List of countries by past and projected GDP (nominal)
This is an alphabetical list of countries by past and projected gross domestic product (nominal) as ranked by the IMF. Figures are based on official exchange rates, not on the purchasing power parity (PPP) methodology. Values are given in millions of United States dollars (USD) and have not been adjusted for inflation. These figures have been taken from the International Monetary Fund's World Economic Outlook (WEO) Database (April 2019 edition) and/or other sources.
For older GDP trends:
UN estimates between 1970 and 1979
The following Table is based on UN GDP data.[1][2]
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IMF estimates between 1980 and 1989
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IMF estimates between 1990 and 1999
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IMF estimates between 2000 and 2009
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IMF estimates between 2010 and 2019
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IMF projections for 2020 through 2025
The following list contains the various countries' projected GDP (nominal) from 2020 to 2025.[3]
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CIA estimates in 1990
GDP (Nominal) data in 1990, with some countries only GNP (Nominal) was provided by the CIA World Factbook.[4]
No. | Country (or dependent territory) | GDP in millions | Year |
---|---|---|---|
1 | ![]() | $5,233,300 | 1990 |
2 | ![]() | $2,659,500 | 1990 |
3 | ![]() | $1,914,100 | 1990 |
4 | ![]() | $945,700 | 1990 |
5 | ![]() | $819,600 | 1990 |
6 | ![]() | $818,000 | 1990 |
7 | ![]() | $803,300 | 1990 |
8 | ![]() | $513,600 | 1990 |
9 | ![]() | $413,000 | 1991 |
10 | ![]() | $398,700 | 1990 |
11 | ![]() | $377,000 | 1990 |
12 | ![]() | $333,000 | 1990 |
13 | ![]() | $240,800 | 1990 |
14 | ![]() | $205,900 | 1990 |
15 | ![]() | $200,000 | 1990 |
16 | ![]() | $187,000 | 1990 |
17 | ![]() | $172,400 | 1990 |
18 | ![]() | $159,500 | 1990 |
19 | ![]() | $136,000 | 1990 |
20 | ![]() | $132,700 | 1990 |
21 | ![]() | $129,500 | 1990 |
22 | ![]() | $123,200 | 1990 |
23 | ![]() | $121,400 | 1990 |
24 | ![]() | $119,500 | 1990 |
25 | ![]() | $103,200 | 1990 |
26 | ![]() | $97,600 | 1990 |
27 | ![]() | $83,500 | 1990 |
28 | ![]() | $80,000 | 1990 |
29 | ![]() | $79,800 | 1990 |
30 | ![]() | $75,800 | 1990 |
31 | ![]() | $75,000 | 1990 |
32 | ![]() | $74,400 | 1990 |
33 | ![]() | $73,700 | 1990 |
34 | ![]() | $73,000 | 1990 |
35 | ![]() | $72,100 | 1990 |
36 | ![]() | $72,000 | 1990 |
37 | ![]() | $64,600 | 1990 |
38 | ![]() | $64,500 | 1990 |
39 | ![]() | $57,000 | 1990 |
40 | ![]() | $56,300 | 1990 |
41 | ![]() | $54,100 | 1990 |
42 | ![]() | $52,000 | 1990 |
43 | ![]() | $51,200 | 1990 |
44 | ![]() | $43,200 | 1990 |
45 | ![]() | $40,500 | 1990 |
46 | ![]() | $39,100 | 1990 |
