, 2001-2005) was the first Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to serve as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. General Peter Pace (Vice Chairman 2001–2005; Chairman, 2005–2007) was the first Marine to serve in either position. No woman has ever served on the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

National Defense Authorization Act of 2012

A provision in the 2012 National Defense Authorization Act added the Chief of the National Guard Bureau to the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Guard historians called it the "most significant development" for the National Guard since the Militia Act of 1903.[1]

National Defense Authorization Act of 2020

The 2020 National Defense Authorization Act established the U.S. Space Force on 20 December 2019. The Space Force is headed by the chief of space operations, who reports directly to the secretary of the Air Force. Pursuant to 10 U.S.C. § 9082, the chief of space operations became a statutory member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff on 20 December 2020.[22]

Organization and leadership positions

Chairman
Main article: Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
The Joint Chiefs of Staff in 2002

The chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is, by law, the highest-ranking military officer of the United States Armed Forces,[23] and the principal military adviser to the president of the United States. He leads the meetings and coordinates the efforts of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, comprising the chairman, the vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the chief of staff of the United States Army, the commandant of the United States Marine Corps, the chief of naval operations, the chief of staff of the United States Air Force, the Chief of Space Operations (statutory member after December 2020), and the chief of the National Guard Bureau. The Joint Chiefs of Staff have offices in the Pentagon. The chairman outranks all service chiefs,[24] but does not maintain authority over them, their branches or the Unified Combatant Commands.[24] All combatant commanders receive their orders directly from the secretary of defense.[25]

On 20 July 1942, Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy became Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief (20 July 1942 – 21 March 1949). He was not technically the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Leahy's office was the precursor to the post of "Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff". That post was established and first held by General of the Army Omar Bradley in 1949.

The current and 20th chairman is General Mark A. Milley, who began his tenure on 30 September 2019.

Vice Chairman
Main article: Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

The position of Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff was created by the Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986. The vice chairman is a four-star-general or admiral and, by law, is the second highest-ranking member of the U.S. Armed Forces (after the chairman). In the absence of the chairman, the vice chairman presides over the meetings of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He may also perform such duties as the chairman may prescribe. It was not until the National Defense Authorization Act in 1992 that the position was made a full voting member of the JCS.[26]

The current vice chairman is General John E. Hyten, who began his tenure on 21 November 2019.

Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman
Main article: Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman

The senior enlisted advisor to the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (SEAC) advises on all matters concerning joint and combined total force integration, utilization, development, and helps develop noncommissioned officers related joint professional education, enhance utilization of senior NCOs on joint battle staffs, and support the chairman's responsibilities as directed.

Command Sergeant Major William Gainey, was the first SEAC, serving from 1 October 2005. The current SEAC is Ramón Colón-López, who was sworn in by General Mark Milley, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, on 13 December 2019, replacing SEAC John W. Troxell.

Joint Staff
The Joint Staff
Agency overview
Formed1949
HeadquartersThe Pentagon
EmployeesApprox. 1,500
Agency executive
Parent agencyDepartment of Defense
The Joint Staff Organization Chart as of March 2018
Members of The Joint Chiefs of Staff with U.S. Secretary of Defense in 1973.
The Joint Chiefs of Staff (seated) and the directors of the Joint Staff directorates (standing), November 1989.

The Joint Staff (JS)[27][28]:2020–01-24–100230-123 is a military headquarters staff based at the Pentagon, (with offices in Hampton Roads, Virginia, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas, Fort Belvoir, Virginia, Fairchild Air Force Base, Washington and Fort McNair, District of Columbia) composed of personnel from all the five armed services, assisting the chairman and the vice chairman in discharging their responsibilities. They work closely with the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD), the military department staffs, and the Combatant Command staffs.

The chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS) is assisted by the director of the Joint Staff (DJS), a three-star officer who assists the chairman with the management of the Joint Staff, an organization composed of approximately equal numbers of officers contributed by the Army, the Navy and Marine Corps, the Air Force, and the Coast Guard, who have been assigned to assist the chairman in providing to the secretary of defense unified strategic direction, operation, and integration of the combatant land, naval, space, and air forces.

