List of equipment of the Vietnam People's Ground Forces

During the First Indochina War (1946 –1954), Vietnam War (1955–1975), Cambodian–Vietnamese War (1977–1989), Sino-Vietnamese War (1979) and the Sino-Vietnamese conflicts 1979– 1991 (1979–1991), the Vietnam People's Ground Force relied almost entirely on Soviet-derived weapons and equipment systems. With the end of the Cold War in 1992 Soviet military equipment subsidies ended and Vietnam began the use of hard currency and barter to buy weapons and equipment.

Vietnam People's Army

Ministry of Defence Command General Staff Services Ground Force Air Force Navy Border Guard Coast Guard Ranks of the Vietnamese Military Ground Force ranks and insignia Air Force ranks and insignia Navy ranks and insignia Border Guard ranks and insignia Coast Guard ranks and insignia History of the Vietnamese Military History of Vietnamese military ranks Military history of Vietnam

Vietnamese Army troops on Spratly Island. (2009)

Vietnam prioritises economic development and growth while maintaining defense spending. The government does not conduct procurement phases or major upgrades of weapons. From the end of the 1990s the Government of Vietnam has announced the acquisition of a number of strategic systems equipped with modern weapons. Accordingly, Vietnam has been slow to develop naval and air forces to control shallow waters and its exclusive economic zone (EEZ). Currently most defence procurement programs focus on remedying this priority. For example, Vietnam has purchased a number of combat aircraft and warships with the capability to operate in high seas. Vietnam also plans to develop its defence industry, with priority placed on the Navy, combined with assistance from its former communist allies, India, and Japan.[1][2][3]

Since 2015, Vietnam has begun exploring purchases of U.S. and European weapons while facing numerous political, historical, and financial barriers, as they cannot continue to rely on Soviet and Chinese weapons especially due to the increasing tensions in the South China Sea dispute.[4]

Uniform Equipment

Name	Image	Type	Origin	Notes
Helmets
Type A2 Helmet		Combat helmet	Vietnam	Standard issue – plastic replica of PASGT helmets used for training exercises and combat drill
Vietnamese pith helmet		Helmet	Vietnam	Standard issue, used as training cover.
SSh-68		Combat helmet	Soviet Union	Limited use.
SSh-40		Combat helmet	Soviet Union	Limited use.
PASGT Helmet		Combat helmet	United States  Vietnam	Limited use with Special Forces, Border Guards, and the Navy. They are gradually replacing older helmets in all branches of the Army. Most helmets are a Vietnamese-made version of the PASGT Helmet. Earlier models were imported from Israel.[5][6]
M1 Helmet		Combat helmet	United States	Limited use.
Type High Cut Helmet		Combat helmet	United States	Limited use.
Body Equipment
Body Armour		Body Armour	Vietnam	Limited use. Manufactured locally. NIJ level III[7]
Camouflage Patterns
K-07 Woodland		Camouflage pattern	Vietnam	Replaced as the standard camo for ground forces by the K-17 Woodland. There are multiple variants of this Woodland camo in terms of slight differences in colors. Commonly used on training fatigues. [8][9]
K-17 Woodland		Camouflage pattern	Vietnam	Standard camo for ground forces. Similar to the K-07 version, there are also multiple variants for the other branches of the military.[10][11]
K-17 Multi-Terrain		Camouflage pattern	Vietnam	Used by Vietnamese forces deployed in arid and desert environment. Based on Multicam color schemes. Seen latest on troops undergoing peacekeeping missions in South Sudan with the United Nations.
Modified Duck Hunter Pattern		Camouflage pattern	Vietnam	Used by the Vietnamese Ground and Naval Special Forces as well as Army Airborne Troops.
U.S. Woodland		Camouflage pattern	United States	Limited use.[8]

Infantry weapons

A Vietnamese soldier holding the new standard issue rifle, the IWI ACE 32. (2017)