47 | ![]() | $38,300 | 1990 |
48 | ![]() | $38,000 | 1990 |
49 | ![]() | $37,900 | 1990 |
50 | ![]() | $35,400 | 1990 |
51 | ![]() | $35,000 | 1990 |
52 | ![]() | $31,400 | 1990 |
53 | ![]() | $30,000 | 1990 |
54 | ![]() | $28,000 | 1990 |
55 | ![]() | $27,500 | 1990 |
56 | ![]() | $25,300 | 1990 |
57 | ![]() | $23,300 | 1990 |
58 | ![]() | $21,900 | 1990 |
59 | ![]() | $20,900 | 1990 |
60 | ![]() | $20,600 | 1990 |
61 | ![]() | $20,500 | 1990 |
62 | ![]() | $20,000 | 1990 |
63 | ![]() | $18,900 | 1990 |
64 | ![]() | $18,500 | 1990 |
65 | ![]() | $18,400 | 1990 |
66 | ![]() | $14,200 | 1990 |
67 | ![]() | $12,900 | 1990 |
68 | ![]() | $11,000 | 1990 |
69 | ![]() | $10,800 | 1990 |
70 | ![]() | $10,000 | 1990 |
71 | ![]() | $9,800 | 1990 |
72 | ![]() | $8,900 | 1990 |
73 | ![]() | $8,800 | 1990 |
74 | ![]() | $8,700 | 1990 |
75 | ![]() | $8,500 | 1990 |
76 | ![]() | $8,500 | 1990 |
77 | ![]() | $7,800 | 1990 |
78 | ![]() | $6,600 | 1990 |
79 | ![]() | $6,500 | 1990 |
80 | ![]() | $6,300 | 1990 |
81 | ![]() | $6,100 | 1990 |
81 | ![]() | $5,920 | 1990 |
82 | ![]() | $5,500 | 1990 |
83 | ![]() | $5,500 | 1990 |
83 | ![]() | $5,400 | 1990 |
84 | ![]() | $5,200 | 1990 |
85 | ![]() | $5,200 | 1990 |
86 | ![]() | $5,100 | 1990 |
87 | ![]() | $5,000 | 1990 |
88 | ![]() | $5,000 | 1990 |
88 | ![]() | $4,900 | 1990 |
89 | ![]() | $4,700 | 1990 |
90 | ![]() | $4,600 | 1990 |
91 | ![]() | $4,600 | 1990 |
91 | ![]() | $4,400 | 1990 |
92 | ![]() | $4,200 | 1990 |
93 | ![]() | $4,000 | 1990 |
93 | ![]() | $4,000 | 1990 |
94 | ![]() | $3,900 | 1990 |
95 | ![]() | $3,800 | 1990 |
96 | ![]() | $3,800 | 1990 |
97 | ![]() | $3,750 | 1990 |
98 | ![]() | $3,500 | 1990 |
99 | ![]() | $3,300 | 1990 |
100 | ![]() | $3,260 | 1990 |
101 | ![]() | $3,200 | 1990 |
102 | ![]() | $3,000 | 1990 |
103 | ![]() | $2,900 | 1990 |
104 | ![]() | $2,700 | 1990 |
105 | ![]() | $2,500 | 1990 |
106 | ![]() | $2,400 | 1990 |
107 | ![]() | $2,400 | 1990 |
108 | ![]() | $2,400 | 1990 |
108 | ![]() | $2,400 | 1990 |
109 | ![]() | $2,300 | 1990 |
110 | ![]() | $2,300 | 1990 |
111 | ![]() | $2,240 | 1990 |
112 | ![]() | $2,200 | 1990 |
113 | ![]() | $1,940 | 1990 |
114 | ![]() | $1,900 | 1990 |
115 | ![]() | $1,900 | 1990 |
116 | ![]() | $1,870 | 1990 |
117 | ![]() | $1,700 | 1990 |
117 | ![]() | $1,700 | 1990 |
117 | ![]() | $1,700 | 1990 |
117 | ![]() | $1,700 | 1990 |
118 | ![]() | $1,700 | 1990 |
118 | ![]() | $1,600 | 1990 |
119 | ![]() | $1,540 | 1990 |
120 | ![]() | $1,430 | 1990 |
121 | ![]() | $1,400 | 1990 |
122 | ![]() | $1,350 | 1990 |
123 | ![]() | $1,320 | 1990 |
124 | ![]() | $1,300 | 1990 |
125 | ![]() | $1,300 | 1990 |
126 | ![]() | $1,300 | 1990 |
127 | ![]() | $1,300 | 1990 |
128 | ![]() | $1,270 | 1990 |
129 | ![]() | $1,270 | 1990 |
130 | ![]() | $1,200 | 1990 |
131 | ![]() | $1,100 | 1990 |
132 | Virgin Islands | $1,030 | 1990 |