The 27th secretary of defense has tasked the Joint Staff with developing a Joint Warfighting Concept[JadConcept 1] for the services by December 2020.[29] Developing Joint all-domain command and control (JADC2) as a concept[JadConcept 1] is a key goal of the 20th CJCS.[29] An OSD/Joint Staff Cross-Functional Team for JADC2 is underway.[30] The 27th secretary of defense ordered the four services and the Joint Staff to create a new joint warfighting concept for All-domain operations, operating simultaneously in the air, land, sea, space, cyber, and the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS).[31] The Joint Chiefs and Combatant Commanders witnessed demonstrations of the concept in September 2020.[32]

Organization

The Joint Staff includes the following departments where all the planning, policies, intelligence, manpower, communications and logistics functions are translated into action.[33]

  • Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff
    • Vice Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff
      • Director, Joint Staff - assists the Chairman in his role as advisor to the President and Secretary of Defense, coordinates and directs activities of the Joint Staff in support of the Chairman, and serves as the staff inspector general.
        • Vice Director, Joint Staff
          • J1 - Director, Manpower and Personnel
          • J2 - Director, Intelligence
          • J3 - Director, Operations
          • J4 - Director, Logistics
          • J5 - Director, Strategy, Plans, and Policy
          • J6 - Director, Command, Control, Communications, and Computers / Chief Information Officer
          • J7 - Director, Joint Force Development
          • J8 - Director, Force Structure, Resources, and Assessment
          • Director of Management
          • Joint History Office - record activities of the chairman and the Joint Staff
      • Assistant to the Chairman - oversees matters requiring close personal control by the chairman with particular focus on international relations and politico-military concerns
      • Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman (SEAC) - advisor to the chairman on all matters involving joint and combined total force integration, utilization, health of the force, and joint development for enlisted personnel

Directorates of the Joint Staff

The Joint Staff includes the following departments where all the planning, policies, intelligence, manpower, communications and logistics functions are translated into action.[33]

Joint Chiefs of Staff: Civilian awards

The Joint Chiefs may recognize private citizens, organizations or career civilian government employees for significant achievements provided to the joint community with one of the following decorations/awards.[38]

  • CJCS Award for Distinguished Public Service (DPS)
  • CJCS Award for Outstanding Public Service (OPS)
  • CJCS Joint Distinguished Civilian Service Award
  • CJCS Joint Meritorious Civilian Service Award
  • Joint Civilian Service Commendation Award (JCSCA)
  • Joint Civilian Service Achievement Award (JCSAA)

Coast Guard

Although, as discussed above, the commandant of the Coast Guard is not an ex officio member of the JCS like the other service chiefs, Coast Guard officers are legally eligible to be appointed as Chairman and Vice Chairman, pursuant to 10 U.S.C. § 152(a)(1) and 10 U.S.C. § 154(a)(1) respectively, which use the collective term "armed forces" rather than listing the eligible services, as well as to other positions on the Joint Staff. As of 2020, no Coast Guard officer has been appointed Chairman or Vice Chairman, but Coast Guard officers routinely serve on the JCS staff, including one vice admiral who was appointed to serve as J6 in 2016.

  • The Joint Chiefs of Staff during its early days in 1949.
  • Members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff at The Pentagon in 1958.
  • The Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1961.
  • The Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1971.
  • The Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1977.
  • The Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1981.
  • Members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff during President Ronald Reagan Inaugural Parade in January 20, 1981.
  • The Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1986.
  • The Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1997
  • The Joint Chiefs of Staff in 2002.
  • Members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff render a salute for the late President Ronald Reagan at Andrews Air Force Base in 2004.
  • The Joint Chiefs of Staff at the Senate Armed Services Committee testimony in The Capitol Hill 2010.

See also

Notes
  1. Barbara Starr and Zachary Cohen, CNN (6 October 2020) Senior Pentagon leadership quarantining after exposure to coronavirus
    • All of the Joint Chiefs, except for the Commandant of the Marine Corps, are working from home as of 6 October 2020 as a result of possible exposure to COVID-19 from Vice Commandant of the U.S. Coast Guard, Adm. Charles Ray during several recent meetings of the chiefs.
  1. JADC2 as a concept— Like the Integrated Tactical Network, instances of a concept can exist before acquisition— see PEO C3T (2018) Integrated Tactical Network

