List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll

This is a list of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll. Anthropogenic means caused by humans. The list covers the name of the event, location and the start and end of each event. Some events may belong in more than one category. In addition, some of the listed events overlap each other, and in some cases the death toll from a smaller event is included in the one for the larger event or time period of which it was part.

There is often large uncertainty about the number of deaths. The tables are initially sorted by the geometric mean, meaning the square root of the product of the lowest and highest estimate. For example, ${\displaystyle {\sqrt {500\cdot 2000}}=1000}$.

Wars and armed conflicts

This section lists all wars in which the highest estimated casualties exceed 100,000, this includes deaths of both soldiers, civilians, etc from causes both directly and indirectly caused by the war, which includes combat, disease, famine, massacres, suicide, and genocide.

Event	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Geometric mean estimate[1]	Location	From	Until	Duration	Notes, see also
World War II	60,000,000	118,357,000[2]	84,269,920	Worldwide	1939	1945	6 years and 1 day	See also: World War II casualties.
Three Kingdoms	36,000,000	40,000,000	37,947,332	China	184	280	96 years	Academically, the period of the Three Kingdoms refers to the period between the foundation of the state of Wei in 220 and the conquest of the state of Wu by the Jin dynasty in 280. The earlier, "unofficial" part of the period, from 184 to 220, was marked by chaotic infighting between warlords in various parts of China.
Mongol conquests	30,000,000[3]	57,000,000[4][5][6][7][8][9][10]	34,641,016	Eurasia	1206	1405	199 years	See also: Mongol Empire, Destruction under the Mongol Empire
European colonization of the Americas	8,400,000[11]	138,000,000 [12]	34,047,026	Americas	1492	1691	199 years	Death toll estimates vary due to lack of consensus as to the demographic size of the native population pre-Columbus, which might never be accurately determined. The 90% death rate was mainly caused by disease.[lower-alpha 1] Vast depopulation contributed to Little Ice Age[15]
Taiping Rebellion	10,000,000[16]	100,000,000[17][18][19]	31,622,777	China	1851	1864	14 years	See also: Qing dynasty
Transition from Ming to Qing	25,000,000[20]	25,000,000	25,000,000	China	1618	1683	65 years	See also: Qing dynasty
Second Sino-Japanese War	20,000,000	25,000,000	22,360,680	China	1937	1945	8 years	– Part of World War II
An Lushan Rebellion	13,020,000	36,000,000	21,633,308	China	755	763	8 years	Also known as the An–Shi rebellion
World War I	17,500,000[21]	40,000,000+[22]	23,568,559	Worldwide	1914	1918	4 years, 3 months, 1 week
Conquests of Timur	8,000,000[23][24]	17,000,000[25][26]	12,649,111	Central Asia, Middle East and South Asia	1370	1405	35 years	Up to 5% of the world's population at the time.
Dungan Revolt	8,000,000	12,000,000	9,797,959	Qing dynasty	1862	1877	15 years	See also: Qing dynasty
Chinese Civil War	8,000,000[27]	11,692,000[28]	9,671,401	China	1927	1949	22 years
Reconquista	7,000,000	7,000,000	7,000,000	Iberian Peninsula	711	1492	781 years	Note: cannot be considered a single war
Russian Civil War	5,000,000	9,000,000[29]	6,708,204	Russia	1917	1921	5 years	See also: Russian Revolution, List of civil wars
Thirty Years' War	3,000,000[30]	11,500,000[31]	5,873,670	Holy Roman Empire, Europe	1618	1648	30 years	Initially a religious war between Catholics and Protestants, it became a general European political war. It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history.
Mughal–Maratha Wars	5,600,000	5,600,000	5,600,000	India	1680	1707	27 years
Napoleonic Wars	3,500,000[32]	7,000,000[33]	4,949,747	Europe, Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean	1803	1815	13 years	See also: Napoleonic Wars casualties
Yellow Turban Rebellion	3,000,000[34]	7,000,000[34]	4,582,576	China	184	205	22 years	– Part of the Three Kingdoms War
Second Congo War	2,500,000[35]	5,400,000[36]	3,674,235	Democratic Republic of the Congo	1998	2003	6 years
Korean War	1,500,000[37]	4,500,000[37]	2,598,076	Korean Peninsula	1950	1953	4 years	Categorized as part of the Cold War.
French Wars of Religion	2,000,000	4,000,000[38]	2,828,427	France	1562	1598	37 years	Largely a religious war between Catholics and Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants)
Indian Rebellion of 1857	800,000	10,000,000	2,828,427	India	1857	1858	1 year
Hundred Years' War	2,300,000[39]	3,300,000[40]	2,754,995	Western Europe	1337	1453	116 years	Edwardian War (1337–1360), Caroline War (1369–1389), Lancastrian War (1415–1453)
Vietnam War	966,000[41]	3,800,000[42]	2,383,000	Southeast Asia	1955	1975	21 years	Cold War and First Indochina War
Crusades	1,000,000[43]	3,000,000[44]	2,000,000	Holy Land, Europe	1095	1291	196 years	Christian military excursions in the Middle East.
Nigerian Civil War	1,000,000	3,000,000	2,000,000	Nigeria	1966	1970	4 years	Ethnic cleansings of the Igbo people followed by Civil War.
