List of Turkic dynasties and countries

The following is a list of dynasties, states or empires which are Turkic-speaking, of Turkic origins, or both. There are currently six recognised Turkic sovereign states. Additionally, there are six federal subjects of Russia in which a Turkic language is a majority, and five where Turkic languages are the minority, and also Crimea, a disputed territory between Ukraine and Russia where Turkic languages are the indigenous minority. There have been numerous Turkic confederations, dynasties, and empires throughout history across Eurasia.

World map with present-day independent recognised Turkic countries highlighted in red

Contemporary entities with at least one Turkic language recognised as official

Current independent states

Name	Years		Republic Day
Turkey	1923	75% Turkish	October 29, 1923
Azerbaijan	1991	2009 - 91.6% Azerbaijanis, 0.43% Turkish, 0.29% Tatars.[1]	May 28, 1918
Kazakhstan	1991	63.1% Kazakhs, 2.9% Uzbeks, 1.4% Uyghurs, 1.3% Tatars, 0.6% Turkish, 0.5% Azerbaijanis, 0.1% Kyrgyz.[2]	June 19, 1925
Kyrgyzstan	1991	70.9% Kyrgyz, 14.3% Uzbeks, 0.9% Uyghurs, 0.7% Turkish, 0.6% Kazakhs, 0.6% Tatars, 0.3% Azerbaijanis.[3]	October 14, 1924
Turkmenistan	1991	75.6% Turkmens, 9.2% Uzbeks, 2.0% Kazakhs, 1.1% Turkish 0.7% Tatars[4]	October 27, 1991
Uzbekistan	1991	71.4% Uzbeks, 4.1% Kazakhs, 2.4% Tatars, 2.1% Karakalpaks, 1% Crimean Tatars, 0.8% Kyrgyz, 0.6% Turkmens, 0.5% Turkish, 0.2% Azerbaijanis, 0.2% Uyghurs, 0.2% Bashkirs.[5]	October 27, 1924

Partially recognised state

Recognised only by Turkey.

Name	Years
Northern Cyprus[6]	1983	67.54% Turkish Cypriots, 32.45% Turkish

Federal subjects (Republics) of Russia

Federal subjects of Russia where Turkic peoples are a majority
Name
Bashkortostan	2010 – 29.5% Bashkirs, 25.4% Tatars, 2.7% Chuvash
Chuvashia	2010 – 67.7% Chuvash, 2.8% Tatars
Karachay-Cherkessia	2010 – 41.0% Karachays, 3.3% Nogais
Tatarstan	2010 – 53.2% Tatars, 3.1% Chuvash
Tuva	2010 – 82% Tuvans, 0.4% Khakas
Sakha Republic	2010 – 49.9% Yakuts, 0.2% Dolgans, 0.9% Tatars

Federal subjects of Russia where Turkic peoples are a minority
Name
Altai Republic	2010 – 34.5% Altaians, 6.2% Kazakhs
Kabardino-Balkaria	2010 – 12.7% Balkars
Crimea	2014 – 12.6% Crimean Tatars, 2.3% Tatars
Khakassia	2010 – 12.1% Khakas

Autonomous regions

Name
Gagauzia in Moldova	2004 – 82.1% Gagauz.[7]
Karakalpakstan in Uzbekistan	36% Uzbeks, 32% Karakalpaks, 25% Kazakhs[8]
Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic in Azerbaijan	99% Azerbaijanis[9]
China
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region	2000 – 45.21% Uyghurs, 6.74% Kazakhs, 0.86% Kyrgyz, 0.066% Uzbeks, 0.024% Chinese Tatars, 0.02% Salars
↪ Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture	2010 – 64.68% Uyghurs, 27.32% Kyrgyz
↪ Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture	2015 – 26.77% Kazakhs, 17.45% Uyghur
↪ Barköl Kazakh Autonomous County	2000 – 34.01% Kazakhs, 0.16% Uyghur, 0.03% Chinese Tatars
↪ Mori Kazakh Autonomous County	Kazakhs
Xunhua Salar Autonomous County	2000 – 61.14% Salars
Jishishan Bonan, Dongxiang and Salar Autonomous County	Salars
Sunan Yugur Autonomous County	Yugur
Aksay Kazakh Autonomous County	Kazakhs

