List of historical national anthems

The oldest national anthem defined as "a song, as of praise, devotion, or patriotism" by Dictionary.com[1] is the Polish national anthem "Bogurodzica", "Mother of God". The hymn was created somewhere between the 10th and 13th centuries. However, it was not the de jure national anthem. The second oldest is the Dutch national anthem "Het Wilhelmus",[trans 2] which was written between 1568 and 1572, but not then given any official status.[2] The first anthem to be officially proclaimed as such was "God Save The Queen", adopted by Great Britain in 1745.[3] "Het Wilhelmus" was declared the national anthem of the Netherlands in 1932; both of these anthems remain in use today. A royal or imperial anthem is a song that is similar in patriotic character to a national anthem, but which specifically praises a monarch, or royal dynasty. Some states have doubled their royal or imperial anthem as their national anthem.

The Imperial Russian anthem, "God Save the Tsar!",[trans 1] used words by Vasily Zhukovsky (left) and music by Alexei Lvov (right). Adopted in 1833, the anthem was used continuously until the Empire's collapse in 1917.
An autograph score, including lyrics, for a piano version of the first Austrian national anthem, Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser, handwritten and signed by Joseph Haydn in 1797. The tune, today more associated with Germany, was last used by Austria in 1938.

An anthem may fall out of use if the country that uses it ceases to exist, or because it adopts a new anthem; the rationale for a new national anthem is often political, perhaps based on a new ruling dynasty or system of government. For example, following the French Revolution, which overthrew the monarchy, "La Marseillaise", a republican revolutionary song, became France's national anthem in 1795. Conversely, when the monarchy was restored 19 years later, the 16th-century royalist tune "Vive Henri IV" was revived and adapted to create "Le Retour des Princes français à Paris", an overt celebration of the restored government.[trans 3] Following a number of further changes, "La Marseillaise" was readopted in 1870 and remains France's contemporary national anthem. Similar changes have occurred when Libya, Iraq, and South Africa democratized in the 2010s, 2000s, and 1990s respectively, new national anthems were adopted for those countries as well.

Some historical anthems share the same tune; for example, "Heil dir im Siegerkranz",[trans 4] the Imperial German anthem, used the same music as the UK's national anthem, "God Save the Queen". There are also instances of the music of a former national anthem still being used in a current anthem; for instance, the modern national anthem of Germany, "Das Lied der Deutschen",[trans 5] uses the same tune as the 19th and early 20th-century Austro-Hungarian anthem "Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser".[trans 6] Another well-known example is the "Hymn of the Soviet Union",[trans 7] used until its dissolution in 1991, which was given new words and adopted by the Russian Federation in 2000 to replace the unpopular instrumental anthem it had introduced in 1993.[4][5]

This was not the first time that a country's de facto or de jure national anthem had proved controversial among its own people. "My Country, 'Tis of Thee", a de facto anthem of the U.S. during the 19th century, divided opinion as it used the same tune as "God Save the Queen".[note 1] A more recent example is "Hej, Sloveni",[trans 8] the former Yugoslavian state anthem which was retained by Serbia and Montenegro until 2006;[note 2] because it was frequently booed when played in public – at sporting events, for example – it was eventually replaced.[6]

List of former national anthems
This list of songs or music-related items is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
State National anthem title
in local language(s)		 English translation of title Period Lyrics writer(s) Music composer(s) Audio Notes
Afghanistan "Soroud-e-Melli" "National Anthem" 1926–1943 None (instrumental) Unknown
Afghanistan "Schahe ghajur-o-mehrabane ma" "Our Brave And Noble King" 1943–1973 Mohammed Makhtar Mohammed Farukh [7]
Afghanistan "Soroud-e-Melli"[trans 9] "National Anthem" 1973–1978 Abdul Rauf Benawa Abdul Ghafoor Breshna [7]
Afghanistan "Soroud-e-Melli"[trans 9] "National Anthem" 1978–1992 Suleiman Laeq Jalīl Ghahlānd [note 3]
Afghanistan "Soroud-e-Melli"[trans 9] "National Anthem"[8] 1992–1999
2002–2006		 Daoud Farani Ustad Qasim [note 4]
 Armenian SSR "Haykakan SSH orhnerg"[trans 10] "Anthem of the Armenian SSR" 1944–1991 Sarmen Aram Khachaturian
 Austria "Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser" "God Save Emperor Francis" 1797–1835
1848–1854		 Lorenz Leopold Haschka Joseph Haydn [note 5]
 Austria "Segen Öst'reichs hohem Sohne" "Blessings to Austria's high son" 1835–1848 Joseph Christian von Zedlitz Joseph Haydn [note 6]
 Austria "Volkshymne" "Anthem of the People" (literally "People's Hymn") 1854–1867 Johann Gabriel Seidl Joseph Haydn [note 7]
 Austria-Hungary "Volkshymne" "Anthem of the People" 1867–1918 Johann Gabriel Seidl Joseph Haydn [note 8]
 Austria "Deutschösterreich, du herrliches Land" "German Austria, you wonderful country" 1920–1929
(de facto)		 Karl Renner Wilhelm Kienzl — —
 Austria "Sei gesegnet ohne Ende" "Be Blessed Without End" 1929–1938 Ottokar Kernstock Joseph Haydn [note 9]