Mfecane	1,500,000[45]	2,000,000[46]	1,750,000	Southern Africa	1816	1828	13 years	Ndwandwe–Zulu War
Punic Wars	1,250,000[47]	1,850,000	1,520,691	Medi­terranean	264 BC	146 BC	118 years	See also: Carthage, Roman Republic
Second Sudanese Civil War	1,000,000[48]	2,000,000	1,414,214	Sudan	1983	2005	23 years	First Sudanese Civil War
Qin's wars of unification	2,000,000	2,000,000[49]	2,000,000	China	230 BC	221 BC	9 years	See also: History of China[50][51]
Seven Years' War	868,000	1,400,000	1,102,361	Worldwide	1756	1763	7 years
Soviet–Afghan War	600,000[52]	2,000,000[52]	1,095,445	Afghanistan	1980	1988	9 years	Sometimes categorized as a proxy war during the Cold War. – Part of the War in Afghanistan
Japanese invasions of Korea	1,000,000[53]	1,000,000	1,000,000	Korea	1592	1598	7 years
French Revolutionary Wars	1,000,000	1,000,000	1,000,000	Worldwide	1792	1802	10 years
Mexican Revolution	500,000[54]	2,000,000[54]	1,000,000	Mexico, United States	1911	1920	10 years	Includes Pancho Villa's raids and the Columbus Raid.
Italian conquest of the Horn of Africa	1,000,000	1,000,000	1,000,000	Horn of Africa	1924	1940	16 years
Panthay Rebellion	890,000	1,000,000	943,398	China	1856	1873	18 years
Wars of the Three Kingdoms	876,000	876,000	876,000	British Isles	1639	1651	12 years
Conquests of Mehmed the Conqueror	873,000	873,000	873,000^[citation needed]	Eastern Europe	1451	1481	30 years
Ethiopian Civil War	500,000	1,500,000	866,025	Ethiopia	1974	1991	17 years
Jewish–Roman wars	350,000	2,000,000	836,660	Roman Empire	66	136	70 years	See also: Roman Empire
American Civil War	650,000	1,000,000	800,000	South­eastern United States and Pennsylvania	1861	1865	4 years	See also: United States
Algerian War	350,000	1,500,000	724,569	Algeria	1954	1962	7 years, 4 months, 2 weeks, and 4 days	[55]
War of the Spanish Succession	400,000	1,251,000	707,389	Europe, North America, South America	1702	1714	12 years
Spanish Civil War	500,000	1,000,000	707,107	Spain	1936	1939	4 years
Eighty Years' War	230,000	2,000,000	678,233	The Low Countries, South America, Caribbean Sea, East and Southeast Asia	1568	1648	80 years
Gallic Wars	400,000	1,000,000	632,445	France	58 BC	50 BC	9 years	See also: Roman Empire
Spanish American wars of independence	600,000	600,000	600,000	Americas	1808	1833	25 years
Paraguayan War	300,000[56]	1,200,000[57]	600,000	Southern Cone	1864	1870	7 years	Military history of South America, Francisco Solano López and Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias
Iran–Iraq War	289,220	1,100,000	564,041	Iran–Iraq border	1980	1988	8 years	Iran claims: 123,220 KIA + 11,000 civilians Iraq claims: 105,000 KIA + 50,000 in Kurdish Genocide Others claim 600,000 Iranians killed and 500,000 Iraqis
French invasion of Russia	540,000	540,000	540,000	Russia	1812	1812	5 months, 2 weeks and 6 days	– Part of the Napoleonic Wars
Syrian Civil War	500,000	570,000	535,000	Syria	2011	Present	8 years
English Civil War	356,000	735,000	511,527	England	1642	1651	9 years	– Part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
Angolan Civil War	504,158	504,158	504,158	Angola	1975	2002	27 years
First Sudanese Civil War	500,000	500,000	500,000	Sudan	1955	1972	17 years
War on Terror	480,000[58]	507,000[58]	493,500	Worldwide	2001	Present	18 years	Includes Iraq War, War in Afghanistan (2001–present), and War in North-West Pakistan.
Albigensian Crusade	200,000	1,000,000	447,214	Southern France	1208	1229	21 years
First Congo War	250,000	800,000	447,214	Zaire	1996	1997	1 year
Maratha invasions of Bengal	400,000	400,000	400,000	India	1741	1751	10 years
First Indochina War	400,000	400,000	400,000	Southeast Asia	1946	1954	8 years	Also known as the Indochina War
Continuation War	387,333	387,333	387,333	Northern Europe	1941	1944	3 years	– Part of World War II
Somali Civil War	300,000	500,000	387,298	Somalia	1986	Present	32 years
Crimean War	356,000	410,000	382,047	Crimea	1853	1856	3 years
Iraq War	268,000[58]	461,000[59]	364,500	Iraq	2003	2011	8 years	See also: Casualties of the Iraq War – Part of the War on Terror
Cuban War of Independence	362,000	362,000	362,000	Cuba	1895	1898	3 years
Great Northern War	350,000	350,000	350,000	Northern and Eastern Europe	1700	1721	21 years
Italian Wars	300,000	400,000	346,410	Southern Europe	1494	1559	65 years	Also known as the Great Wars of Italy
French conquest of Algeria	300,000	300,000	300,000	Algeria	1829	1847	18 years
Burundian Civil War	300,000	300,000	300,000	Burundi	1993	2005	12 years
War in Darfur	178,258	461,520	286,827	Sudan	2003	Present	15 years
Bangladesh Liberation War	26,000	3,000,000	500,000	East Pakistan	1971	1971	1 year	See also: Bangladeshi Genocide casualties
Second Italo-Ethiopian War	278,350	278,350	278,350	Ethiopia	1935	1936	1 year	Also known as the Second Italo–Abyssinian War
Papua conflict	150,000	400,000	244,949	New Guinea	1963	Present	55 years
Ten Years' War	241,000	241,000	241,000	Cuba	1868	1878	10 years	Also known as the Great War