Model	Image	Type	Caliber	Origin	Notes
Pistols
K14VN		Semi-automatic pistol	7.62×25mm Tokarev	Vietnam	Standard issue service pistol alongside the K54. Manufactured locally at the Z111 Factory. This model is equipped with a longer barrel, and a double-stack magazine that holds an increased capacity of 13 rounds.[12][13]
K54		Semi-automatic pistol	7.62×25mm Tokarev	Soviet Union  Vietnam	Standard issue service pistol. Manufactured locally as the K54 (from the Type 54 Chinese TT-33 copy), now being phased out by the new domestic K14VN.
IWI Jericho 941		Semi-automatic pistol	9×19mm Parabellum	Israel	Limited use in the army and police, they are being manufactured to slowly replace the K54 and K14VN pistols. Manufactured locally at the Z111 Factory.[14][15][16]
PM		Semi-automatic pistol	9×18mm Makarov	Soviet Union  Vietnam	Used by police officers. Limited use in the army. Manufactured locally as the K59.[17]
CZ-82		Semi-automatic pistol	9×18mm Makarov	Czech Republic	Used by police officers. Limited use in the army.[17]
Browning Hi-Power		Semi-automatic pistol	9×19mm Parabellum	Belgium	Stored in reserves for shooting ranges.
CZ 75		Semi-automatic pistol	9×19mm Parabellum	Czech Republic	Only a small number for testing.
M1911A1		Semi-automatic pistol	.45 ACP	United States	Limited use
CornerShot		Weapon accessory		Israel	Used by the Special Forces and Mobile Police Force.[18][19]
Assault rifles
STV-215 STV-380		Assault rifle	7.62×39mm	Vietnam	Standard issue rifle. Developed and manufactured at the Z111 Factory. The STV-215 is the Carbine version of the STV-380, it has a barrel length of 215mm.[20][21]
Galil ACE		Assault rifle	7.62×39mm	Israel  Vietnam	Manufactured locally at the Z111 Factory. The domestically made version has the charging handles located on the right side similar to traditional AK-47s. They have been replaced as the standard issue rifle by the domestically manufactured STV-215/STV-380.[22][23]
STL-1A		Assault rifle	7.62×39mm	Vietnam	Limited use in the army. Manufactured locally at the Z111 Factory.[24]
AKM		Assault rifle	7.62×39mm M43	Soviet Union  Vietnam	Still manufactured, old models are being converted to the domestically made STL-1A/STL-1B rifles or upgraded to AKM-1 standards. Replaced as the standard issue rifle by the STV-215/STV-380.[25][24]
AK-47		Assault rifle	7.62×39mm M43	Soviet Union  Vietnam	Limited use. Being phased out by more modern weapons such as the IWI Galil or STV-215/STV-380.
Type 56		Assault rifle	7.62×39mm M43	China  Vietnam	Limited use. Replaced as the standard issue rifle by the STV380/STV215.
CAR-15		Carbine	5.56×45mm NATO	United States  Vietnam	Used by Special Forces, Marines and Marine Police. Manufactured locally as the M18 at the Z111 Factory, locally produced version of the XM177E2.[26]
AK-74		Assault rifle	5.45×39mm	Soviet Union	Received as gifts from Soviet Union in limited numbers.
Type 58		Assault rifle	7.62x39mm	North Korea	Limited use. Sent as Military aid by North Korea during the Vietnam War.
IWI Tavor TAR-21		Assault rifle	5.56×45mm NATO	Israel	Used by Special Forces and Marines.[22][23]
vz. 58		Assault rifle	7.62×39mm	Czechoslovakia	Limited use.[27]
CZ 805 BREN		Assault rifle	5.56×45mm NATO	Czech Republic	Only a small number of testing.