 Azerbaijan SSR "Azərbaycan Sovet Sosialist Respublikasının Himni" "Anthem of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic" 1944–1992 Suleyman Rustam
Samad Vurgun
Huseyn Arif		 Uzeyir Hajibeyov —
 Grand Duchy of Baden "Badnerlied" "Song of Baden" 1865–1871 Unknown Unknown — [note 10]
 Bavaria "Bayernhymne" "Hymn of Bavaria" 1806–1871 Michael Öchsner Max Kunz — [note 10]
 Biafra "Land of the Rising Sun" — 1967–1970 Unknown Jean Sibelius — —
 Bophuthatswana
(Bantustan)		 "Lefatshe leno la bo-rrarona" "This Land of Our Forefathers" 1976–1994 J. M. Ntsime E. B. Mathibe
J. J. Loots		 — —
 Bosnia and Herzegovina "Jedna si jedina" "You are the One and Only" 1992–1999 Edin Dervišhalidović Unknown, arranged by Edin Dervišhalidović —
 Brazil "Hino da Independência" "Hymn of Independence" 1822–1831 Evaristo da Veiga Pedro I of Brazil —
 Brazil "Hino Nacional Brasileiro" "Brazilian National Anthem" 1831–1889 Joaquim Osório Duque Estrada Francisco Manuel da Silva [note 11]
Bulgaria "Shumi Maritsa"[trans 11] "Maritsa Rushes" 1886–1944 Nikola Zhivkov Ivan Vazov [note 12]
Bulgaria "Republiko nasha, zdravey!"[trans 13] "Hail to our Republic!" 1944–1950 Krum Penev Georgi Dimitrov — —
Bulgaria "Balgariyo mila"[trans 14] "Dear Bulgaria" 1950–1964 Nikola Furnadshiev
Mladen Issaev
Elisaveta Bagrjana		 Georgi Dimitrov
Georgi Zlatev-Tscherkin
Svetoslav Obretenov		 — —
 Byelorussian SSR "Dzyarzhauny himn BSSR"[trans 15] "State Hymn of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic" 1952–1991 Nestar Sakalowski Mihas' Klimovich —
 Cambodia "Batchamrieng nei Satharonarodth Khmer"[trans 16] "Song of the Khmer Republic" 1970–1975 Khieu Chum Khieu Chum —
 Cambodia "Dap Prampi Mesa Chokchey"[trans 17] "Glorious Seventeenth of April" 1976–1993 Unknown Unknown —
 Cape Verde "Esta É a Nossa Pátria Bem Amada" "This Is Our Beloved Country" 1975–1996 Amílcar Cabral Amílcar Cabral — [note 13]
 Federal Republic of Central America "La Granadera" "The Grenadier" 1823–1839 Rómulo Durón Unknown —
 China "Li Zhong Tan Yue"[trans 18] "Tune of Li Zhongtang" 1896–1906 Li Hongzhang Li Hongzhang — —
 China "Song Long Qi"[trans 19] "Praise the Dragon Flag" 1906–1911 "Collective" "Collective" — —
 China "Gong Jin'ou"[trans 20] "Cup of Solid Gold" 1911–1912 Yan Fu Bo Tong —
 China "Zhōngguó xióng lì yǔzhòujiān"[trans 21] "China Heroically Stands in the Universe" 1915–1921 Yin Chang Wang Lu —
 China "Qing yun gē"[trans 22] "The Song to the Auspicious Cloud" 1913–1915
1921–1928		 Zhang Taiyan Xiao Youmei —
 China "Guómín gémìng gē"[trans 23] "Revolution of the Citizens" 1926–1928 Liao Qianwu Traditional — —
 China "Zhōnghuá Mínguó guógē"[trans 24] "National Anthem of the Republic of China" 1928–1949 Yat-sen Sun Maoyun Cheng [note 14]
 Chinese Soviet Republic "Guójìgē"[trans 25] "The Internationale" 1931–1937 Qu Qiubai Pierre De Geyter [10]
 Ciskei
(Bantustan)		 "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" "Lord Bless Africa" 1976–1994 Enoch Sontonga Enoch Sontonga and Joseph Parry —
 Colombia "Marcha Libertadora" "Liberating March" 1819–1830 Unknown Unknown —
 Comoros "Wungwana Ngasi Nuwo" "We have the Freedom" 1975–1978 Unknown Unknown — —
 Confederate States "God Save the South" — 1861–1865
(de facto)		 George Henry Miles Charles Ellerbrock [note 15]
 People's Republic of Congo "Les Trois Glorieuses" "The Three Glorious Days" 1969–1991 Henri Lopès Philippe Mockouamy — —
Corsica "Dio vi Salvi Regina" "God Save Our Queen" 1755–1769
(de facto)		 Francis de Geronimo Francis de Geronimo — —
Anglo-Corsica "Dio vi Salvi Regina" "God Save Our Queen" 1794–1796 Francis de Geronimo Francis de Geronimo — —
 Czechoslovakia "Kde domov můj"
"Nad Tatrou sa blýska"		 "Where is my home?" and "Lightning over the Tatras" 1918–1939
1945–1993		 Josef Kajetán Tyl
Janko Matúška		 František Škroup
Unknown		 [note 16]
 Danzig "Für Danzig" "For Danzig [Gdańsk]" 1920–1939 Paul Enderling Georg Göhler — —
 Don Republic "Гимн донских казаков" "Anthem of the Don Cossacks]" 1919–1921 Фёдор Иванович Анисимов Фёдор Иванович Анисимов — —
 Egypt "Eslami ya Misr"[trans 26] "Be Safe Oh Egypt" 1923–1936 Mostafa Saadeq Al-Rafe'ie Safar Ali — [13]
Egypt "Salam Affandina"[14] "Peace be upon you" 1871–1922
1936–1958		 Giuseppe Pugioli [15]
 Egypt "Yssalam Aljumhuriu Almisri"[16] "Egyptian Republican Anthem" 1953–1958 Giuseppe Pugioli [15]
 Egypt "Walla Zaman Ya Selahy"[trans 27] "Oh For Ages! My Weapon!" 1971–1979 Salah Jahin Kamal Al Taweel — —
 Estonian SSR "Eesti Nõukogude Sotsialistliku Vabariigi hümn" "Anthem of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic" 1945–1991 Johannes Semper Gustav Ernesaks —
 Ethiopia "Ityopp'ya Hoy Dess Yibelish"[trans 28] "Ethiopia Be Happy" 1930–1975 "Collective" Kevork Dalbandyan —
 Ethiopia "Ityopp'ya, Ityopp'ya, Ityopp'ya qida mi"[trans 29] "Ethiopia, Ethiopia, Ethiopia Be First" 1975–1992 Assefa Gebre-Mariam Tessama Daniel Yohannes Haggos —
 France "Marche Henri IV / Vive Henri IV" "Henry IV March / Long Live Henry IV" 1590–1792
1814–1830		 Zz Unknown Thoinot Arbeau —
France "Chant du départ" "Song of the Departure" 1799–1815 Marie-Joseph Chénier Étienne Nicolas Méhul [note 17]
 France "Le Retour des Princes français à Paris" "The Return of the French Princes to Paris" 1814–1815
1815–1830		 Unknown François-Henri Castil-Blaze —
 France "La Parisienne" "The Parisian" 1830–1848 Casimir Delavigne Daniel Auber — —
 France "Le Chant des Girondins" "The Song of Girondists" 1848–1852 Alexandre Dumas
Auguste Maquet
