List of NRO launches
This is a list of NRO Launch (NROL) designations, i.e. satellites operated by the United States National Reconnaissance Office. Those missions are generally classified, so that their exact purposes and orbital elements are not published. However, amateur astronomers have managed to observe most of the satellites, and leaked information has led to the identification of many of the payloads.

The National Reconnaissance Office logo
Launch statistics
Launch vehicle families
Launch history
Launch designation |
Payload nickname |
Satellite designation |
Date/Time (UTC) | Launch site | Rocket | Orbit | Project | Function | Status | Patch | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L-1 | Nemesis[1] | USA-179 | 31 August 2004 23:17[2] |
CCAFS, SLC-36A[2] | Atlas IIAS | 38,979 x 1,390km x 63.6° (Molniya)[3] | Quasar 15[4] | Communications | Entered service, status unknown | ![]() |
|
L-2 | USA-129 | 20 December 1996 18:04 |
VAFB, SLC-4E | Titan IV | LEO | KH-11 12[5] | Optical imaging | Deorbited | Reentered on May 1, 2014.[6][7] | ||
L-3 | USA-133 | 24 October 1997 02:32 |
VAFB, SLC-4E | Titan IV | 679 x 666km x 57° (LEO)[8] | Lacrosse 3 | Synthetic-aperture radar | Entered service, status unknown | |||
L-4 | Oscar | USA-136 | 8 November 1997 02:05 |
CCAFS, SLC-41 | Titan IV/Centaur | 36,346 x 4,026km x 63.5° (Molniya)[9] | Trumpet 3[10] | ELINT | Entered service, status unknown | ![]() |
|
L-5 | Capricorn[1] | USA-137 | 29 January 1998 18:37 |
CCAFS, SLC-36A | Atlas IIA | Molniya | Quasar 12[4] | Communications | Entered service, status unknown | ![]() |
|
L-6 | Jack | USA-139[11] | 9 May 1998 01:38 |
CCAFS, SLC-40 | Titan IV/Centaur | 35,964 x 35,623km x 8.4° (GSO)[12] | Orion 4[13] | SIGINT | Entered service, presumed active | ![]() |
|
L-7 | Elwood | N/A | 12 August 1998 11:30 |
CCAFS, SLC-41 | Titan IV/Centaur | GSO (planned) | Mercury | ELINT | Destroyed | "Cheers! Saving the Best for Last!!" | Rocket self-destructed 40 seconds into launch due to guidance problem.[14] |
L-8 | USA-140, USA-141 | 3 October 1998 10:04 |
VAFB, LC-576E | Taurus 1110 | LEO | STEX | Technology | Entered service, status unknown | ![]() |
ATEX experiment jettisoned on 16 January 1999 and catalogued as USA-141. | |
L-9 | USA-144[1] | 22 May 1999 09:36[15] |
VAFB, SLC-4E[15] | Titan IVB | Misty | Optical imaging | Entered service, status unknown | ![]() |
First Titan IV-B launch from VAFB. | ||
L-10 | Ursa Major[1] (Great Bear) |
USA-155 | 6 December 2000 02:47[2] |
CCAFS, SLC-36A | Atlas IIAS | 35,826 x 35,761km x 9.1° (GSO)[16] | Quasar 13[4] | Communications | Entered service, presumed active | ![]() |
|
L-11 | Onyx / Vega | USA-152 | 17 August 2000 23:45 |
VAFB, SLC-4E | Titan IVB | 695 x 689km x 68° (LEO)[8] | Lacrosse 4 | SAR | Entered service, status unknown | ![]() ![]() |
|
L-12 | Aquila[1] | USA-162 | 11 October 2001 02:32[2] |
CCAFS, SLC-36B | Atlas IIAS | 35,803 x 35,785km x 10.9° (GSO)[17] | Quasar 14[4] | Communications | Entered service, presumed active | ![]() |