Special Operations Assault Rifle		Assault rifle	5.56×45mm NATO	United States	Limited use in Military Marksman Demonstration Team.
FN FNC		Assault rifle	5.56×45mm NATO	Belgium	Limited use in Military Marksman Demonstration Team.
M16		Assault rifle	5.56×45mm NATO	United States	M16A1 and XM16E1 used by militia forces. M16A2 used by Coast Guard in small numbers.
SKS		Carbine	7.62×39mm M43	Soviet Union	Used by honour guards and militia forces.
M1 Carbine		Carbine	.30 Carbine	United States	Used by militia forces.
M1 Garand		Semi-automatic rifle	30-06 Springfield	United States	Used by militia forces.
M14		Battle rifle	7.62×51mm NATO	United States	Stored in reserves.
Submachine guns
PP-19 Bizon		Submachine gun	9×19mm Parabellum	Russia  Vietnam	Used by special forces. Manufactured locally as the SN9P at the Z111 Factory. The locally produced version comes with a Galil-style stock, and is chambered in 9×19mm. [28][29]
Micro Uzi		Submachine gun	9×19mm Parabellum	Israel	Used by special forces. Manufactured locally at the Z111 Factory.[30]
Uzi Pro		Submachine gun	9×19mm Parabellum	Israel	Used by special forces. Manufactured locally at the Z111 Factory.[30]
CZ Scorpion Evo 3		Submachine gun	9×19mm Parabellum	Czech Republic	Only a small number for testing.
FN P90		Submachine gun	FN 5.7×28mm	Belgium	Used by special forces during joint training operations with Singapore.
MP5		Submachine gun	9×19mm Parabellum	West Germany	Used by Mobile Police teams
PM-63		Machine pistol/Submachine gun	9×18mm Makarov	Poland	Used by special forces and guard police.
Shotguns
MP-133		Pump-action shotgun	12 Gauge	Russia	Limited use.
KS-23		Shotgun	23×75mmR	Soviet Union	Limited use.
Mossberg 500		Shotgun	12 Gauge	United States	Used by mobile police forces.
Remington Model 870		Shotgun	12 Gauge	United States	Used by mobile police forces.
Sniper rifles
Dragunov SVD		Sniper rifle	7.62×54mmR	Soviet Union	Standard issue sniper rifle.
IWI Galatz		Sniper rifle	7.62×51mm	Israel	Used by special forces and Marine Infantry. Manufactured locally at the Z111 Factory.[30]
Orsis Т-5000M		Sniper rifle	.338LM	Russia	Used by police and special forces
VSK-94		Designated marksman rifle	9×39mm	Russia	Used by special forces.
PSR-90		Sniper rifle	7.62×51mm	West Germany  Pakistan	Used by police forces.
CZ-750 S1M2		Sniper rifle	7.62×51mm	Czech Republic	Used by police forces.
OSV-96		Anti-materiel rifle	12.7×108mm	Russia  Vietnam	Used by special forces. Manufactured locally at the Z111 Factory.[31]
KSVK		Anti-materiel rifle	12.7×108mm	Russia  Vietnam	Used by special forces. Manufactured locally at the Z111 Factory.[30]
WKW Wilk		Anti-material rifle	.50 BMG	Poland	+50 examples were bought.[32]
Machine guns
TUL-1		Light machine gun	7.62×39mm	Vietnam	Vietnamese TUL-1 light machine gun used the frame of chinese Type 56 assault rifle but with stock of an RPK, barrel sights from an RPD and 30 round magazine used on the AK-47/Type 56, there are rare 40 round magazines. The TUL-1 body was thin, only 1 mm compared to the 1.5 mm of an RPK. It was also heavier and had an inferior rate of fire compared to the RPK. However, the firing rate and effective range of the weapon was successfully better than that of an AK-47/Type 56. The TUL-1 LMGs were manufactured between 1970–1974 and ended after Vietnam obtained production rights to the RPK itself.