Philippine–American War	234,000	234,000	234,000	Philippines	1899	1912	13 years	Also known as the Philippine War
Venezuelan War of Independence	228,000	228,000	228,000	Venezuela	1810	1823	13 years	– Part of the Spanish American Wars of Independence
Ugandan Bush War	100,000	500,000	223,607	Uganda	1981	1986	5 years	Also known as the Luwero War
Lord's Resistance Army insurgency	100,000	500,000	223,607	Central Africa	1987	Present	31 years
Franco-Dutch War	220,000	220,000	220,000	Western Europe	1672	1678	6 years	Also known as the Dutch War
Colombian conflict	220,000	220,000	220,000	Colombia	1964	Present	56 years
Iraqi-Kurdish conflict	138,800	320,100	210,784	Iraq	1918	2003	85 years
Campaigns of Suleiman the Magnificent	200,000	200,000	200,000	Eastern Europe, Middle East and North Africa	1521	1566	25 years
Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)	200,000	200,000	200,000	Western Europe	1635	1659	24 years
Carlist Wars	200,000	200,000	200,000	Spain	1820	1876	56 years
La Violencia	192,700	194,700	193,697	Colombia	1948	1958	10 years
Internal conflict in Myanmar	130,000	250,000	180,278	Myanmar	1948	Present	72 years
Kalinga War	150,000	200,000	173,205	India	262 BC	261 BC	2 years
Winter War	153,736	194,837	173,071	Finland	1939	1940	1 year	– Part of World War II
Greek Civil War	158,000	158,000	158,000	Greece	1946	1949	3 years
North Yemen Civil War	100,000	200,000	141,421	Yemen	1962	1970	8 years
1991 Iraqi uprisings in Iraq	85,000	235,000	141,333	Iraq	1991	1991	1 month and 4 days
Balkan Wars	140,000	140,000	140,000	Balkans	1912	1913	1 year
Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)	138,285	138,285	138,285	Europe and Americas	1585	1604	19 years
Saint-Domingue Expedition	135,000	135,000	135,000	Haiti	1802	1803	1 year
Yugoslav Wars	130,000	140,000	134,907	Balkans	1991	2001	10 years
Lebanese Civil War	120,000	150,000	134,164	Lebanon	1975	1990	15 years
Sierra Leone Civil War	50,000	300,000	122,474	Sierra Leone	1991	2002	11 years
Great Turkish War	120,000	120,000	120,000	Eastern Europe	1683	1699	16 years	Also known as the War of the Holy League
Thousand Days War	120,000	120,000	120,000	Colombia	1899	1902	3 years
Moro conflict	120,000	120,000	120,000	Philippines	1969	Present	49 years
Arab–Israeli conflict	116,074	116,074	116,074	Middle East	1948	Present	70 years
Mexican Drug War	106,800	106,800	106,800	Mexico	2006	Present	12 years	Also known as the Mexican War on Drugs
Aceh War	97,000	107,000	101,877	Indonesia	1873	1914	41 years	Also known as the Infidel War
Bosnian War	97,214	104,732	100,903	Bosnia and Herzegovina	1991	1995	4 years	– Part of the Yugoslav Wars
German Peasants' War	100,000	100,000	100,000	Germany	1524	1525	1 year	Also known as the Great Peasants' War
Kurdish rebellions in Turkey	100,000	100,000	100,000	Middle East	1921	Present	97 years
Congo Crisis	100,000	100,000	100,000	Republic of the Congo	1960	1965	5 years
Insurgency in Laos	100,000	100,000	100,000	Laos	1975	2007	32 years
Kivu Conflict	100,000	100,000	100,000	Democratic Republic of the Congo	2004	Present	14 years	– Part of the Second Congo War
Indian annexation of Hyderabad	100,000	500,000	100,000	India	1948	1948	5 days	Also known as Operation Polo
Kashmir Conflict	80,000	110,000	93,808	North India, Pakistan	1947	Present	71 years
Algerian Civil War	44,000	200,000	93,808	Algeria	1991	2002	11 years
Angolan War of Independence	82,991	102,991	92,452	Angola	1961	1974	13 years
Sri Lankan Civil War	80,000	100,000	89,443	Sri Lanka	1983	2009	26 years

War crimes, massacres and ancient war atrocities

This section lists non-combatant deaths during wars that were committed or caused by military or quasi-military forces. They may not particularly target ethnic, religious, or political groups but are usually part of a military strategy that disregards civilian lives, or they may be arbitrary acts of cruelty.

Event	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Geometric mean estimate[1]	Location	From	Until	Duration	Notes
War crimes during World War II	29,000,000	30,500,000	29,074,054	Worldwide	1939	1945	6 years	See also: World War II casualties.
Japanese war crimes	3,000,000 (lowest estimate to include soldier deaths, famine or disease caused by Japanese imperialism)[60]	14,000,000+[61]	6,480,741	In and around East and South East Asia, Oceania and the Pacific	1931	1945	14 years	Japanese war crimes occurred in many Asian and Pacific countries during the period of Japanese imperialism, primarily during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II. If total casualties for these conflicts are assigned exclusively to Japanese aggression the toll could reach some 30 million deaths. These incidents have also been described as an Asian Holocaust[62] and Japanese war atrocities.[63][64][65] Some war crimes were committed by military personnel from the Empire of Japan in the late 19th century, although most took place during the first part of the Shōwa Era, the name given to the reign of Emperor Hirohito, until the surrender of the Empire of Japan, in 1945.