133 | ![]() | $1,000 | 1990 |
134 | ![]() | $1,000 | 1990 |
135 | ![]() | $1,000 | 1990 |
136 | ![]() | $1,000 | 1990 |
137 | ![]() | $988 | 1990 |
138 | ![]() | $965 | 1990 |
139 | ![]() | $902 | 1990 |
140 | ![]() | $890 | 1990 |
141 | ![]() | $860 | 1990 |
142 | ![]() | $662 | 1990 |
143 | ![]() | $620 | 1990 |
144 | ![]() | $585 | 1990 |
145 | ![]() | $539 | 1990 |
146 | ![]() | $500 | 1990 |
147 | ![]() | $490 | 1990 |
148 | ![]() | $412 | 1990 |
149 | ![]() | $380 | 1990 |
150 | ![]() | $353 | 1990 |
151 | ![]() | $630 | 1991 |
152 | ![]() | $393 | 1991 |
153 | ![]() | $333 | 1990 |
154 | ![]() | $324 | 1991 |
154 | ![]() | $323 | 1990 |
155 | ![]() | $273 | 1990 |
156 | ![]() | $255 | 1990 |
157 | ![]() | $238 | 1990 |
158 | ![]() | $225.60 | 1990 |
159 | ![]() | $210 | 1990 |
160 | ![]() | $207 | 1990 |
161 | ![]() | $195 | 1990 |
162 | ![]() | $190 | 1990 |
163 | ![]() | $172 | 1990 |
164 | ![]() | $165 | 1990 |
165 | ![]() | $158 | 1990 |
166 | ![]() | $156 | 1990 |
167 | ![]() | $152 | 1990 |
168 | ![]() | $150 | 1990 |
169 | ![]() | $137 | 1990 |
170 | ![]() | $136 | 1990 |
171 | ![]() | $136 | 1990 |
172 | ![]() | $129.70 | 1990 |
173 | ![]() | $129 | 1990 |
174 | ![]() | $120 | 1990 |
175 | ![]() | $119 | 1990 |
176 | ![]() | $112 | 1990 |
177 | ![]() | $106.70 | 1990 |
178 | ![]() | $103 | 1990 |
179 | ![]() | $90 | 1990 |
181 | ![]() | $86 | 1990 |
182 | ![]() | $63 | 1990 |
183 | ![]() | $50 | 1991 |
184 | ![]() | $45.40 | 1990 |
185 | ![]() | $44.90 | 1990 |
186 | ![]() | $40 | 1990 |
187 | ![]() | $37.90 | 1990 |
188 | ![]() | $34 | 1990 |
189 | ![]() | $31.60 | 1990 |
190 | ![]() | $23 | 1990 |
191 | ![]() | $6.70 | 1990 |
192 | ![]() | $4.60 | 1990 |
193 | ![]() | $2.10 | 1990 |
194 | ![]() | $1.40 | 1990 |
- | ![]() | NA | 1990 |
- | ![]() | NA | 1990 |
- | ![]() | NA | 1990 |
- | ![]() | NA | 1990 |
- | ![]() | NA | 1990 |
- | Spratly Islands | NA | 1990 |
- | ![]() | NA | 1990 |
- | ![]() | NA | 1990 |
- | ![]() | NA | 1990 |
- | ![]() | NA | 1990 |
- | ![]() | NA | 1990 |
- | ![]() | NA | 1990 |
- | ![]() | NA | 1990 |
- | Paracel Islands | NA | 1990 |
- | ![]() | NA | 1990 |
- | ![]() | NA | 1990 |
- | ![]() | NA | 1990 |
- | ![]() | NA | 1990 |
- | ![]() | NA | 1990 |
- | ![]() | NA | 1990 |
- | ![]() | NA | 1990 |
- | ![]() | NA | 1990 |
- | ![]() | NA | 1990 |
- | ![]() | NA | 1990 |
- | ![]() | NA | 1990 |
- | ![]() | NA | 1990 |
- | ![]() | NA | 1990 |
- | ![]() | NA | 1990 |
- | ![]() | NA | 1990 |
- | Iraq - Saudi Arabia Neutral Zone | NA | 1990 |
- | ![]() | NA | 1990 |
- | ![]() | NA | 1990 |
- | ![]() | NA | 1990 |
- | ![]() | NA | 1990 |
- | ![]() | NA | 1990 |
- | ![]() | NA | 1990 |
- | ![]() | NA | 1990 |
- | ![]() | NA | 1990 |
- | ![]() | NA | 1990 |
- | ![]() | NA | 1990 |
GDP milestones by countries (in trillions USD)