Claude-Joseph Rouget de Lisle		 Alphonse Varney — —
 France "Partant pour la Syrie" "Departing for Syria" 1852–1870 Alexandre de Laborde Hortense de Beauharnais — —
 Georgian SSR "Sakartvelos sabch'ota socialist'uri resp'ublikas sakhelmts'ipo himni"[trans 30] "State Anthem of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic" 1946–1991 Grigol Abashidze
Alexander Abasheli		 Otar Taktakishvili —
 Georgia "Dideba"[trans 31] "Praise" 1918–1920
1990–2004		 Kote Potskhverashvili Kote Potskhverashvili —
 Germany "Heil dir im Siegerkranz" "Hail to Thee in Victor's Crown" 1871–1918 Heinrich Harries Unknown —
 Germany "Das Lied der Deutschen" "The Song of the Germans" 1922–1933 August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben Joseph Haydn [note 18]
 Germany "Das Lied der Deutschen" "The Song of the Germans" 1933–1945 August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben Joseph Haydn [note 19]
 West Germany "Ich hab' mich ergeben" "I have given myself" 1949–1952 Hans Ferdinand Maßmann August Daniel von Binzer [note 20]
 West Germany "Das Lied der Deutschen" "The Song of the Germans" 1952–1990 August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben Joseph Haydn [note 21]
 East Germany "Auferstanden aus Ruinen" "Arisen from Ruins" 1949–1990 Johannes R. Becher Hanns Eisler —
 Guatemala "La Granadera" "The Grenadier" 1847–1879 Rómulo Durón Unknown —
 Guatemala "Himno Popular de Guatemala" "People's Anthem of Guatemala" 1879–1896 Ramón Molina Rafael Álvarez Ovalle —
 Grenada "Grenada National State Anthem" — 1967–1974 " Rolstan Percival Jawahir Adams" "John George Fletcher" —
 Haiti "Quand nos Aïeux brisèrent leurs entraves" "When our ancestors broke their chains" 1893–1904 Oswald Durand Unknown — —
 Hawaii "God Save the King" — 1810–1860 Unknown Unknown —
 Hawaii "E Ola Ke Alii Ke Akua" "God Save the King" 1860–1866 Lunalilo Unknown — —
 Hawaii "He Mele Lahui Hawaii" "The Song of the Hawaiian Nation" 1866–1876 Liliuokalani Unknown — —
 Hawaii "Hawaiʻi Ponoʻī" "Hawaii's Own True Sons" 1876–1893 Kalakaua Henri Berger — —
 Hong Kong "Tin Jau Neoi Wong"[trans 32] "God Save the Queen" 1841-1941
1945-1997		 Unknown Unknown —
 Honduras "La Granadera" "The Grenadier" ca. 1838–1915 Rómulo Durón Unknown —
 Honduras "Dios Salve a Honduras" "God Save Honduras" ca. 1890-1915 Unknown "Laurcano Campos" — —
 Hungary "Internacionálé" "The Internationale" 1919 Eugène Pottier
Ernő Bresztovszky (translation)		 Pierre De Geyter — —
 Persia "Salām-e Shāh"[trans 33] "Royal Salute" 1873–1909 None (instrumental) Alfred Jean Baptiste Lemaire —
 Persia "Salāmati-ye Dowlat-e Elliye-ye Irān"[trans 34] "Salute of Sublime State of Persia" 1909–1933 Unknown Gholam-Reza Minbashian —
 Iran "Sorude Melli"[trans 35] "National Anthem" 1933–1979 Mohammad-Hashem Afsar Davud Najmi Moghaddam [note 22]
Iran "Ey Iran"[trans 36] "Oh Iran" 1979–1980 Hossein Gol-e-Golab Ruhollah Khaleghi —
 Iran "Payandeh Bada Iran"[trans 37] "A Lasting Iran" 1980–1990 Abolghasem Halat Mohammad Beglary-Pour —
 Iraq "As-Salam al-Malaki" "Peace to the King" 1924–1958 None (instrumental) A. Chaffon [note 23]
 Iraq "Walla Zaman Ya Selahy"[17] "Oh For Ages! My Weapon!"[18] 1958–1965[18] None (instrumental) Kamal Al Taweel[18] [note 24]
 Iraq "Mawtini"[18] "My Country"[18] 1958–1965, 2003–2004[18] None (instrumental)[19] L. Zanbaka[18] [note 25]
 Iraq "Ardulfurataini"[trans 38] "The Land of the Euphrates" 1981–2003 Shafiq Alkamali Walid Georges Gholmieh —
 Italy "Marcia Reale d'Ordinanza" "Royal March of Ordinance" 1861–1946 Unknown Giuseppe Gabetti —
 Italian Social Republic "Giovinezza" "Giovinezza" 1943–1945 Nino Oxilia Salvatore Gotta —
 Katanga "La Katangaise" "The Katangan" 1960–1963 Unknown Joseph Kiwele — —
 Kazakh SSR "Qazaq Sovettik Socïalïstik Respwblïkasınıñ memlekettik änuranı"[trans 39] "Anthem of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic" 1945–1992 Abdilda Tazhibaev
Sydyk Mukhamedzhanov
Gabit Musirepov		 Mukan Tulebayev Yevgeny Brusilovsky Latif Khamidi [note 26]
 Kazakhstan "Qazaqstan Respwblïkasınıñ memlekettik änuranı"[trans 40] "Anthem of the Republic of Kazakhstan" 1992–2006 Muzafar Alimbayev Kadyr Myrzaliyev Tumanbai Moldigaliyev Zhadyra Daribayeva Mukan Tulebayev Yevgeny Brusilovsky Latif Khamidi —
 Kirghiz SSR "Kyrgyz SSR Mamlekettik Gimni"[trans 41] "Anthem of the Kirghiz SSR" 1936–1991 K. Malikov
T. Sydykbekov
M. Tokobaev
A. Tokombaev.		 Vladimir Vlasov
Abdylas Maldybaev
Vladimir Fere		 —
 Korea "Daehan jeguk aegukga"[trans 42] "Patriotic song of the Great Korean Empire" 1902–1910 Unknown Franz Eckert — —
Korea "Kimigayo" "His Imperial Majesty's Reign" 1910–1945 Unknown Franz Eckert —
South Korea "Aegukga" "Patriotic Song" 1945–1948 Unknown Unknown [note 27]
 Kuwait "As-salām al-amīrī"[trans 43] "Amiri Salute" 1951–1978 None (instrumental) Yusuf Adees [note 28]
 Laos "Pheng Xat Lao"[trans 44] "Anthem of the Lao people" 1951–1975 Thongdy Sounthonevichit Thongdy Sounthonevichit — [note 29]
 Latvian SSR "Latvijas Padomju Sociālistiskās Republikas himna" "Anthem of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic" 1945–1991 Fricis Rokpelnis
Jūlijs Vanags		 Anatols Liepiņš —
 Libya "Lībīya, Lībīya, Lībīya"[trans 45] "Libya, Libya, Libya" 1951–1969 Al Bashir Al Arebi Mohammed Abdel Wahab [note 30]
 Libya "Allahu Akbar"[trans 46] "God is Greatest" 1977–2011 Mahmood El-Sharif Abdalla Shams El-Din —