Three Alls Policy	2,700,000	2,700,000	2,700,000	China	1940	1942	2 years	In a study published in 1996, historian Mitsuyoshi Himeta claims that the Three Alls Policy, a scorched-earth policy implemented by the Imperial Japanese Army on China, sanctioned by Emperor Hirohito himself, was both directly and indirectly responsible for the deaths of "more than 2.7 million" Chinese civilians.[66]
War crimes during the Chinese Civil War	1,800,000	3,500,000[67]	2,509,980	China	1927	1950	23 years	During the war, both Nationalists and Communists carried out mass atrocities, with millions of non-combatants deliberately killed by both sides.[68]
War crimes during the First and Second Sudanese Civil Wars	2,000,000	2,000,000	2,000,000	Sudan	1956	2005	49 years	[69]
War crimes during the Soviet–Afghan War	500,000	2,000,000	1,000,000	Afghanistan	1979	1989	10 years	Some refer to the mass murder of civilians during the Soviet Invasion as a genocide, however those killed were on the basis of political alignment making it a politicide. [70][71]
War crimes of Zhang Xianzhong	1,000,000	1,000,000[72]	1,000,000	Sichuan, China	1644	1646	2 years	Committed during a bloody peasant revolt that massacred a large portion of Sichuan's population.
War crimes during Warlord Era China	910,000	910,000	910,000	China	1900	1927	27 years	[73]
War crimes during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War	62,000[74]	485,000[74]	173,407	Ethiopia	1935	1941	6 years	Angelo Del Boca, The Ethiopian War 1935–1941 (1965), cites a 1945 memorandum from Ethiopia to the Conference of Prime Ministers, which tallies 760,300 natives dead; of them: battle deaths: 275,000, hunger among refugees: 300,000, patriots killed during occupation: 78,500, concentration camps: 35,000, Feb. 1937 massacre: 30,000, executions: 24,000, civilians killed by air force: 17,800.
Mongol sacking after the Siege of Baghdad (1258)	200,000[75]	2,000,000[76]	632,456	Baghdad	January 29, 1258	February 10, 1258	12 days	Mass slaughter of civilians by the Mongols in Baghdad. Considered to be the end of the "Islamic Golden Age."
War crimes during the Angolan Civil War	500,000	500,000	500,000	Angola	1975	2002	27 years	The 27-year war can be divided roughly into three periods of major fighting – 1975–91, 1992–94, and 1998 to 2002 – broken up by fragile periods of peace. By the time the MPLA achieved victory in 2002, more than 500,000 people had died and over one million had been internally displaced. The war devastated Angola's infrastructure, and severely damaged the nation's public administration, economic enterprises, and religious institutions.
Biological warfare and human experimentation by the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II	400,000	580,000[77]	481,664	Parts of Russia and China especially Manchuria	1931	1945	14 years	See also: Unit 731 and the Asian Holocaust.
War crimes during the Maratha invasions of Bengal	400,000[78][79]	400,000[78][79]	400,000	Bengal and Bihar regions of Indian subcontinent	1741	1751	10 years	Maratha Empire invaded Bengal Subah, occupied the western Bengal and Bihar regions, and perpetrated atrocities against the local population.[78][79]
War crimes during La Violencia	200,000[80]	300,000[80]	244,949	Colombia	1948	1958	10 years	La Violencia was a ten-year period of civil war and violence in Colombia from 1948–58, between the Colombian Conservative Party and the Colombian Liberal Party, fought mainly in the rural countryside. Death toll may include non-civilian victims.
War crimes during the Philippine–American War	200,000	250,000	223,607	Philippines	1899	1902	3 years	[81][82][83][lower-alpha 2]
Manila Massacre	100,000	500,000	223,607	Manila, Philippines	1945	1945	1 month	[84][85][86][87]
War crimes during the Colombian conflict	177,307	177,307	177,307	Colombia	1964	present	54 years	[88]
War crimes during the War in the Vendée	100,000[89][90]	250,000[91][92]	158,114	France during the French Revolution	1793	1796	3 years	Described as genocide by some historians,[90] but this claim has been widely discounted.[93] See also: French Revolution.
War crimes during the First and Second Chechen Wars	55,000	330,000	134,722	Chechnya	1994	2009	15 years	[94][95][96][97] [98][99]
War crimes during the Iran–Iraq War	61,000	282,000	131,156	Iran and Iraq	1980	1988	8 years	11,000 to 100,000[100] civilians killed on both sides, plus 50 to 182 killed in Kurdish Genocide.
War crimes committed by South Vietnam during the Diem era and Vietnam War	57,000	284,000	127,232	Vietnam	1954	1975	21 years	[101]
War crimes during the Syrian Civil War	106,390	110,218	108,287	Syria	2011	present	7 years	See also: List of massacres during the Syrian Civil War
War crimes of the Viet Cong	36,725[102]	227,000[103]	91,305	Vietnam	1955	1975	20 years
War crimes during the Second Italo-Senussi War	80,000	125,000	100,000	Libya	1923	1932	9 years	Specific war crimes alleged to have been committed by the Italian armed forces against civilians include deliberate bombing of civilians, killing unarmed children, women, and the elderly; rape and disembowelment of women; throwing prisoners out of aircraft to their death, running over others with tanks, regular daily executions of civilians in some areas, and bombing tribal villages with mustard gas bombs, beginning in 1930.