|
L-13 | Gemini[1] | USA-160 | 8 September 2001 15:25 |
VAFB, SLC-3E[2] | Atlas IIAS | 1,476 x 750km x 63.4° (LEO)[18] | Intruder 5A & 5B[19] | Naval reconnaissance | Entered service, status unknown | ![]() |
Two satellites. |
L-14 | USA-161 | 5 October 2001 21:21 |
VAFB, SLC-4E | Titan IVB | LEO | KH-11 13[5] | Optical reconnaissance | Deorbited | ![]() |
Reentered in November 2014.[20][21] | |
L-15 | USA-237 | 29 June 2012 13:15[22] |
CCAFS, SLC-37B | Delta IV Heavy (first RS-68A upgrade) |
35,961 x 35,627km x 2.7° (GSO)[23] | Orion 8[24] | SIGINT | Entered service, presumed active | ![]() |
||
L-16 | Prometheus | USA-182[11] | 30 April 2005 00:50[25] |
CCAFS, SLC-40 | Titan IVB | 732 x 721km x 57.0° (LEO)[26] | Lacrosse 5[8] | SAR | Entered service, status unknown | ![]() |
|
L-17 | GeoLITE[1] | USA-158 | 18 May 2001 17:45[27] |
CCAFS, SLC-17B | Delta II 7925-9.5 | GSO | GeoLITE | Technology demonstration | Retired | ![]() |
Boosted to graveyard orbit after end of mission.[28] Testbed for experimental laser and UHF communications payloads.[29] |
L-18 | Libra[1] | USA-173 | 2 December 2003 10:04[2] |
VAFB, SLC-3E | Atlas IIAS | 1,423 x 798km x 63.4° (LEO)[30] | Intruder 6A & B[19] | Naval reconnaissance | Entered service, status unknown | ![]() |
Two satellites. |
L-19 | Homer[31] | USA-171[11] | 9 September 2003 04:29[32] |
CCAFS, SLC-40 | Titan IVB-Centaur | 35,995 x 35,592km x 11.4° (GSO)[33] | Orion 5[24] | SIGINT | Entered service, presumed active | ![]() |
|
L-20 | USA-186[11] | 19 October 2005 18:05[34] |
VAFB, SLC-4E | Titan IVB | 452 x 280km x 96.9° (LEO)[35] | KH-11 14[5] | Optical imaging | Entered service, presumed active | ![]() |
Last launch of a Titan rocket. | |
L-21 | USA-193[1] | 14 December 2006 21:00[27] |
VAFB, SLC-2W | Delta II 7920-10 | LEO | Unknown | Unknown | Destroyed | ![]() |
Failed immediately after launch. Destroyed by ASAT on 21 February 2008. | |
L-22 | USA-184[1] | 28 June 2006 03:33 |
VAFB, SLC-6 | Delta IV M+(4,2) | 38,417 x 1,953km x 63° (Molniya)[36] | Improved Trumpet 4[37] | ELINT | Entered service, status unknown | ![]() |
||
L-23 | Canis Minor[1] | USA-181 | 3 February 2005 07:41 |
CCAFS, SLC-36B | Atlas IIIB | 1,399 x 827km x 63.4° (LEO)[38] | Intruder 7A & 7B[19] | Naval reconnaissance | Entered service, status unknown | ![]() |
Two satellites. |
L-24 | Scorpius[1] | USA-198 | 10 December 2007 22:05 |
CCAFS, SLC-41 | Atlas V 401 | 39,704 x 663km x 63.1° (Molniya)[39] | Quasar 16[4] | Communications | Entered service, presumed active | ![]() |
|
L-25 | Altair | USA-234 | 3 April 2012 23:12[40][41] |
VAFB, SLC-6 | Delta IV M+(5,2) | 1,114 x 1,107km x 123° (Retrograde LEO)[42] | Topaz 2[43] | Radar imaging | Entered service, presumed active | ![]() |
|
L-26 | USA-202 | 18 January 2009 02:47 |
CCAFS, SLC-37B | Delta IV Heavy | 35,823 x 35,761km x 6° (GSO)[44] | Orion 6[24] | SIGINT | Entered service, presumed active | ![]() |