 Lithuanian SSR "Lietuvos Tarybų Socialistinės Respublikos himnas" "Anthem of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic" 1950–1991 Antanas Venclova Balys Dvarionas
Jonas Švedas		 —
 Macau "A Portuguesa" "The Portuguese" 1910–1999 Henrique Lopes de Mendonça Alfredo Keil [note 31]
 Mahabad "Ey Reqîb" "Oh Enemy" 1945–1947 Dildar Unknown — [note 32]
 Mali Federation "Hymne du Mali" "National Anthem of Mali" 1960 Léopold Sédar Senghor Banzumana Sissoko — —
 Marshall Islands "Ij Io̧kwe Ļo̧k Aelōn̄ Eo Aō" "I Love the Islands" 1986–1991 Unknown Samuel Langrine — —
 Mauritania "Nashid Wataniin Muritaniin" "National Chant of Mauritania" 1960–2017 Baba Ould Cheikh Tolia Nikiprowetzky —
 Micronesia "Preamble" 1989–1991 Unknown Unknown — —
 Moldavian Democratic Republic "Deșteaptă-te, române!" "Awaken thee, Romanian!" 1917–1918 Andrei Mureșanu Anton Pann —
 Moldavian SSR "Imnul de Stat al RSS Moldovenești" "State Anthem of the Moldavian SSR" 1945–1991 Emilian Bukov
Ivan Bodarev		 Ștefan Neaga
Eduard Lazarev		 —
 Moldova "Deșteaptă-te, române!" "Awaken thee, Romanian!" 1991–1994 Andrei Mureșanu Anton Pann —
 Montenegro "Ubavoj nam Crnoj Gori"[trans 47] "Our Beautiful Montenegro" 1910–1918 Jovan Sundečić Jovo Ivanišević —
 Mozambique "Viva, Viva a FRELIMO" "Long Live FRELIMO" 1975–2002 Justino Sigaulane Chemane Justino Sigaulane Chemane —
 Namibia "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" "Lord Bless Africa" 1990–1991 Enoch Sontonga Enoch Sontonga and Joseph Parry —
   Nepal "Rastriya Gaan"[trans 48] "May Glory Crown Our Illustrious Sovereign" 1899–2007 Chakrapani Chalise Bakhatbir Budhapirthi —
 Netherlands "Wien Neêrlands Bloed" "Those in whom Dutch blood" 1815–1932 Hendrik Tollens Johann Wilhelm Wilms —
Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia) "Het Wilhelmus"[trans 49] "The William / William of Nassau" 1932–1943 Philips of Marnix, or Dirck Coornhert or Petrus Dathenus Adrianus Valerius —
 Netherlands Antilles "Anthem without a title" — 2000–2010 Zahira Hiliman
Lucille Berry-Haseth		 Zahira Hiliman — —
 Newfoundland "Ode to Newfoundland" — 1907–1949 Cavendish Boyle Hubert Parry — [note 33]
 Nicaragua "Hermosa Soberana" "Beautiful and Sovereign" 1893–1910 Unknown Alejandro Cousin — —
 Nigeria "Nigeria We Hail Thee" — 1960–1978 Lilian Jean Williams Frances Benda — —
 Norway "Norges Skaal" "Toast to Norway" 1771–1819 Johan Nordahl Brun Unknown — —
 Norway "Sønner av Norge" "Sons of Norway" 1820–c.1905 Henrik Anker Bjerregaard Christian Blom — —
 Oldenburg "Heil dir, o Oldenburg" "Hail to thee, o Oldenburg" 1844–1871 Theodor von Kobbe Cecilia, Grand Duchess of Oldenburg — [note 10]
 Orange Free State "Heft, Burgers, 't lied der vrijheid" "Sing, Citizens, the song of Freedom" 1854–1902 H. A. L. Hamelberg W. F. G. Nicolai [21]
Ottoman Empire "Mahmudiye Marşı" "March of Mahmud" 1829–1839
1918–1922		 None (instrumental) Giuseppe Donizetti [note 34]
 Ottoman Empire "Mecidiye Marşı" "March of Abdülmecid" 1839–1861 None (instrumental) Giuseppe Donizetti —
 Ottoman Empire "Aziziye Marşı" "March of Abdülaziz" 1861–1876 None (instrumental) Callisto Guatelli —
 Ottoman Empire "Hamidiye Marşı" "March of Abdulhamid" 1876–1909 Unknown Necip Paşa —
 Ottoman Empire "Reşadiye Marşı" "March of Mehmed Reşad" 1909–1918 Unknown Italo Selvelli —
 Pakistan "Tarana-e-Pakistan" "Anthem of Pakistan" 1947–1950 Jagannath Azad Jagan Nath Azad
Pakistan (East) "Pakistan Zindabad (Tarana-i-Pakistan)" "Long Live Pakistan (Tarana of Pakistan)" 1956–1971 Golam Mostofa Nazir Ahmed
 Palestine "Mawtini" "My Homeland" 1988–1996 Ibrahim Tuqan Mohammed Flayfel
 Papal States "Noi vogliam Dio, Vergine Maria" "Virgin Mary, We Desire God" 1800–1857 Unknown Unknown — —
 Papal States "Marcia trionfale" "Triumphal March" 1857–1869 None (instrumental) Viktorin Hallmayer [note 35]
 Philippines "Marangal na Dalit ng Katagalugan" "Noble Hymn of the Tagalogs" 1895–1899 Juan Nakpil Juan Nakpil — —
Poland "Bogurodzica" "Mother of God" AD 977–1795 Adalbert of Prague Adalbert of Prague [note 36]
 Portugal "Hymno Patriótico" "Patriotic Hymn" 1809–1834 Unknown Marcos António Portugal —
 Portugal "Hino da Carta" "Hymn to the Charter" 1834–1910 Pedro IV of Portugal Pedro IV of Portugal —
 Prussia "Borussia" "Prussia" 1820–1830 Joseph Friedrich Leopold Dunker Gaspare Spontini — —
 Prussia "Preußenlied" "Song of Prussia" 1830–1840 Bernhard Thiersch August Neithardt — —
 Rhodesia and Nyasaland "God Save The Queen" — 1953–1963 Unknown Unknown —
 Rhodesia "God Save the Queen" — 1965–1970 Unknown Unknown [note 37][22]
 Rhodesia "Rise, O Voices of Rhodesia" — 1974–1979 Mary Bloom Ludwig van Beethoven [note 37][22]
 Romania "Marș triumfal" "Triumphant March" 1862–1884 None (instrumental) Eduard Hübsch — [23]
 Romania "Trăiască Regele" "Long live the King" 1884–1948 Vasile Alecsandri Eduard Hübsch — [24]
 Romania "Zdrobite cătușe" "Broken Handcuffs" 1948–1953 Aurel Baranga Matei Socor — [24]
 Romania "Te slăvim, Românie" "We glorify thee, Romania" 1953–1975 Eugen Frunză
Dan Deșliu		 Matei Socor — [24]
 Romania "E scris pe tricolor Unire" "Unity is written on our flag" 1975–1977 Andrei Bârseanu Ciprian Porumbescu — [25]
 Romania "Trei culori" "Three Colours" 1977–1990 Unknown; adapted from the original "Cântecul tricolorului" Ciprian Porumbescu — [24]
 Russia "Molitva russkikh"[trans 50] "The Prayer of Russians" 1816–1833 Vasily Zhukovsky Unknown (same tune as "God Save the Queen") —
 Russia "Bozhe, Tsarya khrani!"[trans 51] "God Save the Tsar!" 1833–1917 Vasily Zhukovsky Alexei Lvov —