Historical Turkic confederations, dynasties, and states

Tribal confederations

Royal clans

Ashina (First Turkic Khaganate, Western Turkic Khaganate, Eastern Turkic Khaganate, Khazars, Nushibi, Second Turkic Khaganate)
Ashide (Empress clan of Second Turkic Khaganate)
Yaglakar (Uyghur Khaganate, Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom)
Ädiz (Uyghur Khaganate)
Dulo clan (Volga Bulgaria)
Bulanid (Khazars)
Osman (Ottoman Empire)
Bahri (Mamluk Sultanate)
Sarkar (Shirvan Khanate)
Javanshir (Karabakh Khanate)
Terterids (Second Bulgarian Empire)
House of Seljuq (Seljuk Empire, Sultanate of Rum, Kerman Seljuk Sultanate)

Turkic dynasties and states

Language Watch

Name	Notes	Years	Capital
First Turkic Khaganate	Founded by Bumin Qaghan after breaking away from Rouran Khaganate.	552–ca. 580	Otuken
Western Turkic Khaganate		593–659	Navekat and Suyab
Eastern Turkic Khaganate		581–630 639-650	Ordu Baliq
Xueyantuo		628–646
Kangar union		659–750	Located in Ulytau
Turk Shahi		665–850	Kabul
Second Turkic Khaganate	Founded by Ilterish Qaghan. It was preceded by the First Turkic Khaganate (552-630) and then a period of Tang rule (630-682).	682–744	Otuken
Türgesh	Türgesh were a Turkic tribal confederation of Dulu Turks believed to have descended from the Turuhe tribe situated along the banks of the Tuul River. They emerged as an independent power after the demise of the Western Turkic Khaganate and established a khaganate in 699. The Turgesh Khaganate lasted until 766 when the Karluks defeated them.	699–766	Balasagun
Kimek–Kipchak confederation		743–1220	Khagan-Kimek Imekia
Uyghur Khaganate		744–848	Ordu Baliq
Oghuz Yabgu State		750–1055	Yangikent
Karluk Yabgu State		756–940	Suyab later Balasagun
Kara-Khanid Khanate		840–1212	Balasagun, Kashgar, Samarkand
Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate		840–1207
Kingdom of Qocho		856–1335	Gaochang, Beshbalik
Pechenegs		860–1091
Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom		894–1036	Zhangye
Cuman–Kipchak confederation[10][11]		900–1220
Anatolian Beyliks		11th–16th century	Many such as Karaman, Sinop, Adana, Alanya, Kahramanmaraş.
Ahmadilis		1122–1209	Maragha
Eldiguzids		ca.1135–1225	Nakhchivan (city) and Hamadan
Salghurids		1148–1282	Fars Province
Ottoman Empire	Also known as the Turkish Empire, Ottoman Turkey or Turkey, was an empire founded in 1299 by Oghuz Turks under Osman I in northwestern Anatolia	1299–1923	Söğüt 1299–1335, Bursa 1335–1413, Edirne 1413–1453, Istanbul 1453–1922
Kara Koyunlu	Kara Koyunlu was an Turkmen tribal federation.[12]	1375–1468	Tabriz
Yettishar	A short lived emirate in Kashgar region.[13]	1865–1877	Kashgar

