List of massacres of Turkish people

This is a list of massacres of ethnic Turks.

List

Name	Date	Present location	Perpetrators	Turkish deaths
Persecution of Muslims during Ottoman contraction	1683–1922	Balkans and Caucasus	non-Muslims	Different estimates, 5,500,000 (including non-Turkish Muslims)[1]
Buda massacre	September 1686	Buda, Hungary	Armies of the Holy League	+3,000[2]
Navarino massacre[3]	19 August 1821	Pylos, Greece	Greek revolutionaries	3,000
Tripolitsa massacre[4]	23 September 1821	Tripoli, Greece	Greek revolutionaries	6,000–30,000[5][6]
Massacres of the Turkish population during the April Uprising	April–May 1876	Bulgaria	Bulgarian revolutionaries	200–1,000[7][8][9]
Massacres of the Turkish population during the Russo-Turkish War	April 1877–March 1878	Balkans and Caucasus	Armies of the Russian Coalition, mainly Russian Army	250,000–400,000[10][11]
Harmanli massacre	16–17 January 1878	Harmanli, Bulgaria	Russian Army	2,000[12]
Lasithi massacres	1897	Crete, Greece	Christian mobs	850–1,000[13][14]
Raionovo, Planitsa and Kukurtevo massacres	Autumn 1912	Raionovo, Planitsa and Kukurtevo, Macedonia	Bulgarian irregulars	+700[15][16]
Greek landing at Smyrna	15 May 1919	İzmir	Hellenic Army and local Greeks	400–600[17]
Menemen massacre	17 June 1919	Menemen, İzmir	Hellenic Army and local Greeks	200
Massacre in Erbeyli	20–21 June 1919	Erbeyli, Aydın	Hellenic Army	72
Massacre in Marash	1920	Marash	French Army and French Armenian Legion	4,500[18][19]
Massacre in Aintab	1920-1921	Aintab	French Army and French Armenian Legion	6,000-7,000[20][21]
Yalova Peninsula massacres[22]	1920–1921	Armutlu Peninsula	Hellenic Army, local Christians and Circassians[23]	5,500–9,100[24][25]
Birecik massacre	11–24 February 1920	Birecik, Şanlıurfa	French Army	280[20]
Yeşiloba massacre	11 June 1920	Yeşiloba, Adana	French Armenian Legion	64–200[26]
Bilecik massacre[27]	March–April 1921	Bilecik, Sögüt, Bozüyük	Hellenic Army and local Greeks	208[28]
İzmit massacre[29]	24 June 1921	İzmit	Hellenic Army	300[30][31]
Karatepe village massacre	14 February 1922	Karatepe, Köşk	Hellenic Army	385[32]
Uşak massacre	1 September 1922	Uşak	Hellenic Army and local Greeks	200[33]
Alaşehir massacre[34]	3–4 September 1922	Alaşehir, Manisa	Hellenic Army	3,000[35]
Turgutlu massacre	4–6 September 1922	Turgutlu, Manisa	Hellenic Army	1,000[35]
Salihli massacre	5 September 1922	Salihli, Manisa	Hellenic Army	+76[36]
Manisa massacre[37]	6–7 September 1922	Manisa	Hellenic Army and local Christians	4,355[38][35]
1924 Kirkuk massacre	4 May 1924	Kirkuk, Iraq	Iraq Levies	+200[39]
Deportation of the Meskhetian Turks	14–15 November 1944	Meskheti, Georgia	NKVD	12,589–50,000
Gavurbağı massacre	12 July 1946	Kirkuk, Iraq	Iraqi Police	20
1959 Kirkuk massacre	15 July 1959	Kirkuk, Iraq	Kurdish soldiers	31-79[39]
Limassol massacre	13 February 1963	Limassol, Cyprus	Greek Cypriots	16[40]
Bloody Christmas[41][42]	21–31 December 1963	Nicosia, Cyprus	Greek Cypriots	364[43]
Massacre in Famagusta	11 May 1964	Famagusta, Cyprus	Cypriot Police	10–17[44][45]
Massacre in Akrotiri and Dhekelia	13 May 1964	Akrotiri and Dhekelia	Cypriot Police and local Cypriots	11[44][45]
Massacre in Kofinou	14–15 November 1967	Kofinou, Cyprus	Greek Cypriots	26[46][40]
Massacre in Alaminos[47]	20 July 1974	Alaminos, Cyprus	Cypriot National Guard	13–14[48][49]
Massacre in Angolemi	August 1974	Angolemi, Cyprus	Cypriot National Guard	5[50]
Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre	14 August 1974	Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda, Cyprus	EOKA B	126[51][52]
Tochni massacre	15 August 1974	Taşkent, Cyprus	EOKA B	84[44]
Fergana massacre	3–12 June 1989	Fergana valley, Uzbekistan	Uzbek mobs	97[53]
Altun Kupri massacre	3 March 1991	Altun Kupri, Iraq	Iraqi Army	135[54]
Çewlik massacre	24 May 1993	Bingöl, Turkey	Kurdistan Workers' Party	38
Başbağlar massacre	5 July 1993	Başbağlar, Turkey	Kurdistan Workers' Party	33