 Russia "Rabochaya Marselyeza"[trans 52] "Worker's Marseillaise" 1917 Pyotr Lavrov Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle
—
 Russia "Rabochaya Marselyeza"[trans 52] "Worker's Marseillaise" 1917–1918 Pyotr Lavrov Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle
[note 38]
 Russian SFSR "Internatsional"[trans 53] "The Internationale" 1917–1944 Eugène Pottier Pierre De Geyter [note 39]
 Russia "Patrioticheskaya Pesnya"'[trans 54] "The Patriotic Song" 1990–2000 None (instrumental) Mikhail Glinka [26]
 Rwanda "Rwanda Rwacu" "Our Rwanda" 1962–2002 Michael Habarurema
Abanyuramatwi		 Michael Habarurema
Abanyuramatwi		 —
 San Marino "Giubilanti d'amore fraterno" "Praise of Brotherly Love" ?–1896 Ulisse Balsimelli Aurelio Muccioli — —
 Sarawak "Gone Forth Beyond the Sea" — ?–1946 Margaret Brooke Unknown — —
 Sarawak "Fair Land Sarawak" — 1946–1973 FC Ogden George Freeth — —
 Sardinia "S'hymnu sardu nationale" "The Sardinian National Anthem" 1842–1861 Vittorio Angius Giovanni Gonella — —
 Saxony "Sachsen Hymne" "Hymn of Saxony" 1806–1871 Maximilian Hallbauer Ernst Julius Otto — [note 10]
 Saudi Arabia "السلام الملكي السعودي" "Long live our King" 1953–1984 Ibrahim Khafaji Abdul Rahman Al-Khateeb —
 Serbia and Montenegro "Hej, Sloveni" "Hey, Slavs" 1992–2006 Samuel Tomášik Michał Kleofas Ogiński [note 2]
 Seychelles "En Avant" "Forward" 1976–1978 Unknown Unknown — —
 Seychelles "Fyer Seselwa" "Be Proud Seychellois" 1978–1996 Unknown Pierre Dastros-Géze — —
Siam "Chom Rat Chong Charoen" "Long live the Great King" 1852–1871 Phraya Srisunthonwohan (Noi Āchāryānkura) Unknown — —
Siam "Phleng Sansoen Phra Barami"[trans 55] "Glorify His prestige" 1888–1932 Pyotr Shchurovsky Unknown [note 40]
Slovakia "Hej, Slováci" "Hey, Slovaks" 1939–1945 Samuel Tomášik Unknown
 Slovenia "Naprej, zastava slave" "Forward, Flag of Glory" 1860–1989 Simon Jenko Davorin Jenko [note 41]
 Somalia "Heesta qaranqa Soomaaliya" "National anthem of Somalia" 1960–2000 None (instrumental) Giuseppe Blanc — —
 Somalia "Soomaaliyeey toosoo" "Somalia, Wake Up" 2000–2012 Ali Mire Awale Ali Mire Awale
Yusuf Haji Aden		 [note 42]
South Africa "God bewaar ons Koningin" "God Save the Queen" 1910–1957 Unknown Unknown [note 43]
 South Africa "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika" "The Call of South Africa" 1938–1997 Cornelis Jacobus Langenhoven Marthinus Lourens de Villiers [note 44]
 South Africa "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" "Lord Bless Africa" 1994–1997 Enoch Sontonga Enoch Sontonga and Joseph Parry [note 45][30]
 Soviet Union "Internatsional"[trans 53] "The Internationale" 1922–1944 Eugène Pottier Pierre De Geyter —
 Soviet Union "Gosudarstvenniy Gimn SSSR"[trans 56] "State anthem of the Soviet Union" 1944–1991 Sergey Mikhalkov Alexander Alexandrov —
Spain "Himno de Riego" "Anthem of Riego" 1931–1939 José Melchor Gomis José Melchor Gomis [31]
 Spain "Marcha Granadera" "Grenadier March" 1936–1975 José María Pemán Bartolomé Pérez Casas [note 46]
  Switzerland "Rufst du, mein Vaterland" "When you call, my fatherland" c. 1850–1961 Johann Rudolf Wyss
Henri Roehrich		 Unknown (same tune as "God Save the Queen") [32]
 Tajik SSR "Gimni Respublikai Sovetii Sotsialistii Tojikiston"[trans 57] "State Anthem of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic" 1946–1994 Abolqasem Lahouti Suleiman Yudakov —
 Transkei
(Bantustan)		 "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" "Lord Bless Africa" 1976–1994 Enoch Sontonga Enoch Sontonga and Joseph Parry —
 Transvaal "Volkslied van Transvaal" "People's Song of the Transvaal" 1875–1902 Catharina van Rees Catharina van Rees — [33]
 Tunisia "Salam al-Bey"[trans 58] "Beylical Salute" 1846–1958 Unknown Unknown — —
 Tunisia "Ala Khallidi"[trans 59] "Immortal and Precious" 1958–1987 Jalaleddine Naccache Salah El Mahdi — —
 Turkey "İstiklâl Marşı" "Independence March" 1924–1930 Mehmet Akif Ersoy Osman Zeki Üngör —
 Turkmen SSR "Türkmenistan Sowet Socialistik Respublikasy Döwlet Gimni" "State Anthem of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic" 1946–1996 Aman Kekilov Veli Mukhatov [note 47]
 Two Sicilies "Inno al Re" "Hymn to the King" 1816–1861 Unknown Giovanni Paisiello — —
 Ukrainian SSR "Derzhavnyy himn URSR"[trans 60] "State Anthem of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic" 1949–1991 Anton Dmytrovych Lebednyets Pavlo Tychyna —
 United Arab Republic "Walla Zaman Ya Selahy"[trans 27] "Oh My Weapon" 1960–1971 Salah Jahin Kamal Al Taweel — —
 United States "Hail, Columbia" — 1789–1931

Joseph Hopkinson

 Philip Phile — —
 United States "My Country, 'Tis of Thee" — c. 1831–1931
(de facto)		 Samuel Francis Smith Unknown (same tune as "God Save the Queen") [note 1]
 Upper Volta "Hymne National Voltaïque" "Voltaique National Anthem" 1960–1984 Robert Ouedraogo Robert Ouedraogo — —
 Uzbek SSR "O'zbekiston Sovet Sotsialist Respublikasining davlat madhiyasi" "State Anthem of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic" 1947–1992 Timur Fattah
Turab Tula		 Mutal Burkhanov —
  Vatican City "Marcia trionfale" "Triumphal March" 1869–1950 None (instrumental) Viktorin Hallmayer [note 35]
 Venda
(Bantustan)		 "Pfano na vhuthihi" "Peace and Togetherness" 1979–1994 Unknown Unknown — —
Vietnam "Đăng đàn cung" "The Emperor Mounts His Throne" 1802–1945 Ung Thieu J.B. Chaigneau — —
 South Vietnam "Tiếng Gọi Công Dân" "Call to the Citizens" 1955–1975 Luu Huu Phuoc Luu Huu Phuoc [note 48]