Europe

Name	Notes	Years	Capital
Khazar Empire	The Khazars were a semi-nomadic Turkic people, who created what for its duration was the most powerful polity to emerge from the break-up of the Western Turkic Kaganate.[14]	6th–11th century	Balanjar 650–720 ca., Samandar (city) 720s–750, Atil 750-ca.965–969
Great Bulgaria		632–668	Phanagoria 632–665
First Bulgarian Empire	Tengrist Turkic pre-Christianization;[15] became Slavic post-Christianization	681–1018	Pliska 681–893, Preslav 893–972, Skopje 972–992, Ohrid 992–1018
Volga Bulgaria	Volga Bulgaria was a historic Bulgar state that existed around the confluence of the Volga and Kama River	7th century–1240s	Bolghar, Bilär
Terter dynasty		1280–1323

Middle East and North Africa

Name	Notes	Years	Capital
Tulunids	The Tulunids were a dynasty of Turkic origin[16] and were the first independent dynasty to rule Islamic Egypt, as well as much of Syria.	868–905	Al-Qata'i
Ikhshidid Dynasty	Founded by a Turkic[17][18][19] slave soldier, was appointed governor by the Abbasid Caliph.[20]	935–969	Fustat
Burid Dynasty		1104–1154	Damascus
Zengid Dynasty	Dynasty of Oghuz Turk origin.[21]	1127–1250	Aleppo
Rasulid dynasty		1229-1454	Zabid
Bahri dynasty	The first half of the Mamluk Sultanate was dominated by the Kipchak Turkic Bahri dynasty, after the Mongol conquest of the Kipchak steppes.	1250–1389	Cairo
Assaf dynasty	Controlled region between Beirut and Byblos	1306–1591	Ghazir
Husainid dynasty	The Husainid dynasty was a ruling dynasty of the Beylik of Tunis, which was of Cretan Turk origin.	1705-1957	Tunis

Maghreb region

Name	Notes	Years	Capital	Map
Karamanli dynasty	The Karamanli dynasty was an independent or quasi-independent,[22] who ruled from 1711 to 1835 in Tripolitania (Tripoli and its surroundings in present-day Libya). At their peak, the Karamanlis' influence reached Cyrenaica and Fezzan, covering most of Libya. The founder of the dynasty was Pasha Ahmed Karamanli, a descendant of the Karamanids.	1711–1835	Tripoli

Indian subcontinent

Name	Notes	Years	Capital
Mamluk Dynasty (Delhi)	Mamluk Dynasty was directed into Northern India by Qutb ud-Din Aibak, a Turkic Mamluk slave general from Central Asia. The Mamluk Dynasty ruled from 1206 to 1290.[23][24][25]	1206–1290	Delhi
Qarlughid Dynasty		1224–1266	Ghazna, Binban
Khalji Dynasty	A Turko-Pashtun Dynasty	1290–1320	Delhi
Tughlaq Dynasty[26]		1320–1414	Delhi
Ilyas Shahi dynasty		1342–1487	Sonargaon
Bengal Sultanate		1342–1538 1555–1576	Gaur Pandua Sonargaon
Malwa Sultanate		1392–1562	Dhar and Mandu
Qutb Shahi Dynasty		1518–1687	Golconda / Hyderabad
Mughal Empire	Founded by Turco-Mongol ruler Babur, adopted the Persian language in later periods.[27][28][29][30]	1526–1857	Agra 1526–1571, Fatehpur Sikri 1571–1585, Lahore 1585–1598, Agra 1598–1648, Shahjahanabad/Delhi 1648–1857
Tarkhan Dynasty		1554–1591	Sindh
Asaf Jahi Dynasty		1724–1948	Hyderabad

Sinicized Turkic dynasties

The Shatuo Turks founded several sinicized dynasties in northern China during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. The official language of these dynasties was Chinese and they used Chinese titles and names.