War crimes of the Lord's Resistance Army	100,000	100,000	100,000	Uganda, Central African Republic, and the Democratic Republic of Congo	1986	2009	23 years	The Guardian reported in 2015 that Kony's forces had been responsible for the deaths of over 100,000 people and the kidnapping of at least 60,000 children. Various atrocities committed include raping young girls and abducting them for use as sex slaves.
War crimes of the National Islamic Front	100,000	100,000	100,000	Sudan	1964	1999	35 years	Alleged human rights abuses by the NIF regime included war crimes, ethnic cleansing, a revival of slavery, torture of opponents, and an unprecedented number of refugees fleeing into Uganda, Kenya, Eritrea, Egypt, Europe and North America.[104]
War crimes during the Papua conflict	100,000[105]	100,000[106]	100,000	West Papua	1963	present	55 years	Since Indonesia has taken control of West Papua in 1963, the population of West Papua has recorded more than 100,000 unnatural deaths. The administration of West Papua has been called a police state.
War crimes during the Kashmir Conflict	47,000[107]	100,000[108]	68,556	Kashmir	1947	present	71 years	See also: Human Rights Abuses in Jammu and Kashmir, Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir, List of massacres in Jammu and Kashmir
The Rape of Nanking	13,000[109] (all victims) 5,000[109] (Civilian massacre victims)	400,000[110] (all victims) 100,000[111] (Civilian massacre victims)	72,111 (all victims) 22,361 (Civilian massacre victims)	Nanking, China	1937	1938	1 year	The Nanking Massacre, commonly known as the Rape of Nanking, was a war crime committed by the Japanese military in Nanjing, then capital of the Republic of China, after it fell to the Imperial Japanese Army on December 13, 1937. See: Death toll of the Nanking Massacre.
War crimes during the Internal conflict in Peru	61,007[112] ^[see notes]	77,552^[see notes]	68,784^[see notes]	Peru	1980	2000	20 years	In the late 20th century, the Peruvian government (armed forces and civil rondas) fought against communist terrorists in Peru. The principal actors in the war were the Communist Party of Peru or "Shining Path" and the government of Peru; the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement was also involved and other paramilitary entities. Peru's Truth and Reconciliation Commission reached a figure of approx. 68,784 deaths and disappearances, of which 54% were ascribed to Shining Path, 1.5% to Tupac Amaru and 37% to State officials, who were also responsible for 83% of reported cases of sexual violence, and systematic use of torture. An academic research published in 2019 contests the Commission's methodology, reaching a total figure of approx. 47,849, of which 27,872 were victims of State officials, 18,341 of the Shining Path, and 1,636 by all other actors.[113][114]
War crimes during the Sheikh Said rebellion	15,000 20,000[115]	40,000 250,000[116]	24,495 70,711	Turkey	1925	1925	1 month	The Sheikh Said Rebellion was a rebellion to revive the Islamic Caliphate System, and used elements of Kurdish nationalism for recruiting.[117] It was led by Sheikh Said and a group of former Ottoman soldiers, known as Hamidiye soldiers. The rebellion was of two Kurdish groups, the Zaza people and the speakers of the related Kurmanji dialect of Kurdish: it "was led specifically by the Zaza population and received almost full support in the entire Zaza region and some of the neighbouring Kurmanji-dominated regions".[118]
Violations of Human rights in ISIL-controlled territory	Many tens of thousands	Many tens of thousands		Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan, Libya, Philippines, Nigeria and sporadic terrorism worldwide	2014	present	7 years	ISIS has existed as an active terrorist organization in one form or another since at least 2003. Many tens of thousands of casualties in the Iraqi wars of the 21st century can be attributed to them and their parent organizations. See also the death tolls from 2014 onwards in International military intervention against ISIL
War Crimes during the Sri Lankan Civil War	7,000[119]	20,000	16,733	Sri Lanka	1983	2009	26 years	There are allegations that war crimes were committed by the Sri Lankan military and the rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (Tamil Tigers) during the Sri Lankan Civil War, particularly during the final months of the Eelam War IV phase in 2009. The alleged war crimes include attacks on civilians and civilian buildings by both sides; executions of combatants and prisoners by both sides; enforced disappearances by the Sri Lankan military and paramilitary groups backed by them; acute shortages of food, medicine, and clean water for civilians trapped in the war zone; and child recruitment by the Tamil Tigers.[120][121]
Sack of Thessalonica (904)	15,000	15,000[122]	15,000	Byzantine Empire	904	904	?	The sack of the second city of the Byzantine Empire by a Muslim fleet under the command of Leo of Tripoli. In addition to the thousands killed, the Saracen fleet also took 20,000 Greek slaves.
Use of child soldiers in Iran during the Iran–Iraq war	6,000	18,000	10,392	Iran	1980	1988	8 years	3% of two to six hundred thousand casualties.[123][124][125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132]
Massacres during the Algerian Civil War	10,000	10,000	10,000	Algeria	1991	2002	11 years	[133][134]
War crimes during the Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War	6,856[135]	8,651[136]	7,701	Syria	September 2015	present	4 years	[137] See also: Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War.
War crimes during the Balochistan conflict	7,628	7,628	7,628	Balochistan, Pakistan	1937	present	81 years	[138][139][140]
September 11 attacks	2,977	2,977	2,977	United States	September 11, 2001	September 11, 2001	1 day	[141]
War crimes during the War in Donbass	2,000	2,000	2,000	Donbass, Ukraine	2014	present	4 years	[142]
Sabra and Shatila massacre	460[143]	3,500[144]	1,269	West Beirut, Lebanon	September 16, 1982	September 18, 1982	2 days	Massacre of a Palestinian refugee camp by Lebanese Christians.