References
  1. "Top Guard officer joins Joint Chiefs of Staff". Army Times. 4 January 2012.
  2. 10 USC 151. Joint Chiefs of Staff: composition; functions
  3. 10 U.S.C. §3033 Archived 12 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  4. 10 U.S.C. §5033 Archived 12 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  5. 10 U.S.C. §5043 Archived 12 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  6. 10 U.S.C. §8033 Archived 12 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  7. 10 U.S.C. §162(b) Archived 29 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  8. 10 U.S.C §151(b) Archived 12 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  9. 10 U.S.C §155 Archived 12 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  10. "2017 Military Pay Scale". Military Factory. May 2017.
  11. https://www.gocoastguard.com/about-the-coast-guard/learn-the-history
  12. 37 U.S.C. § 414(a)(5) – Personal money allowance ($4,000 per annum in 2009)
  13. The Changing of the Guard
  14. Millett, Allan R. (1980). Semper Fidelis: The History of the United States Marine Corps. New York: Macmillan. p. 269 [para. 2]. ISBN 0-02-921590-0.
  15. "Origin of Joint Concepts". Joint Chiefs of Staff. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
  16. Bradley, John H.; Griess, Thomas E.; Dice, Jack W. (2002). The Second World War: Asia and the Pacific. United States Military Academy, Dept. of History. Square One. p. 26. ISBN 0-7570-0162-9.
  17. Cline, Ray S. (1990). United States Army in World War II – The War Department – Washington Command Post: The Operations Division; Chapter VI. Organizing The High Command For World War II "Development of the Joint and Combined Chiefs of Staff System". Center of Military History, United States Army, Washington, D. C. pp. 98–104. Retrieved 5 January 2012.
  18. Leighton, Richard M.; Robert W Coakley (1995). United States Army in World War II – The War Department – Global Logistics and Strategy 1940–1943. Center of Military History, United States Army, Washington, D. C. p. 144. Retrieved 5 January 2012.
  19. Craven, James (1948). United States Army Air Forces in World War II – Volume I Plans and Early Operations Jan 1939 – Aug 1941; Chapter 7. Establishment of the Fundamental Bases of Strategy (PDF). AFHRA, Maxwell AFB, Alabama. p. 254. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
  20. "Washington Eats". Life. 5 October 1942. p. 95. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  21. Stoler, Mark A. (1982). "From Continentalism to Globalism: General Stanley D. Embick, the Joint Strategic Survey Committee, and the Military View of American National Policy during the Second World War". Diplomatic History. 6 (3): 303–320 [quote at p. 307]. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1982.tb00378.x.
  22. "National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020" (PDF). Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  23. 10 USC 152. Chairman: appointment; grade and rank
  24. 10 USC 152(c). Chairman: appointment; grade and rank – Grade and Rank.
  25. 10 USC 162. Combatant commands: assigned forces; chain of command
  26. About the Joint Chiefs Archived 5 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  27. "Joint Doctrine constitutes official advice, however, the judgment of the commander is paramount in all situations." —Director Joint Force Development (1JAN19) Joint Electronic Library
  28. Joint Staff, J-7 (Jan 2020) DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms
  29. Theresa Hitchens (29 January 2020) New Joint Warfighting Plan Will Help Define ‘Top Priority’ JADC2: Hyten
  30. Theresa Hitchens (14 November 2019) OSD & Joint Staff Grapple With Joint All-Domain Command
  31. Colin Clark (18 Feb 2020) Gen. Hyten On The New American Way of War: All-Domain Operations
    • "A computer-coordinated fight": in the air, land, sea, space, cyber, and the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS)
      • "forces from satellites to foot soldiers to submarines sharing battle data at machine-to-machine speed"
    • "it’s the ability to integrate and effectively command and control all domains in a conflict or in a crisis seamlessly"—Gen. Hyten, Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs
      • All-Domain Operations use global capabilities: "space, cyber, deterrent [the nuclear triad (for mutually assured destruction in the Cold War, an evolving concept in itself)], transportation, electromagnetic spectrum operations, missile defense"
  32. Theresa Hitchens (3 Sep 2020) ABMS Demo Proves AI Chops For C2 The acquisition method for several of the capabilities being demonstrated would be indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity (ID/IQ), but the decisions to buy would be made by the Combatant Commands. —Air Force acquisition executive Will Roper
  33. jcs.mil Archived 3 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  34. "J6 Page at jcs.mil". Archived from the original on 14 May 2011.
  35. Gibson, Tim (2003). "SIPRNET connectivity: do's and don'ts". Army Communicator. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015.
  36. "Military Command, Control, Communications, and Computers Executive Board, 23 Apr 2014".
  37. DoD Budget p.33
  38. Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine

Further reading
  • Gillespie, Robert M. The Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Escalation of the Vietnam Conflict, 1964–1965. Masters Thesis, Clemson University, 1994. OCLC 32515894.
  • Joint Chiefs of Staff. Organizational Development of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1942–1987. Joint Secretariat, Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1988.
  • Jordan, Jonathan W., American Warlords: How Roosevelt's High Command Led America to Victory in World War II (NAL/Caliber 2015).
  • McMaster, H. R. Dereliction of Duty: Lyndon Johnson, Robert McNamara, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Lies That Led to Vietnam. New York: Harper Collins, 1997.
  • Perry, Mark. Four Stars: The Inside Story of the Forty-Year Battle Between the Joint Chiefs of Staff and America's Civilian Leaders. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1989, ISBN 0-395-42923-4.
  • Rearden, Steven L. History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense. 2 vols. Washington, D.C.: Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 1984.
  • Schnabel, James F. History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy 1945–1947. Volume I. Washington, D.C.: Joint History Office, The Joint Staff, 1996.
  • Taylor, Maxwell D. The Uncertain Trumpet. New York: Harper & Row, 1959.
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