Name	Notes	Years	Capital
Great Yan	General An Lushan rebelled against Tang Dynasty	756–763	Luoyang 756–757, Yecheng 757–759, Fanyang 759, Luoyang 759–762
Later Tang		923–936	Daming County 923, Luoyang 923–936
Later Jin[31]	The Later Jin founder, Shi Jingtang, claimed patrilineal Han Chinese ancestry.	936–947	Taiyuan 936, Luoyang 937, Kaifeng 937–947
Later Han	Sources conflict as to the origin of the Later Han and Northern Han Emperors; some indicate Shatuo ancestry while another claims that the Emperors claimed patrilineal Han Chinese ancestry.[32]	947–951	Kaifeng
Northern Han	Same family as Later Han. Sources conflict as to the origin of the Later Han and Northern Han Emperors; some indicate Shatuo ancestry while another claims that the Emperors claimed patrilineal Han Chinese ancestry.[32]	951–979	Taiyuan

Turko-Persian states

The Turko-Persian tradition was an Islamic tradition of the interpretation of literary forms, practiced and patronized by Turkic rulers and speakers. Many Turko-Persian states were founded in modern-day Eastern Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.[33]

Name		Years	Capital
Ghaznavid Empire	Ruled by a thoroughly Persianized family of Turkic mamluk origin[34][35]	962–1186	Ghazna 977–1163, Lahore 1163–1186
Seljuk Empire	Ruled by Qiniq branch[36][37] of Oghuz Turks.[34][38][39][40]	1037–1194	Nishapur 1037–1043, Rey, Iran 1043–1051, Isfahan 1051–1118, Hamadan Western capital 1118–1194, Merv Eastern capital (1118–1153)
Kerman Seljuk Sultanate		1041–1187	Kerman
Sultanate of Rûm	Persianized Oghuz Turkic dynasty[41]	1077–1307	İznik, Iconium (Konya)
Khwarazmian dynasty	Ruled by a family of Turkic mamluk origin.[42]	1077–1231/1256	Gurganj 1077–1212, Samarkand 1212–1220, Ghazna 1220–1221, Tabriz 1225–1231
Aq Qoyunlu	Aq Qoyunlu was an tribal federation from Bayandur clan of the Oghuz Turks[43]	1378–1501	Diyarbakır 1453–1471, Tabriz 1468 – January 6, 1478

Turco-Mongol states

Turco-Mongol is a term describing the synthesis of Mongol and Turkic cultures by several states of Mongol origin throughout Eurasia. These states adopted Turkic languages, either among the populace or among the elite, and converted to Islam, but retained Mongol political and legal institutions.

Name	Years	Capital	Notes	Map
Tatar confederation	8th century-1202
Chagatai Khanate	1225–1340s	Almaliq, Qarshi
Golden Horde	1240s–1502	Sarai Batu	Founded as an appanage of the Mongol Empire, the Golden Horde gradually became Turkicized after the Empire's fragmentation
Sufids	1361–1379
Timurid Empire	1370–1506	Samarkand 1370–1505, Herat 1505–1507	Belonging to Barlas were a Mongol and later Turkicized nomadic confederation in Central Asia.
Shaybanid Khanate	1428–1599	Semerkand
Kazan Khanate	1438–1552	Kazan
Crimean Khanate	1441–1783	Bakhchisaray	Crimean Khanate was established by Hacı I Giray, a descendant of Toqa Temür, thirteenth son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan.
Nogai Khanate	1440s–1634	Saray-Jük	Founded by Nogay Khan, a direct descendant of Genghis Khan through Jochi, formed an army of the Manghits joined by numerous Turkic tribes. A century later the Nogays were led by Edigu, a commander of Manghit paternal origin and Jochid maternal origin.[44]
Kazakh Khanate	1456–1847	Turkistan	Founded by Kerei Khan and Janibek Khan, descendants of the thirteenth son of Jochi, Toqa Timur.
Great Horde	1466–1502	Sarai
Astrakhan Khanate	1466–1556	Xacitarxan
Khanate of Sibir	1490–1598	Tyumen until 1493, Qashliq from 1493
Khanate of Bukhara	1500–1785	Bukhara
Khanate of Khiva	Yadigarids: 1511–1804[45] Qungrats 1804–1920	Khiva
Yarkent Khanate	1514–1705	Yarkent
Arghun dynasty	1520–1554	Bukkur
Lesser Nogai Horde	1449 or 1557–1783	Voli Sarai
Budzhak Horde	17th century–18th century
Khanate of Kokand	1709–1876	Kokand
Emirate of Bukhara	1785–1920	Bukhara

Vassal khanates

The following list is only of vassal khanates of Turkic origin, which were ruled by of another descent peoples.