See also

• List of massacres in Cyprus
• List of massacres in Turkey
• List of massacres of Azerbaijanis

References

1. McCarthy, Justin Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922, Darwin Press Incorporated, 1996, ISBN 0-87850-094-4, Chapter one, The land to be lost, p. 1
2. Jewish Budapest: Memories, Rites, History, by Kinga Frojimovics, Géza Komoróczy, 1999, p.504-505
3. William St. Clair, That Greece Might Still Be Free The Philhellenes in the War of Independence, Oxford University Press, London, 1972 p. 40 ISBN 0-19-215194-0
4. W. Alison, Phillips (1897). The War of Greek Independence, 1821 to 1833. London.
5. Bouboulina Museum, Spetses Greece (Publisher: Greek Island Spetses; Accessed: 2007-04-18) Archived 2011-08-13 at the Wayback Machine.
6. Cited by Hercules Millas, « History Textbooks in Greece and Turkey », History Workshop, n°31, 1991.
7. MacGahan, Januarius A. (1876). Turkish Atrocities in Bulgaria, Letters of the Special Commissioner of the "Daily News", J.A. MacGahan, Esq. London: Bradbury Agnew and Co. p. 13. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
8. Jelavich, Barbara (1999) History of the Balkans: Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, Nide 1, Cambridge University Press, pp.347
9. Quataert, Donald. "The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922 ", Cambridge University Press 2005, pp.69
10. Library Information and Research Service. The Middle East, abstracts and index, Part 1 (1999), Northumberland Press, sf. 493, During that war nearly 400000 Rumelian Turks were massacred. About a million of them who fled before the invading Russian armies took refuge in the Thrace, lstanbul and Westem Anatolia
11. Karpat, Kemal. Ouoman Population. pp. 72–5.
12. Medlicott, William Norton (2013-10-28). Congress of Berlin and After. Routledge. p. 157. ISBN 9781136243172.
13. Carey, John (2005). International Humanitarian Law. BRILL. pp. 68 69. ISBN 9781571052674.
14. Barchard, David. "THE FEARLESS AND SELF-RELIANT SERVANT" (PDF): 27 28 29 30 31. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
15. "2.1 - The War and the noncombatant population". macedonia.kroraina.com. Retrieved 2020-11-19.
16. International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars (1914). Report of the International Commission to Inquire Into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
17. Stavros T. Stavridis : The Greek-Turkish War, 1918-23: an Australian press perspective, Gorgias Press, 2008, ISBN 1593339674, page 117
18. Levene, Mark (2013). Devastation. Oxford University Press. pp. 217, 218. ISBN 9780191505546.
19. Kerr, Stanley Elphinstone (1973). The Lions of Marash. SUNY Press. p. 195. ISBN 9781438408828.
20. "ADANA VE ÇEVRESİNDE ERMENİ MEZALİMİ". Yeni Çağ Gazetesi. Retrieved 2020-07-20.
21. Ade, Mafalda (2019-10-16), "Özgür bir adam", Kaçan Adam, New York: Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, pp. 74–75, doi:10.4324/9780429261862-24, ISBN 978-0-429-26186-2CS1 maint: location (link)
22. Sorrowful Shores, Ryan Gingeras, page 111-112, 2009
23. Smith, Michael Llewellyn (1999). Ionian vision : Greece in Asia Minor, 1919–1922 (New edition, 2nd impression ed.). London: C. Hurst. p. 209. ISBN 9781850653684. At the same time bands of Christian irregulars, Greek Armenian, and Circassian, looted, burned and murdered in the Yalove-Gemlik peninsula.