The following is a list of countries reaching a certain threshold of nominal GDP in a specific year according to International Monetary Fund,[5] United Nations,[6] and World Bank.[7]
1 trillion USD | 2 trillion USD | 3 trillion USD | 5 trillion USD | 10 trillion USD | 15 trillion USD | 20 trillion USD | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year achieved | Country | Year achieved | Country | Year achieved | Country | Year achieved | Country | Year achieved | Country | Year achieved | Country | Year achieved | Country |
1969 | ![]() | 1977 | ![]() | 1981 | ![]() | 1988 | ![]() | 2000 | ![]() | 2011 | ![]() | 2018 | ![]() |
1978 | ![]() | 1985 | ![]() | 1988 | ![]() | 1995 | ![]() | 2014 | ![]() | 2020 | ![]() | ||
1979 | ![]() | 1986 | ![]() | 2006 | ![]() | 2009 | ![]() | ||||||
1987 | ![]() | 1992 | ![]() | 2007 | ![]() | ||||||||
1988 | ![]() | 2003 | ![]() | 2007 | ![]() | ||||||||
1989 | ![]() | 2004 | ![]() | ||||||||||
1990 | ![]() | 2005 | ![]() | ||||||||||
1998 | ![]() | 2007 | ![]() | ||||||||||
2004 | ![]() | 2010 | ![]() | ||||||||||
2004 | ![]() | 2011 | ![]() | ||||||||||
2006 | ![]() | 2014 | ![]() | ||||||||||
2006 | ![]() | ||||||||||||
2006 | ![]() | ||||||||||||
2007 | ![]() | ||||||||||||
2007 | ![]() | ||||||||||||
2008 | ![]() | ||||||||||||
2017 | ![]() | ||||||||||||
Long term GDP estimates
The following table provides GDP estimates for the 20 largest economies from 2016 to 2050 made by UK based PricewaterhouseCoopers in February 2017.[8]
Rank | Country | 2016 | Country | 2030 | Country | 2050 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | ![]() | 18,562 | ![]() | 26,499 | ![]() | 49,853 |
2 | ![]() | 11,392 | ![]() | 23,475 | ![]() | 34,102 |
3 | ![]() | 4,730 | ![]() | 7,841 | ![]() | 28,021 |
4 | ![]() | 3,495 | ![]() | 5,468 | ![]() | 7,275 |
5 | ![]() | 2,650 | ![]() | 4,347 | ![]() | 6,779 |
6 | ![]() | 2,488 | ![]() | 3,530 | ![]() | 6,532 |
7 | ![]() | 2,251 | ![]() | 3,186 | ![]() | 6,138 |
8 | ![]() | 1,852 | ![]() | 2,969 | ![]() | 5,563 |
9 | ![]() | 1,770 | ![]() | 2,449 | ![]() | 5,369 |
10 | ![]() | 1,532 | ![]() | 2,278 | ![]() | 5,127 |
11 | ![]() | 1,404 | ![]() | 2,278 | ![]() | 4,705 |
12 | ![]() | 1,268 | ![]() | 2,143 | ![]() | 4,087 |
13 | ![]() | 1,257 | ![]() | 2,111 | ![]() | 3,539 |
14 | ![]() | 1,252 | ![]() | 2,030 | ![]() | 3,495 |
15 | ![]() | 1,064 | ![]() | 1,863 | ![]() | 3,282 |
16 | ![]() | 941 | ![]() | 1,716 | ![]() | 3,115 |
17 | ![]() | 830 | ![]() | 1,705 | ![]() | 3,110 |
18 | ![]() | 770 | ![]() | 1,407 | ![]() | 2,990 |
19 | ![]() | 638 | ![]() | 1,015 | ![]() | 2,831 |
20 | ![]() | 542 | ![]() | 1,007 | ![]() | 2,732 |
The following table provides GDP estimates for the 50 largest economies in 2033 made by UK based Center for Business and Economic Research in December 2018.[9]