PKM		General-purpose machine gun	7.62×54mmR	Soviet Union  Vietnam	Standard issue machine gun. Manufactured locally at the Z111 Factory.[33]
RPK		Light machine gun	7.62×39mm	Soviet Union  Vietnam	Standard issue machine gun. Manufactured locally.
RPD		Light machine gun	7.62×39mm	Soviet Union  Vietnam	Standard issue machine gun. Manufactured locally.
IWI Negev		Light machine gun	5.56×45mm NATO	Israel	Limited use. Manufactured locally at the Z111 Factory.[30]
Type 67		General-purpose machine gun	7.62×54mmR	China	Limited use.
FN MAG		General-purpose machine gun	7.62×51mm NATO	Belgium	Limited use.
M240B		General-purpose machine gun	7.62×51mm NATO	United States	Limited use by Military Marksman Demonstration Team.
M60		General-purpose machine gun	7.62×51mm NATO	United States	Limited use.
FN Minimi Mk3		Light machine gun	5.56×45mm NATO	Belgium	Limited use in special forces and Military Marksman Demonstration Team.[34]
NSV		Heavy machine gun	12.7×108mm	Soviet Union  Vietnam	Standard issue tank-mounted machine gun. Manufactured locally at the Z111 Factory.[35][36]
DShK		Heavy machine gun	12.7×108mm	Soviet Union  Vietnam	Mounted on T-55 tanks. Currently being phased out by the NSV.
M1919 Browning machine gun		Medium machine gun	7.62×51mm NATO	United States	Limited use.
M2 Browning		Heavy machine gun	12.7×99mm (.50)	United States	Limited use.
M134 Minigun		Rotary heavy machine gun	7.62×51mm NATO	United States	Limited use.[37]
Grenade-based weapons
AGS-17		Grenade launcher	30mm Grenade	Soviet Union  Vietnam	Standard issue. Manufactured locally.
M203		Grenade launcher	40mm Grenade	United States  Vietnam	Manufactured locally as the T-40 at the Z111 Factory. Replaces the trigger for a lever. Mounts on the Galil ACE 32, STL-1A, M18, M16A2 and TAR-21.[29]
M79		Grenade launcher	40mm Grenade	United States  Vietnam	Standard issue. Manufactured locally.[38]
Milkor MGL		Grenade launcher	40mm Grenade	South Africa  Vietnam	Used by special forces. Manufactured locally as the MGL-VN1.[39]
Mortars
STA-50		Light mortar	50mm Mortar	Vietnam	Manufactured locally at the Z117 Factory. [40]
M2 mortar		Infantry mortar	60mm Mortar	United States
82-PM-41		Mortar	82mm Mortar	Soviet Union
M1938		Mortar	107mm Mortar	Soviet Union
PM-43		Mortar	120mm Mortar	Soviet Union
M1943		Mortar	160mm Mortar	Soviet Union
Portable anti-materiel weapons
SPG-9		Anti-tank recoilless rifle	73mm HEAT	Soviet Union  Vietnam	Manufactured locally.
B-10		Anti-tank recoilless rifle	82mm HEAT	Soviet Union  Vietnam	Manufactured locally.
RPG-7 (B-41 in Vietnam)		Rocket-propelled grenade	40mm HEAT	Soviet Union  Vietnam	Manufactured locally.
RPG-29		Rocket-propelled grenade	105mm HEAT	Soviet Union  Vietnam	Manufactured locally under the name of SCT-29. [41] [42]
M72 LAW		Anti-tank weapon	66mm HEAT	United States
9M14 Malyutka		Guided anti-tank missile	125mm HEAT	Soviet Union  Vietnam	Manufactured locally under license from Serbia version with improved SACLOS guidance.
9M113 Konkurs		Guided anti-tank missile	135mm HEAT	Soviet Union
9K111 Fagot		Guided anti-tank missile	120mm HEAT	Soviet Union
MATADOR		Anti-armour	90mm anti-armour	Israel	Used by Marines.
RPO-A Shmel		Thermobaric rocket-propelled	93mm FAE	Russia	Only for chemical forces.