24. McNeill, William H. (1989). Arnold J. Toynbee: A Life. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199923397. To protect their flanks from harassment, Greek military authorities then encouraged irregular bands of armed men to attack and destroy Turkish populations of the region they proposed to abandon. By the time the Red Crescent vessel arrived at Yalova from Constantinople in the last week of May, fourteen out of sixteen villages in that town's immediate hinterland had been destroyed, and there were only 1500 survivors from the 7000 Moslems who had been living in these communities.
25. https://www.scribd.com/doc/46207420/Ar%C5%9Fiv-Belgelerine-Gore-Balkanlar%E2%80%99da-ve-Anadolu%E2%80%99da-Yunan-Mezalimi-2
26. YURTSEVER, Cezmi (2015). Katliamın Tanığı Yeşiloba. pp. 4–22.
27. State-Nationalisms in the Ottoman Empire, Greece and Turkey: Benjamin C. Fortna,Stefanos Katsikas,Dimitris Kamouzis,Paraskevas Konortas, page 64, 2012
28. DERGİ (1917-11-06). "Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi | Bilecik ve Çevresinde Yunan Mezalimi". Atam.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
29. Toynbee, Arnold (6 April 1922) [9 March 1922], "Letter", The Times, Turkey.
30. Sorrowful Shores, Ryan Gingeras, page 112, 2009
31. Toynbee, Arnold Joseph (1970). The Western Question in Greece and Turkey:A Study in the Contact of Civilizations (PDF). H. Fertig, originally: University of California. p. 553. ‘ But at 1 P.M. on Friday the 24th June, three and a half days before the Greek evacuation, the male inhabitants of the two Turkish quarters of Baghcheshmé and Tepekhané, in the highest part of the town, away from the sea, had been dragged out to the cemetery and shot in batches. On Wednesday the 29th I was present when two of the graves were opened, and ascertained for myself that the corpses were those of Moslems and that their arms had been pinioned behind their backs. There were thought to be about sixty corpses in that group of graves, and there were several others. In all, over 300 people were missing—a death-roll probably exceeding that at Smyrna on the 15th and 16th May 1919.
32. Yunan mezalimi: İzmir, Aydın, Manisa, Denizli : 1919-1923, Mustafa Turan, University of Michigan-Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi, 2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iy1pAAAAMAAJ&q=14+%C5%9Eubatta+ku%C5%9Fat%C4%B1ld%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1n%C4%B1,+c%C3%A2milerin+ate%C5%9Fe+verildi%C4%9Fini,+400+ki%C5%9Fiden+yaln%C4%B1z+15+kad%C4%B1n+ve+erke%C4%9Fin+ka%C3%A7t%C4%B1klar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n+kendisine+bildirildi%C4%9Fini%22+yaz%C4%B1yordu425.&dq=14+%C5%9Eubatta+ku%C5%9Fat%C4%B1ld%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1n%C4%B1,+c%C3%A2milerin+ate%C5%9Fe+verildi%C4%9Fini,+400+ki%C5%9Fiden+yaln%C4%B1z+15+kad%C4%B1n+ve+erke%C4%9Fin+ka%C3%A7t%C4%B1klar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n+kendisine+bildirildi%C4%9Fini%22+yaz%C4%B1yordu425.&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=xW3tUYWALYiHswae0oHYDQ&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA%7Cquote=14 Şubatta kuşatıldığını, câmilerin ateşe verildiğini, 400 kişiden yalnız 15 kadın ve erkeğin kaçtıklarının kendisine bildirildiğini" yazıyordu
33. Adıvar, Halide Edib (1928). The Turkish Ordeal: Being the Further Memoirs of Halidé Edib. Century Company, University of Virginia. p. 363.
34. Mango, Atatürk, p. 343.