Rank 2033 | Rank 2018 | Country | 2033 GDP |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | ![]() |
37,706.2 |
2 | 1 | ![]() |
35,416.0 |
3 | 7 | ![]() |
10,913.0 |
4 | 3 | ![]() |
8,571.5 |
5 | 4 | ![]() |
6,688.8 |
6 | 5 | ![]() |
4,862.7 |
7 | 6 | ![]() |
4,079.0 |
8 | 9 | ![]() |
3,702.0 |
9 | 10 | ![]() |
3,444.7 |
10 | 11 | ![]() |
3,427.0 |
11 | 14 | ![]() |
2,950.3 |
12 | 16 | ![]() |
2,732.4 |
13 | 8 | ![]() |
2,653.8 |
14 | 15 | ![]() |
2,371.5 |
15 | 13 | ![]() |
2,279.7 |
16 | 12 | ![]() |
2,224.0 |
17 | 19 | ![]() |
1,360.9 |
18 | 17 | ![]() |
1,359.6 |
19 | 21 | ![]() |
1,327.0 |
20 | 23 | ![]() |
1,316.2 |
21 | 25 | ![]() |
1,211.9 |
22 | 40 | ![]() |
1,150.7 |
23 | 18 | ![]() |
1,105.7 |
24 | 43 | ![]() |
1,053.6 |
25 | 37 | ![]() |
1,026.2 |
26 | 22 | ![]() |
983.6 |
27 | 41 | ![]() |
947.8 |
28 | 20 | ![]() |
945.6 |
29 | 45 | ![]() |
903.8 |
30 | 47 | ![]() |
850.5 |
31 | 35 | ![]() |
836.4 |
32 | 29 | ![]() |
815.1 |
33 | 31 | ![]() |
804.8 |
34 | 30 | ![]() |
794.2 |
35 | 26 | ![]() |
775.9 |
36 | 34 | ![]() |
775.6 |
37 | 24 | ![]() |
772.0 |
38 | 32 | ![]() |
752.9 |
39 | 28 | ![]() |
715.9 |
40 | 38 | ![]() |
696.3 |
41 | 27 | ![]() |
695.0 |
42 | 39 | ![]() |
694.2 |
43 | 42 | ![]() |
670.4 |
44 | 48 | ![]() |
656.7 |
45 | 33 | ![]() |
655.0 |
46 | 36 | ![]() |
562.1 |
47 | 51 | ![]() |
521.4 |
48 | 50 | ![]() |
479.8 |
49 | 53 | ![]() |
453.7 |
The following table is an estimate for largest 10 economies from 2010 to 2050 made by Citigroup in February 2011.[10]
Rank | Country | 2010 | Country | 2015 | Country | 2020 | Country | 2030 | Country | 2040 | Country | 2050 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | ![]() | 14,612 | ![]() | 18,247 | ![]() | 23,178 | ![]() | 57,138 | ![]() | 115,671 | ![]() | 205,321 |
2 | ![]() | 5,860 | ![]() | 13,118 | ![]() | 23,007 | ![]() | 35,739 | ![]() | 75,996 | ![]() | 180,490 |
3 | ![]() | 5,465 | ![]() | 5,876 | ![]() | 6,786 | ![]() | 24,824 | ![]() | 54,822 | ![]() | 83,805 |
4 | ![]() | 3,292 | ![]() | 3,886 | ![]() | 6,453 | ![]() | 9,213 | ![]() | 20,140 | ![]() | 45,901 |
5 | ![]() | 2,602 | ![]() | 3,358 | ![]() | 4,557 | ![]() | 8,780 | ![]() | 17,501 | ![]() | 42,437 |
6 | ![]() | 2,259 | ![]() | 3,047 | ![]() | 4,256 | ![]() | 7,380 | ![]() | 17,347 | ![]() | 33,199 |
7 | ![]() | 2,044 | ![]() | 3,026 | ![]() | 3,806 | ![]() | 7,299 | ![]() | 12,885 | ![]() | 19,697 |
8 | ![]() | 1,989 | ![]() | 2,885 | ![]() | 3,637 | ![]() | 6,466 | ![]() | 12,452 | ![]() | 16,394 |
9 | ![]() | 1,596 | ![]() | 2,668 | ![]() | 3,573 | ![]() | 5,819 | ![]() | 9,267 | ![]() | 14,738 |
10 | ![]() | 1,572 | ![]() | 2,414 | ![]() | 2,741 | ![]() | 5,236 | ![]() | 9,135 | ![]() | 13,846 |
These estimates have been made in the year 2006 by the Goldman Sachs Bank, some countries like Spain and Netherlands were left out in the estimation and focused on Developing countries.