Vukovar massacre	260	260	260	Croatia	November 20, 1991	November 20, 1991	1 day	Massacre of a Croatian prisoners of war by Serb paramilitaries.
Fort Pillow massacre	235	235	235	Lauderdale County, Tennessee	April 12, 1864	April 12, 1864	1 day	Death toll includes both U.S. and Confederate dead. U.S. dead includes those both killed in combat and murdered by the Confederates afterwards.
Lawrence massacre	204	204	204	Douglas County, Kansas	August 21, 1863	August 21, 1863	1 day	Death toll includes both U.S. and Confederate dead. Deadliest terrorist attack in U.S. history until the Oklahoma City bombing of 1995.

Genocides, ethnic cleansing, religious persecution

This section lists events that entail the mass murder (or death caused by the forced eviction) of individuals on the basis of race, religion, or ethnicity.

Event	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Geometric mean estimate[1]	Location	From	Until	Duration	Notes
Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas	2,000,000[145]	145,000,000[12]	16,613,248	North and South America	1492	1996[146][147][148][149]	504 years	While the overall toll of man made deaths of Amerindians is unknown, there have been a few known events in which many Amerindians perished. Thousands to millions more killed in forced labor, wars and massacres; Covers both North and South America Unknown number of Apache killed for bounty See also: Spanish colonization of the Americas, Encomienda system, Mexican Indian Wars, List of Indian massacres
Generalplan Ost (World War II casualties of the Soviet Union)	13,684,700	40,000,000	23,396,324	German-occupied Europe and Russia	1939	1945	6 years	Germany's extermination of Slavic peoples and citizens of the Soviet Union. Figure given is both as intentional genocide and overall civilian war casualties.
The Holocaust	4,200,000[150]	6,300,000[151][152]	5,143,928	German-occupied Europe	1941	1945	4 years	The systematic and bureaucratic genocide of European Jews by Germany,and its collaborators
Holodomor	2,711,000	7,811,000	4,601,698	Ukraine	1932	1933	1 year	The term "Ukrainian Genocide" usually refers to the man-made famine of 1932 through 1933, called the Holodomor, in which the grain of Ukrainians was confiscated to the point where they could not survive off the amount of grain they had, and were also restricted from fleeing their villages to find food under threat of execution or deportation into a Gulag camp. The term also includes the killing of Ukrainian intelligentsia during the Great Purge, especially the Orthodox Church. The main advocate for this view was Raphael Lemkin, creator of the word genocide. Data from after the opening of the Soviet archives records deaths at 2.4 to 7.5 million in famine, 300,000 during the purge, and 1,100 from the Law of Spikelets. Some scholars dispute that the famine was deliberately engineered by the Soviet government or that it was a genocide.[153][154][155] – Part of the Soviet famine of 1932–33
Nazi crimes against the Polish nation	2,770,000	2,770,000	2,770,000	German-occupied Poland	1941	1945	4 years	Genocide of Christian Poles during the invasion of Poland by Germany.
Three Alls Policy	2,700,000	2,700,000	2,700,000	China	1940	1942	2 years	In a study published in 1996, historian Mitsuyoshi Himeta claims that the Three Alls Policy, a scorched earth policy implemented by the Imperial Japanese Army on China, sanctioned by Emperor Hirohito himself, was both directly and indirectly responsible for the deaths of "more than 2.7 million" Chinese civilians.– Part of the Japanese war crimes
Cambodian genocide	1,386,734[156]	3,400,000[157]	2,171,381	Democratic Kampuchea	1975	1979	4 years	Deaths due to arbitrary torture, execution, starvation, and forced labor among the population of Cambodia under the rule of Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge, including both killings of ethnic Khmer (the majority ethnic group) as well as a genocide of religious and ethnic minorities by the Khmer Rouge. Minimum death toll is the number of corpses found in the Killing Fields. Samuel Totten argues the mass killings were committed by fellow Khmer, and the Khmer were killed more in proportion to their population than other victims of the Khmer Rouge, making it more of a politicide.[158] These killings have been described as autogenocide or civil genocide. According to Samuel Totten 1,325,000 ethnic Khmers were killed.
Rwandan and Burundian genocides	905,000	1,595,000	1,234,190	Burundi, Rwanda, and Zaire	1959	1997	38 years	Combined death toll of all genocides and other massacres between the Hutus and the Tutsis. Regarded as the most efficient genocide of the 20th century, the Rwandan genocide was the disorganized communal mass murder of Tutsis, by their rival tribe the Hutu through the Rwandan government and Hutu Power militias such as the Interahamwe and Impuzamugambi. Violence peaked in the hundred days between April 7, 1994 and July 15, 1994, during which time between 500,000 and 1,000,000 people were killed.
Population transfer in the Soviet Union	1,000,000	1,500,000	1,224,745	Soviet Union	1920	1951	31 years	May include casualties of decossackization.
Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)	500,000	3,000,000	1,224,745	Eastern Europe	1944	1950	6 years	Both direct and indirect deaths of ethnic German civilians and POWs during the redrawing of national borders after World War II.
Kazakh famine of 1932–1933	1,500,000	2,300,000	1,857,418	Kazakhstan	1932	1933	1 year	– Part of the Soviet famine of 1932–33
Armenian Genocide	800,000	1,500,000	1,095,445	Ottoman Empire	1914	1918	4 years	The first genocide of the 20th century to kill over 1,000,000 people, this event was conducted by the Young Turks government of the Ottoman Empire under the administration of Talaat Pasha, Enver Pasha and Djemal Pasha.