South Vietnam "Giải phóng miền Nam" "Liberate the South" 1975–1976 Luu Huu Phuoc Luu Huu Phuoc —
West Papua "Hai Tanahku Papua" "Oh My Land Papua" 1961–1963 Izaak Samuel Kijne Izaak Samuel Kijne — —
 Württemberg "Württemberger Hymne" "Hymn of Württemberg" 1806–1871 Unknown Peter Josef von Lindpaintner — [note 10]
 South Yemen "al-Jumhūrīyah al-Muttaḥidâh" "United Republic" 1979–1989 Abdullah "Al-Fadhool" Abdulwahab Noman Ayoob Tarish
 Yugoslavia "Himna Kraljevine Jugoslavije" "Hymn of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia" 1918–1941 Jovan Đorđević
Antun Mihanović
Simon Jenko		 Davorin Jenko
Josif Runjanin		 [note 49]
 Yugoslavia "Hej, Sloveni" "Hey, Slavs" 1977–1992 Samuel Tomášik Michał Kleofas Ogiński [36]
 Zaire "La Zaïroise" "The Zairian" 1972–1997 Joseph Lutumba Simon-Pierre Boka Di Mpasi Londi —
 Zambia "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" "Lord Bless Africa" 1964–1973 Enoch Sontonga Enoch Sontonga and Joseph Parry —
 Zimbabwe "Ishe Komborera Africa" "God Bless Africa" 1980–1994 Enoch Sontonga Enoch Sontonga and Joseph Parry [note 50]

See also

Notes
  1. "My Country, 'Tis of Thee" is generally considered to have been the "de facto" national anthem of the United States prior to 1931, but not universally. Alternatives included "Hail, Columbia", and the modern anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner".[34][35]
  2. Serbia and Montenegro was called the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia until 4 February 2003.[27]
  3. Also known by the title of "Garam shah lā garam shah" (English: "Be ardent, be more ardent").
  4. Also known by the title of "Qal’a-ye Islam, qalb-e Asiya" (English: "Fortress of Islam, heart of Asia"); its incipit.
  5. The same tune was used for numerous Austrian and Austro-Hungarian national anthems; only the lyrics changed. Although the official lyrics were in German, versions of the anthems used during the imperial period (until 1918) existed in several other languages from throughout the empire: Croatian, Czech, Hungarian, Italian, Polish and Slovene.[9]
  6. The same tune was used for numerous Austrian and Austro-Hungarian national anthems; only the lyrics changed. Although the official lyrics were in German, versions of the anthems used during the imperial period existed in several other languages from throughout the empire: Czech, Croatian, Hungarian, Italian, Polish and Slovene.[9]
  7. The same tune was used for numerous Austrian and Austro-Hungarian national anthems; only the lyrics changed. Although the official lyrics were in German, versions of the anthems used during the imperial period existed in several other languages from throughout the empire: Czech, Croatian, Hungarian, Italian, Polish and Slovene.[9]
  8. The same tune was used for numerous Austrian and Austro-Hungarian national anthems; only the lyrics changed. Although the official lyrics were in German, versions of the anthems used during the imperial period existed in several other languages from throughout the empire: Czech, Croatian, Hungarian, Italian, Polish and Slovene.[9]
  9. The same tune was used for numerous Austrian and Austro-Hungarian national anthems; only the lyrics changed. Although the official lyrics were in German, versions of the anthems used during the imperial period existed in several other languages from throughout the empire: Czech, Croatian, Hungarian, Italian, Polish and Slovene.[9]
  10. The anthems of the previously independent German kingdoms and duchies continued to be used as regional anthems until the fall of the German Empire in 1918.
  11. Brazil became a republic in 1888, but retained "Hino Nacional Brasileiro" as its national anthem.
  12. From 1908 a royal anthem, "Anthem of His Majesty the Tsar",[trans 12] was adopted and played immediately after the anthem whenever the monarch was present.
  13. "Esta É a Nossa Pátria Bem Amada" was adopted in 1975 by both Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau on their respective independence from Portugal. Cape Verde introduced a unique anthem in 1996, but it remains the national anthem of Guinea-Bissau.
  14. Currently used as the national anthem of Taiwan.
  15. The Confederate States never adopted an official national anthem. The Civil War Trust firmly states that the "honor rightly belongs to" "God Save the South", the first piece of music published in the Confederacy, "because of its stirring poetry and its outstanding musical setting". Commonly cited alternatives include the popular song "Dixie" and "The Bonnie Blue Flag", a marching song.[11][12]
  16. Only the first verses of each anthem were sung during the union of the Czech lands with Slovakia.
  17. Although it is the first to appear on this list, "Chant du départ" was not the original national anthem of France; "La Marseillaise", the modern national anthem, was originally used from 1795 to 1799. It was readopted in 1870.
  18. During Germany's Weimar period, all three verses of "Das Lied der Deutschen" were sung, whereas today only the third verse is sung.
  19. During Germany's Nazi period, only the first verse of "Das Lied der Deutschen" was sung, and followed by "Horst-Wessel-Lied", the SA song written by Horst Wessel.
  20. Unofficial, de facto. Shares the same tune as the current Micronesian national anthem.
  21. Although officially all three verses were designated as the West German national anthem, in practice only the third verse was actually performed in public.