N° | Country | 2010 | 2015 | 2020 | 2025 | 2030 | 2035 | 2040 | 2045 | 2050 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | ![]() | 14,535 | 16,194 | 17,978 | 20,087 | 22,817 | 26,097 | 29,823 | 33,904 | 38,514 |
2 | ![]() | 4,667 | 8,133 | 12,630 | 18,437 | 25,610 | 34,348 | 45,022 | 57,310 | 70,710 |
3 | ![]() | 4,604 | 4,861 | 5,224 | 5,570 | 5,814 | 5,886 | 6,042 | 6,300 | 6,677 |
4 | ![]() | 3,083 | 3,326 | 3,519 | 3,631 | 3,761 | 4,048 | 4,388 | 4,714 | 5,024 |
5 | ![]() | 2,546 | 2,835 | 3,101 | 3,333 | 3,595 | 3,937 | 4,344 | 4,744 | 5,133 |
6 | ![]() | 2,366 | 2,577 | 2,815 | 3,055 | 3,306 | 3,567 | 3,892 | 4,227 | 4,592 |
7 | ![]() | 1,914 | 2,072 | 2,224 | 2,326 | 2,391 | 2,444 | 2,559 | 2,737 | 2,950 |
8 | ![]() | 1,389 | 1,950 | 2,190 | 2,376 | 2,589 | 2,700 | 2,910 | 3,150 | 3,375 |
9 | ![]() | 1,371 | 1,900 | 2,554 | 3,341 | 4,265 | 5,265 | 6,320 | 7,420 | 8,580 |
10 | ![]() | 1,256 | 1,900 | 2,848 | 4,316 | 6,885 | 11,514 | 16,510 | 25,278 | 37,668 |
11 | ![]() | 1,346 | 1,720 | 2,194 | 2,831 | 3,720 | 4,963 | 6,631 | 8,740 | 11,366 |
12 | ![]() | 1,009 | 1,327 | 1,742 | 2,303 | 3,068 | 4,102 | 5,471 | 7,204 | 9,340 |
13 | ![]() | 1,071 | 1,305 | 1,508 | 1,861 | 2,241 | 2,644 | 3,089 | 3,562 | 4,083 |
14 | ![]() | 444 | 1,150 | 1,350 | 1,665 | 2,150 | 2,550 | 3,075 | 3,650 | 4,200 |
15 | ![]() | 419 | 562 | 752 | 1,033 | 1,479 | 2,192 | 3,286 | 4,846 | 7,010 |
16 | ![]() | 312 | 415 | 544 | 716 | 953 | 1,273 | 1,673 | 2,133 | 2,663 |
17 | ![]() | 158 | 218 | 306 | 445 | 680 | 1,083 | 1,765 | 2,870 | 4,640 |
18 | ![]() | 162 | 215 | 289 | 400 | 582 | 882 | 1,353 | 2,040 | 3,010 |
19 | ![]() | 161 | 206 | 268 | 359 | 497 | 709 | 1,026 | 1,472 | 2,085 |
20 | ![]() | 129 | 171 | 229 | 318 | 467 | 718 | 1,124 | 1,728 | 2,602 |
21 | ![]() | 88 | 157 | 273 | 458 | 745 | 1,169 | 1,750 | 2,500 | 3,375 |
22 | ![]() | 81 | 110 | 150 | 210 | 304 | 451 | 676 | 1,001 | 1,466 |
See also
- List of IMF ranked countries by GDP, IMF ranked GDP (nominal), GDP (nominal) per capita, GDP (PPP), GDP (PPP) per capita, Population, and PPP
- List of countries by GDP (nominal)
Notes
- There is a discrepancy between the data for China given by IMF's World Economic Outlook (October 2020) database and the same data given by IMF's DATAMAPPER; the numbers here are from the former source.
References
- "National Accounts - Analysis of Main Aggregates (AMA)". unstats.un.org.
- "UN data 'Downloads'". Retrieved 29 April 2020.
- "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". IMF. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
- "1990 CIA World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
- "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
- "UN national Acocounts Database". Unstats.un.org. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
- Data. "World Bank WDI Data". Data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
- "– PricewaterhouseCoopers, February 2017, p. 68" (PDF).
- "World Economic League Table 2019".
- "Global Growth Generator" – Citigroup, February 2011, p. 84.
- "The N-11: More Than an Acronym" – Goldman Sachs study of N11 nations, Global Economics Paper No: 153, 28 March 2007.