Persecution of Hazara people during the 1888–1893 Uprisings of Hazaras	400,000[159]	2,500,000[160]	1,000,000	Afghanistan	1888	1893	5 years	Over 60% of the Hazara population were either massacred or displaced in Abdur Rahman Khan's crackdown of the Hazaras.
Punti-Hakka Clan Wars	1,000,000	1,000,000	1,000,000	China	1850	1867	17 years	After the fall of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom the Qing government cracked down on the Hakka ethnic group for allying with the kingdom slaughtering 30,000 per day. The death toll of the Punti-Hakka Clan Wars is estimated to be 1,000,000 and there was also a mass execution done during the Taiping Rebellion. It is unclear whether these events refer to the Qing crackdown. If this death toll is applied to the estimated death rate, the massacre likely took place over the course of a month.[161][162][163]
French conquest of Algeria	500,000	1,000,000	707,107	Algeria	1827	1875	48 years	Within the first three decades, the French military massacred between half a million to one million from approximately three million Algerian people.[164]
Partition of India	200,000	2,000,000	632,456	India	1947	1957	10 years	In the riots which preceded the partition in the Punjab Province, it is believed that between 200,000 and 2,000,000 people were killed in the retributive genocide between Hindus and Muslims.[165][166][167]
Dzungar genocide	480,000	600,000	536,656	Dzungar Khanate	1755	1758	3 years	The mass extermination of Dzungar Mongols by the Qing dynasty under the order of the Qianlong Emperor.
Greek genocide	289,000	750,000	465,564	Ottoman Empire	1913	1922	9 years	Violent ethnic cleansing of Greeks from their historical homeland of Anatolia.
Circassian genocide	400,000	500,000	447,214	Circassia	1864	1867	3 years	Deaths from mass expulsion of Circassians after Russian conquest.
Albigensian Crusade	200,000[168]	1,000,000[168]	447,214	Languedoc, France	1209	1229	20 years	Raphael Lemkin, well known as the coiner of the term "genocide", referred to the Albigensian Crusade as "one of the most conclusive cases of genocide in religious history".[169]
Genocide of indigenous peoples in Brazil	235,000	800,000	433,590	Brazil	1900	1985	85 years	[170] – Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas
Occupation of Tibet	144,000[171]	1,200,000[172]	415,692	Tibet	1950	present	68 years	In 1960, the western-based nongovernmental International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) gave a report titled Tibet and the Chinese People's Republic to the United Nations. The report was prepared by the ICJ's Legal Inquiry Committee, composed of eleven international lawyers from around the world. This report accused the Chinese of the crime of genocide in Tibet, after nine years of full occupation, six years before the devastation of the cultural revolution began. The ICJ also documented accounts of massacres, tortures and killings, bombardment of monasteries, and extermination of whole nomad camps. Declassified Soviet archives provides data that Chinese communists, who received a great assistance in military equipment from the Soviets, broadly used Soviet aircraft for bombing monasteries and other punitive operations in Tibet.[173]
Persecution of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia	200,000[174]	500,000[174]	350,000[175][176][177][178]	Independent State of Croatia	1941	1945	4 years	Genocide of Serbs by the Ustaše government of the Independent State of Croatia
Romani Genocide	220,000	500,000	331,662	Nazi occupied Europe	1941	1945	4 years	The genocide of Romani by Nazi Germany and its puppet states.
1971 Bangladesh genocide	26,000[179]	3,000,000[180]	279,285	East Pakistan	March 21, 1971	December 16, 1971	8 months, 2 weeks and 3 days	See also: Bangladesh Liberation War, Operation Searchlight, List of massacres in Bangladesh, Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War
Chinese genocide under Khmer Rouge	215,000[158]	225,000	219,943	Democratic Kampuchea	1975	1979	4 years	More than half of the Chinese population of Cambodia were slaughtered by the Khmer Rouge.[181]– Part of the Cambodian genocide
Assyrian genocide	150,000	300,000	212,132	Ottoman Empire	1914	1920	6 years	One of the various genocides and ethnic cleansings the Ottoman Empire committed under the administration of the Young Turks.
Cham genocide under Khmer Rouge	90,000[158]	500,000[182]	212,132	Democratic Kampuchea	1975	1979	4 years	The genocide slaughtered over 70% of the Cham Muslim population in Cambodia according to themselves. According to Ben Kiernan, Cham were subjected to the most brutal treatment of those persecuted by the Khmer Rouge and subjected to the slaughter of 36% of their population according to Samuel Totten. – Part of the Cambodian genocide
Massacres of Hutu refugees during the First Congo War	200,000	220,000[183]	209,762	Zaire	1996	1997	1 year	During the First Congo War, Rwanda was able to destroy refugee camps, which the génocidaires had been using as their safe-bases, and forcibly repatriate Tutsi to Rwanda. During this process, Rwandan and aligned forces committed multiple atrocities, mainly against Hutu refugees. The true extent of the abuses is unknown because the AFDL and RPF carefully managed NGO and press access to areas where atrocities were thought to have occurred;[184] however, Amnesty International claimed as many as 200,000 Rwandese Hutu refugees were massacred by them and the Rwandan Defence Forces and aligned forces.[185] The United Nations similarly documented mass killings of civilians by Rwandan, Ugandan and the ADFL soldiers in the DRC Mapping Exercise Report.