||
L-27 | Gryphon[31] | USA-227 | 11 March 2011 23:38 |
CCAFS, SLC-37B | Delta IV M+(4,2) | 35,810 x 35,778km x 4.6° (GSO)[45] | Quasar 17[4] | Communications | Entered service, presumed active | ![]() |
|
L-28 | USA-200 | 13 March 2008 10:02 |
VAFB, SLC-3E | Atlas V 411 | 38,066 x 2,304km x 63.2° (Molniya)[46] | Improved Trumpet 5[37] | ELINT | Entered service, status unknown | ![]() |
||
L-29 | N/A | VAFB, SLC-3E | Atlas V 521[47] | Canceled | |||||||
L-30 | Pyxis[1] | USA-194 | 15 June 2007 15:12 |
CCAFS, SLC-41 | Atlas V 401 | 1,337 x 889km x 63.4° (LEO)[48] | Intruder 8A & 8B[19] | Naval reconnaissance | Entered service, presumed active | ![]() |
Two satellites. Premature 2nd stage cutoff during launch. Lifetime reduced by need to correct orbit. |
L-32[49] | USA-223 | 21 November 2010 22:58[50] |
CCAFS, SLC-37B | Delta IV Heavy | 35,939 x 35,648km x 4.3° (GSO)[51] | Orion 7[24] | SIGINT | Entered service, presumed active | ![]() |
||
L-33[52] | USA-252 | 22 May 2014 13:09 |
CCAFS, SLC-41 | Atlas V 401 | 35,810 x 35,778km x 2.7° (GSO)[53] | Quasar 19[4] | Communications | Entered service, presumed active | ![]() |
||
L-34 | Odin[54] | USA-229 | 15 April 2011 04:24 |
VAFB, SLC-3E[50] | Atlas V 411 | 1,252 x 974km x 63.4° (LEO)[55] | Intruder 9A & 9B[19] | Naval reconnaissance | Entered service, presumed active | ![]() |
Two satellites. |
L-35 | Jacquelyn | USA-259 | 13 December 2014 03:19 |
VAFB, SLC-3E | Atlas V 541 | 39,148 x 1,221km x 63.3° (Molniya)[56] | Trumpet 6 (third generation)[57] | ELINT | Entered service, presumed active | ![]() |
First flight of the RL10C-1 rocket engine, used by the Centaur upper stage |
L-36[58] | USA-238[59] | 13 September 2012 21:39[41] |
VAFB, SLC-3E | Atlas V 401[60] | 1,217 x 1,009km x 63.4° (LEO)[61] | Intruder 10A & 10B[19] | Naval reconnaissance | Entered service, presumed active | ![]() |
Two satellites sharing a designation. | |
L-37[62] | USA-268 | June 11, 2016 17:51 |
CCAFS, SLC-37B | Delta IV Heavy | 36,024 x 35,563km x 6.6° (GSO)[63] | Orion 9[24] | SIGINT[64] | Entered service, presumed active | ![]() |
Likely the seventh so called Mentor/Orion satellite for the National Security Agency.[65] | |
L-38[66] | Drake | USA-236 | 20 June 2012 12:28[41] |
CCAFS, SLC-41 | Atlas V 401 | 35,826 x 35,762km x 2.7° (GSO)[67] | Quasar 18[4] | Communications | Entered service, presumed active | ![]() |
|
L-39[68] | USA-247 | 6 December 2013 07:14[69] |
VAFB, SLC-3E | Atlas V 501 | 1,114 x 1,108km x 123° (Retrograde LEO)[70] | Topaz 3[43] | Radar imaging | Entered service, presumed active | ![]() |
||
L-41[49] | Gladys[31] | USA-215[1] | 21 September 2010 04:03[50] |
VAFB, SLC-3E | Atlas V 501 | 1,113 x 1,109km x 123° (Retrograde LEO)[71] | Topaz 1[43] | Radar imaging | Entered service, presumed active | ![]() |
|
L-42[72] | USA-278 | 24 September 2017 05:49:47 |
VAFB, SLC-3E | Atlas V 541 | 39,188 x 1,179km x 63.7° (Molniya)[73] | Trumpet 7 (third generation)[57] | ELINT | Entered service, presumed active | ![]() |