Name	Notes	Years	Capital	Map
Qasim Khanate	Turco-Mongol state	1452–1681	Kasimov
Kumul Khanate	Turco-Mongol state	1696–1930	Hami City

Former Provisional Governments and Republics

Name	Notes	Years	Capital
Comrat Republic		1906	Comrat
Provisional Government of Western Thrace later Independent Government of Western Thrace	Republic of Western Thrace was a small, short-lived partially recognised republic established in Western Thrace from August 31 to October 25, 1913. It encompassed the area surrounded by the rivers Maritsa (Evros) in the east, Mesta (Nestos) in the west, the Rhodope Mountains in the north and the Aegean Sea in the south. Its total territory was c. 8.600 km².[46]	1913	Komotini
Crimean People's Republic	Crimean People's Republic existed from December 1917 to January 1918 in Crimea. Crimean People's Republic was the first Turkic and Muslim democratic republic in the history.	1917–1918	Bakhchysarai
Idel-Ural State		1917–1918
Alash Autonomy	A provisional autonomous Kazakh-Kyrgyz administration. Later integrated into Soviet Union under Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic umbrella.	1917–1920	Semey
Republic of Aras		1918–1919	Nakhchivan (city)
Provisional National Government of the Southwestern Caucasus		1918–1919	Kars
Azerbaijan Democratic Republic		1918–1920	Ganja, Azerbaijan until Sep 1918, Baku
Government of the Grand National Assembly	Government of the Grand National Assembly, also called Ankara Government was a provisional and revolutionary Turkish government based in Ankara during the Turkish War of Independence. It was succeeded by Turkey after the Treaty of Lausanne.	1920–1923	Ankara
People's Republic of Tannu Tuva		1921–1944	Kyzyl
First East Turkestan Republic	First East Turkestan Republic was a short-lived breakaway would-be Islamic republic founded in 1933. It was centered on the city of Kashgar in what is today the People's Republic of China-administered Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.	1933–1934	Kashgar
Republic of Hatay	Hatay State, also known informally as the Republic of Hatay, was a transitional political entity that existed from September 7, 1938, to June 29, 1939, in the territory of the Sanjak of Alexandretta of the French Mandate of Syria. The state was transformed de jure into the Hatay Province of Turkey on July 7, 1939, de facto joining the country on July 23, 1939.	1938–1939	Antakya
East Turkistan Republic		1944–1949	Ghulja
Azerbaijan People's Government	Established in Iranian Azerbaijan, the APG's capital was the city of Tabriz. Its establishment and demise were a part of the Iran crisis, which was a precursor to the Cold War.	1945–1946	Tabriz
Turkish Cypriot General Committee[47]		1963–1967	Nicosia
Provisional Cypriot Turkish Administration[47]		1967–1974	Nicosia
Autonomous Turkish Cypriot Administration		1974–1975	Nicosia
Turkish Federated State of Cyprus	Was declared in 1975 and existing until 1983. It was not recognised by the international community. It was succeeded by the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.	1975–1983	Nicosia
Gagauz Republic		1990–1994	Komrat

Soviet Republics

Name	Years	Capital
Khorezm People's Soviet Republic	1920–1924	Khiva
Bukhara People's Soviet Republic	1920–1924	Bukhara
Azerbaijan SSR	1920–1991	Baku
Uzbek SSR	1924–1991	Samarkand 1924–1930, Tashkent 1930–1991
Turkmen SSR	1924–1991	Ashgabat
Kazakh SSR	1936–1991	Almaty
Kyrgyz SSR	1936–1991	Bishkek