Vehicles

Vehicle	Image	Type	Origin	Quantity	Notes
Tanks
T-90S/SK		Main battle tank	Russia	64[43]
T-72B1MS		Main battle tank	Russia		On order[44]
T-62		Main battle tank	Soviet Union	70[45][46]
T-54/55		Main battle tank	Soviet Union	850[45]	Currently around 100 tanks undergo refits and upgrades to Vietnamese T-54M modernized program at Z153 factory.
Type-59		Main battle tank	China	350[45]	Type 59-I.
T-34		Medium tank	Soviet Union	50[47]	Partially retired and used as trainer tank or coastal and islands defences.
PT-76		Light tank	Soviet Union	300[45]
PT-85		Light Tank	North Korea	150
Type 62		Light tank	China	320[45]
Infantry fighting vehicles
BMP-1		Infantry fighting vehicle	Soviet Union	150[48]
BMP-2		Infantry fighting vehicle	Soviet Union	150[48]
Armoured personnel carriers
M113		Armoured personnel carrier	United States	200[45]	Equipped with DShK or NSVT 12.7 mm heavy machine gun and sometimes with the SPG-9 .
M106 mortar carrier		Mortar carrier	United States	Unknown	Vietnamese 100mm mortars
Type 63		Armoured personnel carrier	China	80[45]
BTR-40		Armoured personnel carrier	Soviet Union	100
BTR-50PK		Armoured personnel carrier	Soviet Union	280[49]
BTR-60		Wheeled armoured personnel carrier	Soviet Union	500[48]
BTR-152		Wheeled armoured personnel carrier	Soviet Union	400[48]	One is converted to an armored ambulance to support the field hospital in Bentiu, South Sudan, as a part of the UN peacekeeping mission in South Sudan
Armoured cars
RAM–2000		Armoured car	Israel	150[45][48]
BRDM-1		Armoured scout car	Soviet Union	150[45][48]
BRDM-2		Armoured scout car	Soviet Union	150[45][48]
Artillery
SS-1 Scud B/C/D		Tactical ballistic missile	Soviet Union	24[50]
BM-14		140mm multiple rocket launcher	Soviet Union	Unknown
BM-21		122mm multiple rocket launcher	Soviet Union	350[45]
Type 63		107mm multiple rocket launcher	China	360[45]
2S1 Gvozdika		122mm self-propelled artillery	Soviet Union	Unknown
2S3 Akatsiya		152mm self-propelled artillery	Soviet Union	30[48]
SU-100		100mm tank destroyer	Soviet Union	Unknown	Used by coastal defence forces of PNVN.[51]
ASU-85		85mm self-propelled artillery	Soviet Union	Unknown
M101		105mm towed artillery	United States	Unknown
M114		155mm towed artillery	United States	Unknown
2A18 (D-30) towed howitzer		122mm towed artillery	Soviet Union	Unknown
M-30 towed howitzer[52]		122mm towed artillery	Soviet Union	Unknown
D-74 towed howitzer[53]		122mm towed artillery	Soviet Union	unknown
M1954 (M-46)/Type 59 towed field gun		130mm towed artillery	Soviet Union  China	519
M1955 (D-20) towed gun-howitzer		152mm towed artillery	Soviet Union	Unknown
Engineering vehicles
BTS-4		Armoured recovery vehicle	Soviet Union	Unknown
IMR-2		Armoured engineering vehicle	Soviet Union	2	Based on T-72 chassis
BREM-1M		Armoured recovery vehicle	Russia	Unknown	Based on T-90 chassis [54]
PTS-M		Tracked amphibious transport	Soviet Union	Unknown
GSP-55		Self-propelled amphibious Ferry	Soviet Union	Unknown
PMP Floating Bridge		Pontoon bridge	Soviet Union	Unknown
TMM-3M		Armoured vehicle-launched bridge	Russia	Unknown
MS-20 Daglezja		Armoured vehicle-launched bridge	Poland	Unknown
ATS-59G		Cargo carrier	Soviet Union	Unknown
M548		Artillery tractor	United States	Unknown
Logistic vehicles
Zil-130			Soviet Union
Zil-131			Soviet Union
Zil-157			Soviet Union
Gaz-53			Soviet Union
Gaz-66			Soviet Union
Ural-375			Soviet Union
Ural-43206			Soviet Union
Gaz-3308 Sadko			Russia
Kraz-255B			Ukraine
Kraz-6322			Ukraine
Isuzu F-Series			Japan
Hyundai HD170			South Korea
KamaZ-43253		Light tactical truck	Russia	Unknown	Replacing older Ural trucks[55]
KamAZ 43118		Medium tactical truck	Russia	Unknown	Replacing older Ural trucks [55]
KamAZ 65224		Medium tactical truck	Russia	Unknown	Replacing older Ural trucks [55]
MAN HX58		Tactical military truck	Germany

Procurement

In 2006, Israel reported to the United Nations Register Organisation of Conventional Arms (UNROCA) that two of its light armoured vehicles had been sold to Vietnam.[56] A number of Israeli companies won a bid to modernise and upgrade T-54/55 tanks as well as establishing factories in the country. Israel's program includes upgrading armour, night vision system and a fire control system upgrade (produced in Poland). In May 2002, Vietnam and Ukraine reached an agreement of military technical co-operation which extended to 2005. Accordingly, Ukraine will support Vietnam primarily to upgrade its armour and artillery, and improve weapons co-production and repair facilities.[56] In February 2005, the Ministry of Defence of Finland ceded to Vietnam about 70 T-54 and T-55 tanks from the Soviet era. In early March 2005, Poland signed a contract to sell to Vietnam 150 T-72 tanks which would have been used to support training, ammunition, equipment maintenance, and repair, but this contract was cancelled in 2006 because Vietnam wanted to focus more on its Navy and Air Force.[56] In addition to upgrading tanks, the Ministry of Defence of Vietnam signed a military co-operation agreement with Russia. The Vietnamese have also developed the capacity to produce their own equipment and repair existing equipment.

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