||
L-44[72] | USA-311 | 11 December 2020 01:09 |
CCSFS, SLC-37B | Delta IV Heavy | GSO | Orion 10[65] | SIGINT[64] | Entered service, presumed active[74] | ![]() |
||
L-45[68] | USA-267 | 10 February 2016 11:40 |
VAFB, SLC-6 | Delta IV M+(5,2) | 1,114 x 1,107km x 123° (Retrograde LEO)[75] | Topaz 4[43] | Radar imaging | Entered service, presumed active | ![]() ![]() |
||
L-47 | USA-281 | 12 January 2018 22:11 |
VAFB, SLC-6 | Delta IV M+(5,2) | 1,088 x 1,085km x 106° (Retrograde LEO)[76] | Topaz 5[43] | Radar imaging | Entered service, presumed active | ![]() |
||
L-49[49] | Betty[31] | USA-224 | 20 January 2011 21:10[77] |
VAFB, SLC-6 | Delta IV Heavy | 1,025 x 266km x 97.9° (LEO)[78] | KH-11 15[5] | Optical imaging | Entered service, presumed active | ![]() |
|
L-52[72] | USA-279 | 15 October 2017 07:28 |
CCAFS, SLC-41 | Atlas V 421 | 35,811 x 35,777km x 3.3° (GSO)[79] | Quasar 21[80] | Communications | Entered service, presumed active | ![]() |
||
L-55[72] | USA-264 | 8 October 2015 12:49 |
VAFB, SLC-3E | Atlas V 401 | 1,145 x 1,081km x 63.4° (LEO)[81][82] | Intruder 11A & 11B | Naval reconnisance[65] | Entered service, presumed active | ![]() |
Two classified satellites (NROL-55) and 13 CubeSats. | |
L-61[72] | Spike[83] | USA-269 | 28 July 2016 12:37[84] |
CCAFS, SLC-41 | Atlas V 421 | 35,813 x 35,775km x 3.0° (GSO)[85][86] | Quasar 20[80] | Communications | Entered service, presumed active | ![]() |
|
L-65[87] | USA-245 | 28 August 2013 18:03 |
VAFB, SLC-6 | Delta IV Heavy | 1,018 x 275km x 97.9° (LEO)[88] | KH-11 16[5] | Optical imaging | Entered service, presumed active | ![]() |
||
L-66[89] | USA-225 | 6 February 2011 12:26 |
VAFB, SLC-8 | Minotaur I | 1,232 x 1,214km x 90.1° (LEO)[90] | RPP | Technology | Entered service, status unknown | ![]() |
||
L-67[91] | USA-250 | 10 April 2014 17:45 |
CCAFS, SLC-41 | Atlas V 541 | 35,811 x 35,777km x 1.4° (GSO)[92] | SIGINT High Altitude Replenishment Program (SHARP-1) | SIGINT | Entered service, presumed active | ![]() |
||
L-68[64] | - | 2022[93] | CCAFS, SLC-37B | Delta IV Heavy | Awaiting launch | ||||||
L-70[64] | - | 2023[93] | CCAFS, SLC-37B | Delta IV Heavy | Awaiting launch | ||||||
L-71[72] | USA-290 | 19 January 2019 19:05[41][94] |
VAFB, SLC-6 | Delta IV Heavy | 419 x 408km x 92.7° (LEO)[95] | KH-11 17[5] | Optical imaging | Entered service, presumed active | ![]() |
||
L-76[96] | USA-276 | 1 May 2017 11:15[97] |
KSC, LC-39A | Falcon 9 Full Thrust | 402 x 391km x 50.0° (LEO)[98][99][100] | Entered service, presumed active | ![]() |
||||
L-79[72][101] | USA-274 | 1 March 2017 17:50[102] |
VAFB, SLC-3E | Atlas V 401 | 1,120 x 1,105km x 63.4° (LEO)[103] | Intruder 12A & 12B[19] | Naval reconnaissance | Entered service, presumed active | ![]() |
Two classified satellites sharing a designation. | |
L-82[64][104] | - | February 2021[74] | VAFB, SLC-6 | Delta IV Heavy | Electro-optical surveillance | Awaiting launch | ![]() |