Autonomous Soviet Republics

Name	Years	Capital
Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic	1918–1924	Tashkent
Bashkir ASSR	1919–1990	Ufa
Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic	1920–1925	Orenburg
Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic	1920–1990	Kazan
Yakut ASSR	1922–1991	Yakutsk
Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic	1921–1924	Vladikavkaz
Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic	1921–1990	Nakhchivan (city)
Kazak Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic	1925–1936	Almaty
Chuvash ASSR	1925–1992	Cheboksary
Karakalpak ASSR	1932–1992	Nukus
Kabardino-Balkar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic	1936–1991	Nalchik
Kabardin Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic	1944–1957
Crimean ASSR	1921–1945	Simferopol
Tuvan ASSR	1961–1992
Gorno-Altai Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic	1990–1992	Gorno-Altaysk

Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union

Name	Years	Map	Capital
Chuvash Autonomous Oblast	1920–1925		Cheboksary
Kabardino-Balkar Autonomous Oblast	1921–1936		Nalchik
Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast	1922–1926	Cherkessk
Gorno-Altai Autonomous Oblast	1922–1991
Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast	1924–1936		Bishkek
Karakalpak Autonomous Oblast	1925–1932		To‘rtko‘l
Karachay Autonomous Oblast	1926–1957		Mikoyan Shakhar
Khakassian Autonomous Oblast	1930–1992
Tuvan Autonomous Oblast	1944–1961		Kyzyl