  22. Tune same as that used in the royal anthem and flag anthem of Iran at the time.
  23. Title also given as "The Royal Salute" (Arabic: السلام الملكي‎)
  24. Title in Arabic: والله زمان يا سلاحي‎
  25. Not to be confused with the current Iraqi national anthem, which shares the same name.[18]
  26. The same melody was used for the Kazakhstan national anthem in the early years of independence, before it was replaced with the current anthem, "Meniñ Qazaqstanım".
  27. Lyrics same as those used in the current South Korean national anthem.
  28. The modern national anthem of Kuwait, adopted in 1978, retains "Amiri Salute" in its entirety as an opening fanfare.[20]
  29. After the founding of the present Lao People's Democratic Republic, "Pheng Xat Lao" had its words, but not its music, changed.
  30. "Lībīya, Lībīya, Lībīya" was relinquished in 1969, was but re-adopted as the national anthem of Libya after the victory of the National Transitional Council over the Gaddafi regime in 2011, the only difference being the omission of a verse glorifying King Idris.
  31. From 1802 until 1911 the anthem of Macau was "Hymno Patriótico" followed by "Hino da Carta", the same as that of Portugal.
  32. The song "Ey Reqîb" is still used as the regional anthem of Iraqi Kurdistan, and as the anthem of the Kurdish people in general.
  33. When Newfoundland joined the Canadian Confederation in 1949, "Ode to Newfoundland" lost its status as a national anthem. The Canadian province of Newfoundland became the first to adopt a provincial anthem in 1980 when the song was readopted.
  34. The last Ottoman sultan, Mehmed VI, decided not to have a special march for himself, but used the first Ottoman anthem, "Mahmudiye".
  35. The Papal States became part of Italy in 1869, but the anthem was retained as the Vatican City's first anthem until 1950.
  36. Bogurodzica was created somewhere between the 10th and 13th centuries. Adalbert of Prague is believed to be the creator of the Polish hymn by most scholars; he lived between 956 and 997. Bogurodzica was used as the national anthem of the Kingdom of Poland from its creation until 1795 with the end of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
  37. Rhodesia's 1965 Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) went unrecognised by the United Kingdom and the United Nations, both of which continued to consider Rhodesia to be the British colony of Southern Rhodesia. Despite declaring independence, the "de facto" Rhodesian government still maintained loyalty to Elizabeth II and so retained Britain's national anthem, "God Save the Queen", until it declared Rhodesia a republic in 1970. A replacement state anthem was not adopted until 1974, when "Rise, O Voices of Rhodesia" came into use. As its independence was illegal, "God Save the Queen" remained Rhodesia's "de jure" national anthem throughout the UDI period of 1965 to 1979.
  38. The "Worker's Marseillaise" was briefly used alongside "The Internationale" by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1917 to 1918.
  39. The "Worker's Marseillaise" was briefly used alongside "The Internationale" by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1917 to 1918.
  40. Although replaced as national anthem in 1932, "Sansoen Phra Barami" was retained as Siam's (and, following the country's change of name in 1939, Thailand's) royal anthem.
  41. "Naprej, zastava slave" is still used by the Slovenian Armed Forces as its official song.
  42. Served as Somalia's national anthem until 2012, when it was replaced with "Qolobaa Calankeed".
  43. Was the sole de jure national anthem from 1910 to 1938.[28] From 1938 to 1957, it officially shared co-national anthem status with "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika", upon which the latter became the sole national anthem.[28] It remained the royal anthem until 1961.
  44. From 1938 to 1957, it served as a co-national anthem with equal status with "God Save the Queen and "God Save the King".[28] It had served as a sort of de facto co-national anthem since the 1920s. From 1957 to 1994, it was the sole national anthem. "The Call of South Africa" and "God Bless Africa" became co-national anthems of South Africa in 1994. The modern South African national anthem, adopted in 1997, uses elements from each as separate segments in a single composition.[29][30]
  45. "The Call of South Africa" and "God Bless Africa" became co-national anthems of South Africa in 1994. The modern South African national anthem, adopted in 1997, uses elements from each in separate segments.[30]
  46. Remains the national anthem of Spain, however the lyrics have since been removed and it is now referred to under its title of "Marcha Real".
  47. It continued to be used by Turkmenistan, albeit without words, from 1991 until the adoption of the current national anthem in 1996.
  48. The song was originally called "Thanh Niên Hành Khúc" (English: "March of the Youths"); the title and words were altered significantly when it became national anthem, though the music remained the same. Luu Huu Phuoc was still officially credited for both the music and the lyrics.
  49. It was a medley of "Bože pravde", "Lijepa naša domovino" and "Naprej, zastava slave", used by Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia respectively.
  50. "Ishe Komborera Africa" is a translation of "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" from Xhosa into Shona and Ndebele.