||||
L-85[105] | - | 2021 | CC, LC-39A or SLC-40 | Falcon 9 Block 5 | LEO 63°[106] | Intruder 13A & 13B | Naval reconnaissance | Awaiting launch | |||
L-87[105] | - | 2021[94] | VAFB, SLC-4E | Falcon 9 Block 5 | SSO[106] | Awaiting launch | |||||
L-91[104] | - | 2022[93] | VAFB, SLC-6 | Delta IV Heavy | Awaiting launch | ||||||
L-101 | USA-310 | 13 November 2020 22:32[107] |
CCAFS, SLC-41 | Atlas V 531 | 11073 x 11091 km x 58.5° (MEO)[108] | Entered service, presumed active | ![]() |
||||
L-107[105] | - | March 2022 | CCAFS, SLC-41 | Atlas V 551 | GSO 42464 x 41864 km x 0° | Silent Barker | Situational awareness[109] | Awaiting launch | |||
L-108[110] | USA-312 USA-313 |
19 December 2020 14:00[111] | KSC, LC-39A | Falcon 9 Block 5 | 540 x 520km x 51.35°(LEO)[112] | Entered service, presumed active | ![]() |
Two satellites. | |||
L-111 | - | March 2021[113] | MARS, LP-0B | Minotaur I | Technology | Awaiting launch | |||||
L-129[114][115] | USA-305 USA-306 USA-307 USA-308 |
15 July 2020, 13:46 UTC |
MARS, LP-0B | Minotaur IV / Orion 38 | 584 x 575km x 54.0° (LEO)[116] | Entered service, presumed active | ![]() ![]() |
Four payloads. First NRO launch on a Minotaur IV and first from Virginia's Space Coast.[117] | |||
L-151[118][119] (RASR-1) |
USA-294[120] | 31 January 2020 02:56[121] |
Mahia, LC-1A | Electron | 602 x 581km x 70.0° (LEO)[122] | Technology | Entered service, presumed active | ![]() |
First Rocket Lab Electron launch, first launch from outside the United States (New Zealand), and first launch procured under NRO's Rapid Acquisition of a Small Rocket (RASR) program. Flew on Rocket Lab's "Birds of a Feather" mission. | ||
RASR-2[123][124] | USA-301 USA-302 USA-303 |
13 June 2020 05:12 |
Mahia, LC-1A | Electron | Entered service, presumed active | Three technology demonstration smallsats. Primary customer of the rideshare mission procured under NRO's Rapid Acquisition of a Small Rocket (RASR) program. Flew on Rocket Lab's "Don't Stop Me Now" mission. | |||||
Undesignated[125] | IMPACT-2A and IMPACT-2B | 2 November 2019 13:59:47 |
MARS, Pad 0A | Antares | Technology Demonstration | Entered service, presumed active | Two technology demonstration CubeSats launched as part of the NRO's IMPACT program. Secondary payloads, launched with Cygnus NG-12. | ||||
TBD[126] | - | 1 June 2021 | Mahia, LC-1A | Electron | Awaiting launch | Back-to-back launch under NRO's Rapid Acquisition of a Small Rocket (RASR) program. | |||||
TBD[126] | - | 1 June 2021 | Mahia, LC-1B | Electron | Awaiting launch | Back-to-back launch under NRO's Rapid Acquisition of a Small Rocket (RASR) program. | |||||
L-174[127] | - | 2021 | MARS, LP-0B | Minotaur IV / Orion 38 | Awaiting launch | ||||||
Launch Designation |
Launch Name | Satellite Designation |
Launch Date/Time (UTC) |
Launch Site | Rocket | Orbit | Project | Function | Status | Patch | Remarks |
See also
References
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