References

Demographics of Kazakhstan.
Demographics of Kyrgyzstan
Demographics of Turkmenistan
Demographics of Uzbekistan
Recognised only by Turkey and the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, see Cyprus dispute.
Gagauzia
Der Fischer Weltalmanach 2011, Artikel „Karakalpakstan“, S. 496
http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm
Encyclopedia of European peoples, Vol.1, Ed. Carl Waldman, Catherine Mason, (Infobase Publishing Inc., 2006), 475; "The Kipchaks were a loose tribal confederation of Turkics...".
Vásáry, István, Cumans and Tatars: Oriental military in the pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365, (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 6; "..two Turkic confederacies, the Kipchaks and the Cumans, had merged by the twelfth century.".
Kara Koyunlu, also spelled Qara Qoyunlu, Turkish Karakoyunlular, English Black Sheep, Turkmen tribal federation that ruled Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Iraq from about 1375 to 1468.
Dillon, Michael (August 2014). Xinjiang and the Expansion of Chinese Communist Power: Kashgar in the Early Twentieth Century. ISBN 9781317647218.
Sneath 2007, p. 25.
Peter Sarris (2011). Empires of Faith: The Fall of Rome to the Rise of Islam, 500–700. p. 308.
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Abulafia, David (2011). The Mediterranean in History. p. 170.
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Bacharach, Jere L. (2006). Medieval Islamic Civilization: A-K, index. p. 382.
C.E. Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties, (Columbia University Press, 1996), 62.
C.E. Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties, (Columbia University Press, 1996), 191.
Marshall Cavendish (2006). World and Its Peoples. p. 1213. ISBN 9780761475712.
Walsh, pp. 68-70
Anzalone, p. 100
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William Hunter (1903), A Brief History of the Indian Peoples, p. 124, at Google Books, 23rd Edition, pp. 124-127
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Saunders 1970, p.177
"The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Tamarind Empire)". Ucalgary.ca. Archived from the original on 2009-08-16. Retrieved 2011-07-06.; "The Islamic World to 1600: Rise of the Great Islamic Empires (The Mughal Empire)". Ucalgary.ca. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2011-07-06.
Wudai Shi, ch. 75. Considering the father was originally called Nieliji without a surname, the fact that his patrilineal ancestors all had Chinese names here indicates that these names were probably all created posthumously after Shi Jingtang became a "Chinese" emperor. Shi Jingtang actually claimed to be a descendant of Chinese historical figures Shi Que and Shi Fen, and insisted that his ancestors went westwards towards non-Han Chinese area during the political chaos at the end of the Han Dynasty in the early 3rd century.
According to Old History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 99, and New History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 10. Liu Zhiyuan was of Shatuo origin. According to Wudai Huiyao, vol. 1 Liu Zhiyuan's great-great-grandfather Liu Tuan (劉湍) (titled as Emperor Mingyuan posthumously, granted the temple name of Wenzu) descended from Liu Bing (劉昞), Prince of Huaiyang, a son of Emperor Ming of Han
Lewis, Bernard. "Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire", p29. Published 1963, University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-1060-0.
M.A. Amir-Moezzi, "Shahrbanu", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK Archived 2007-03-11 at the Wayback Machine): "... here one might bear in mind that non-Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids, Saljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkish heroes or Muslim saints ..."
Muhammad Qāsim Hindū Šāh Astarābādī Firištah, "History Of The Mohamedan Power In India", Chapter I, "Sultān Mahmūd-e Ghaznavī", p.27: "... "Sabuktegin, the son of Jūkān, the son of Kuzil-Hukum, the son of Kuzil-Arslan, the son of Fīrūz, the son of Yezdijird, king of Persia. ..."
Jonathan Dewald, "Europe 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World", Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004, p. 24
Jackson, P. (2002). "Review: The History of the Seljuq Turkmens: The History of the Seljuq Turkmens". Journal of Islamic Studies. Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies. 13 (1): 75–76. doi:10.1093/jis/13.1.75.
K.A. Luther, "Alp Arslān" in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK): "... Saljuq activity must always be viewed both in terms of the wishes of the sultan and his Khorasanian, Sunni advisors, especially Nezām-al-molk ..."
Encyclopædia Britannica, "Seljuq", Online Edition, (LINK): "... Because the Turkish Seljuqs had no Islamic tradition or strong literary heritage of their own, they adopted the cultural language of their Persian instructors in Islam. Literary Persian thus spread to the whole of Iran, and the Arabic language disappeared in that country except in works of religious scholarship ..."
O.Özgündenli, "Persian Manuscripts in Ottoman and Modern Turkish Libraries", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK Archived 2012-01-22 at the Wayback Machine)
1.Bernard Lewis, Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire, 29; "Even when the land of Rum became politically independent, it remained a colonial extension of Turco-Persian culture which had its centers in Iran and Central Asia","The literature of Seljuk Anatolia was almost entirely in Persian...".
M. Ismail Marcinkowski, Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, India and Early Ottoman Turkey, with a foreword by Professor Clifford Edmund Bosworth, member of the British Academy, Singapore: Pustaka Nasional, 2003, ISBN 9971-77-488-7.
C.E. Bosworth and R. Bulliet, The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual , Columbia University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-231-10714-5, p. 275.
Khodarkovsky, Russia's Steppe Frontier p. 9
Compiled after Y. Bregel, ed. (1999), Firdaws al-iqbal; History of Khorezm. Leiden: Brill.
"Panayotis D. Cangelaris – The Western Thrace Autonomous Government "Muhtariyet" Issue (1913) Philatelic Exhibit". Cangelaris.com. Retrieved 2016-09-25.
KIBRIS'TA ESKİ YÖNETİMLER

Tiele people	Dingling	Cumans	Basmyl	Chigils	Alat	Kutrigurs
Onogurs	Sir-Kıvchak	Toquz Oghuz	Kipchaks	Kankalis	Yagma	Yenisei Kyrgyz
Oghuz	Sabirs	Bulgars	Shatuo	Nushibi	Duolu	Xueyantuo
Tuoba	Bulaqs	Saragurs	Yabaku	Karluks	Chorni Klobuky	Berendei