    Translations and transliterations
    1. Russian: Боже, Царя храни!; transliterated as Bozhe, Tsarya khrani!
    2. Translates from Dutch as "The William"
    3. Translates from French as "The Return of the French Princes to Paris"
    4. Translates from German as "Hail to Thee in Victor's Crown"
    5. Translates from German as "The Song of the Germans"
    6. Translates from German as "God save Emperor Francis"
    7. Russian: Государственный гимн СССР; transliterated as Gosudarstvenniy Gimn SSSR
    8. Translates from Serbo-Croatian as "Hey, Slavs"
    9. Persian: سرود ملی
    10. Armenian: "Հայկական ՍՍՀ օրհներգ"
    11. Bulgarian: "Шуми Марица"
    12. Bulgarian: "Химн на Негово Величество Царя"; transliterated as "Himn na Negovo Velichestvo Tsarya"
    13. Bulgarian: "Републико наша, здравей!"
    14. Bulgarian: "Бъларио мила"
    15. Belarusian: "Дзяржаўны гімн БССР"
    16. Khmer: បទចំរៀងនៃសាធារណរដ្ឋខ្មែរ
    17. Khmer: ដប់ប្រាំពីរមេសាមហាជោគជ័យ
    18. Chinese: 李中堂乐
    19. Chinese: 颂龙旗
    20. Chinese: 鞏金甌
    21. Chinese: 中國雄立宇宙間
    22. Chinese: 卿云歌
    23. Chinese: 國民革命歌
    24. Chinese: 中華民國國歌
    25. Chinese: 国际歌
    26. Egyptian Arabic: اسلمى يا مصر
    27. Egyptian Arabic: والله زمان يا سلاحي
    28. Amharic: ኢትዮጵያ ሆይ ደስ ይበልሽ
    29. Amharic: ኢትዮጵያ, ኢትዮጵያ, ኢትዮጵያ ቅደሚ
    30. Georgian: "საქართველოს საბჭოთა სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკის სახელმწიფო ჰიმნი"
    31. Georgian: "დიდება"
    32. Chinese: 天佑女王
    33. Persian: سلام شاه
    34. Persian: سلامتی دولت علیهٔ ایران
    35. Persian: سرود ملی
    36. Persian: ای ایران
    37. Persian: پاینده بادا ایران
    38. Iraqi Arabic: أرض الفراتين
    39. Kazakh: "Қазақ Советтiк Социалистік Республикасының мемлекеттік әнұраны"
    40. Kazakh: "Қазақстан Республикасының Мемлекеттік Әнұраны"
    41. Kirghiz: "Кыргыз ССР Мамлекеттик Гимни"
    42. Korean: 대한제국 애국가
    43. Arabic: السلام الأميري
    44. Lao: ເພງຊາດລາວ
    45. Libyan Arabic: لیبیا، لیبیا، لیبیا
    46. Libyan Arabic: الله أكبر
    47. Serbian Cyrillic: "Убавој нам Црној Гори"
    48. Nepali: राष्ट्रिय गान्
    49. Melayu:"Willem dari Nassou"
    50. Russian: "Молитва русских"
    51. Russian: "Боже, Царя храни!"
    52. Russian: "Рабочая Марсельеза"
    53. Russian: "Интернационал"
    54. Russian: "Патриотическая песня"
    55. Thai: เพลงสรรเสริญพระบารมี
    56. Russian: "Государственный гимн СССР"
    57. Tajik: "Гимни Республикаи Советии Сотсиалистии Тоҷикистон"
    58. Arabic: سلام الباي
    59. Arabic: ألا خلّدي
    60. Ukrainian: "Державний гімн УРСР"

    References
    General
    • Bristow, Michael Jamieson (2006-10-28). National Anthems of the World. Cassell. ISBN 0-304-36826-1.
    • Bristow, Michael Jamieson. "History of anthems". Retrieved 2011-06-20.
    • Hang, Xing (2003-09-28). Encyclopedia of National Anthems. The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-4847-3.
    • Leonard, Hal (1996-01-01). National Anthems from Around the World. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 0-7935-6079-9.
    • Sousa, John Philip (1890). National, patriotic and typical airs of all lands: with copious notes. H. Coleman.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
    • "nationalanthems.info". Archived from the original on 2013-01-21. Retrieved 2012-12-19.
    Specific
    1. "Anthem". Reference.com. Lexico Publishing Group. Retrieved 2008-06-26.
    2. "The Dutch Royal House". Dutch Royal House. Archived from the original on 2008-02-10. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
    3. "Lost for words". The Economist. 2007-07-26. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
    4. "National Anthem". Russia's State Symbols. RIA Novosti. 2007-06-07. Archived from the original on 2009-02-04. Retrieved 2009-12-20.
    5. Zolotov, Andrei (2000-12-01). "Russian Orthodox Church Approves as Putin Decides to Sing to a Soviet Tune". Christianity Today Magazine. Christianity Today International. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
    6. "Serbia Montenegro song falls flat". BBC Sport. London. 2004-08-11. Retrieved 2011-06-21.
    7. Bristow. "Afghanistan National Anthem (1943-1973)". Retrieved 2011-06-21.
    8. Language Context (21 August 2016). "National anthems - Islamic State of Afghanistan (1992-2006) - Lyrics + Translation in Subtitles" – via YouTube.
    9. Jones, David Wyn (2009). Oxford Composer Companions: Haydn. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 120.
    10. "History of Chinese national anthems in a hundred years". People's Daily (in Chinese). Communist Party of China. Retrieved 2011-07-15.
    11. "Civil War Music: God Save the South". Washington, D.C.: Civil War Trust. Archived from the original on 2010-10-26. Retrieved 2011-07-22.
    12. Sacks, Howard L.; Sacks, Judith (1993). Way up North in Dixie: A Black Family's Claim to the Confederate Anthem. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 4. ISBN 0-252-07160-3.
    13. "The social and cultural conception of Mustafa Sadiq Alrafii". Asian and African Studies. Jerusalem Academic Press. 13: 101–129. 1979. ISSN 0066-8281.
    14. Arabic: سلام أفندينا‎
    15. "Egypt (to 1958)". nationalanthems.info. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
    16. Arabic: يسسالام الجمهوري المصري‎
    17. "Iraq (1965-1981)". www.nationalanthems.info.
    18. Schaffer, Edward; Scotland, Jan; Popp, Reinhard (2017). "Iraq (1958-1965, 2003-2004)". NationalAnthems.info. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2017.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
    19. Wetzel, Dan (August 24, 2004). "One last chance". Yahoo! Sports. Yahoo!. Retrieved December 4, 2017. The song is 'My Country.' It is relatively short, contains no words and was composed by a man named Lewis Zanbaka...
    20. "National anthem". Kuwait Info. Government of Kuwait. Retrieved 2011-07-18.
    21. Sousa 1890, p. 180
    22. Bristow. "Rhodesia". Retrieved 2011-06-20.
    23. Chelaru, Carmen (2018). "Romanian national anthems, historical, stylistic and aesthetic considerations". Artes. Journal of Musicology. 18 (1): 207–229. doi:10.2478/ajm-2018-0013. ISSN 2558-8532.
    24. Bristow. "Romania". Retrieved 2011-06-20.
    25. Petru Bălan, Cristian (2008). Imnurile de stat ale ţărilor din Uniunea Europeană (in Romanian). p. 112. ISBN 978-9737400949.
    26. Bristow. "Russian Federation". Retrieved 2011-06-21.
    27. "Timeline: after Milosevic". BBC News. London. 2006-06-06. Retrieved 2011-06-21.
    28. "South Africa Will Play Two Anthems Hereafter". The New York Times. New York. 3 June 1938. p. 10. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
    29. "National anthem". Government of South Africa. Retrieved 2011-06-21.
    30. Bristow. "South Africa". Retrieved 2011-06-20.
    31. "The 10... most preposterous opening ceremonies". The Observer. London: Guardian News and Media. 2004-01-18. Retrieved 2011-06-20.
    32. Kreis, Georg (1991). Der Mythos von 1291. Zur Entstehung des schweizerischen Nationalfeiertages. Basel: F. Reinhardt. pp. 67–69.
    33. Sousa 1890, p. 253
    34. Snyder, Lois Leo (1990). Encyclopedia of Nationalism. Paragon House. p. 13. ISBN 1-55778-167-2.
    35. Barton, Laura (2009-01-23). "Hail, Hail, Rock'n'Roll". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media. Retrieved 2011-06-21.
    36. Bristow. "Yugoslavia". Retrieved 2011-06-20.
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