35. U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park to Secretary of State, Smyrna, 11 April 1923. US archives US767.68116/34
36. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 132. Atlantic Monthly Co. 1923. p. 829. Two thirds of Salihli, with a population of 10,000, only a tenth of whom were Greeks, had been burned over, seventy-six people were known to have burned to death, and a hundred young girls were said to have been taken away by Greek
37. "1922 Manisa yangını - Vikipedi". tr.m.wikipedia.org (in Turkish). Retrieved 2020-02-20.
38. Batı Anadolu'da Yunan mezalimi:, Mustafa Tayla, University of Michigan,- Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi,|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5T5pAAAAMAAJ&q=ve+(3500)+ki%C5%9Fi+ate%C5%9F+de+yak%C4%B1lmak+ve+(855)+ki%C5%9Fi+kur%C5%9Funa+dizilmek+suretiyle+%C3%B6ld%C3%BCr%C3%BClm%C3%BC%C5%9Ft%C3%BCr&dq=ve+(3500)+ki%C5%9Fi+ate%C5%9F+de+yak%C4%B1lmak+ve+(855)+ki%C5%9Fi+kur%C5%9Funa+dizilmek+suretiyle+%C3%B6ld%C3%BCr%C3%BClm%C3%BC%C5%9Ft%C3%BCr&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=2WntUazSMIOetAbdwoGoCg&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA
39. Anderson & Stansfield 2009, 63
40. Stephen, Michael (1997). The Cyprus Question. British-Northern Cyprus Parliamentary Group.
41. "REPORT BY THE SECRETARY-GENERAL ON THE UNITED NATIONS OPERATION IN CYPRUS" (PDF). United Nations. 10 September 1964. Retrieved 17 December 2018. The trade of the Turkish community had considerably declined during the period, due to the existing situation, and unemployment reached a very high level as approximately 25,000 Turkish Cypriots had become refugees.
42. Bryant, Rebecca (2012). Displacement in Cyprus Consequences of Civil and Military Strife Report 2 Life Stories: Turkish Cypriot Community (PDF). Oslo: PRIO Cyprus Centre. pp. 5–15.
43. Oberling, Pierre (1982). The road to Bellapais: The Turkish Cypriot exodus to northern Cyprus. p. 120. ISBN 978-0880330008.
44. "Katliam emrini Rum Genelkurmay'ı vermiş". CNN Türk (in Turkish). Retrieved 2020-03-24.
45. sabah, daily (2018-08-08). "'Kill 10 Turks for each slain Greek,' Greek Cypriot forces told amid pre-division violence". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 2020-06-05.
46. Country Studies: Cyprus - Intercommunal Violence Archived 8 November 2004 at the Wayback Machine
47. Documents Officiels, United Nations Security Council, p. 82: "Alaminos village has already been in the news because a massacre of 13 Turkish Cypriots was discovered there"
48. Impact: International Fortnightly, Volumes 4-6: Fourteen Turkish Cypriots were murdered at the village of Alaminos on 20 July.
49. Massacre of Turks alleged (St. Petersburg Times, 29 July 1974)
50. Records: Volume 1, Part 1-Volume 3, Part 1, UNESCO, p. 319
51. List of Turkish Cypriot missing persons Archived 2011-09-15 at the Wayback Machine (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Cyprus) Retrieved on July 18, 2011.
52. "Muratağa and Sandallar problem is being taken to the European Court of Human Rights" (in Turkish). BRT - Kıbrıs Postası. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
53. "POPULATION TRANSFER: The Tragedy of the Meskhetian Turks". Cultural Survival. March 1992.
54. Altunköprü the ancient name of Türkmen Township

Bibliography

• Anderson, Liam D.; Stansfield, Gareth R. V. (2009), Crisis in Kirkuk: The Ethnopolitics of Conflict and Compromise, University of Pennsylvania Press, ISBN 978-0-8122-4176-1