Extermination of the Wu Hu	200,000	200,000	200,000	Northern China	350	351	1 year	Ancient Chinese texts record that General Ran Min ordered the extermination of the Wu Hu, especially the Jie people, during the Wei–Jie war in the fourth century AD. People with racial characteristics such as high-bridged noses and bushy beards were killed; in total, 200,000 were reportedly massacred.[186]
Cromwellian conquest of Ireland	200,000	200,000	200,000	Ireland	1649	1653	4 years	The Parliamentarian reconquest of Ireland was brutal, and Cromwell is still a hated figure in Ireland.[187] The extent to which Cromwell, who was in direct command for the first year of the campaign, was responsible for the atrocities is debated to this day. Some historians[188] argue that the actions of Cromwell were within the then-accepted rules of war, or were exaggerated or distorted by later propagandists. These arguments, in turn, have been challenged by others.[189]
Caste War of Yucatán	200,000	200,000	200,000	Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico	1847	1901	54 years	The Caste War of Yucatán against the population of European descent, called Yucatecos, who held political and economic control of the region. Adam Jones wrote, "Genocidal atrocities on both sides cost up to 200,000 killed."[190]– Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas
Great Famine of Mount Lebanon	200,000	200,000	200,000	Mount Lebanon	1915	1918	3 years	One of the various genocides and ethnic cleansings the Ottoman Empire committed under the administration of the Young Turks.
Third Punic War	150,000[191]	250,000[192]	193,649	Tunisia	149 BC	146 BC	3 years	This war was a much smaller engagement than the two previous Punic Wars and focused on Tunisia, mainly on the Siege of Carthage, which resulted in the complete destruction of the city, the annexation of all remaining Carthaginian territory by Rome, and the death or enslavement of the entire Carthaginian population. The Third Punic War ended Carthage's independent existence.
Destruction of Kurdish villages during the Iraqi Arabization campaign	87,500	388,100	184,279	Iraq	1977	1991	14 years	87,500 to 388,100 Kurds were killed in the destruction of Kurdish villages during the Iraqi Arabization campaign including: 2,500[193] to 12,500[193] in the Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in North Iraq, 10,000[194] to 25,000[195][196] were killed during the Feyli Kurds operation, 5,000[197] to 8,000[198] Kurds were disappeared in the 1983 Barzani killings, 50,000[199] to 100,000[199] (although Kurdish sources have cited a higher figure of 182,000[200]) more Kurds were massacred in the Anfal genocide, and at least 20,000[201] were killed during the 1991 Iraqi uprising notwithstanding an additional 48,400[202] to 140,600[202] Kurdish refugees that starved to death along the Iranian and Turkish borders.
Darfur genocide	63,000[203] 10,000 (Sudan)[204]	450,000[205] 300,000 (U.N.)[206]	168,375 (non-government estimates) 54,772 (government estimates)	Darfur, Sudan	2003	present	15 years	The War in Darfur is a major armed conflict in the Darfur region of Sudan that began in February 2003 when the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) and Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) rebel groups began fighting the government of Sudan, which they accused of oppressing Darfur's non-Arab population.[207][208] The government responded to attacks by carrying out a campaign of ethnic cleansing against Darfur's non-Arabs. This resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of civilians and the indictment of Sudan's president Omar al-Bashir for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court.[209]
Polish Operation of the NKVD	110,000	250,000	165,831	Soviet Union	1937	1938	1 year	The operation from 1937 to 1938 to eliminate the Polish minority in the Soviet Union.
Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush	123,000[210]	200,000[211]	156,843	Soviet Union	February 1944	March 1944	1 month	Expulsion of the whole of the Vainakh (Chechen and Ingush) populations of the North Caucasus to Central Asia.
Hamidian Massacres	80,000	300,000	154,919	Ottoman Empire	1894	1896	2 years	Mass murder of Armenian (and other Christian) civilians under Sultan Abdul Hamid II that foreshadowed the Armenian Genocide.
Indonesian occupation of East Timor	60,000[212]	308,000[213]	135,941	East Timor	1974	1999	25 years	The civilian deaths under the Indonesian occupation of East Timor, including killings, disappearances, and deaths caused by conflict-related hunger and illness,[214] resulted in an enormous proportional loss of life upon the island some estimating as high as 13% up to almost a third to almost 44% of the population.[213][215][216]
Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia	60,000[217][218][219]	300,000[220]	134,164	Volhyn and Eastern Galicia	1943	1944	1 year	Genocide[221][222] of Polish civilian population in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA).[223][224][225][226][227]
1972 Genocide of Burundian Hutus	80,000	210,000	129,615	Burundi	1972	1972	?	Communal mass murder of Hutus by their rival tribe the Tutsi in Burundi. – Part of the Rwandan and Burundian genocides
Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire	52,000	254,500	115,039	Russian Empire	1903–1906	1917–1922	19 years	The massacres of Jews in the Russian Empire reached their peak in the early 20th century, through the killing of thousands from 1903 to 1906[228] and tens to hundreds of thousands from 1917 to 1922.[229]
Kurdish Rebellions in Turkey	33,835	357,000	109,905	Turkey	1921	present	97 years	All casualties from the various Kurdish uprisings against the Turkish state. 7,594[230] to 40,000:[231] Dersim rebellion 15,000[115] to 250,000:[116] Sheikh Said rebellion 6,741[232] to 20,000:[233][234] Modern Turk-Kurd conflict 4,500 to 47,000:[235][236][237][238][239] Ararat rebellion
Deportation of the Crimean Tatars	100,000	100,000	100,000	Soviet Union	1944	1945	1 year	Often considered an ethnic cleansing, and Ukraine considers the event genocide.
Massacres of European colonists during the rebellions of Túpac Amaru II and Túpac Katari	100,000	100,000	100,000	Present day Peru	1780	1782	2 years	The indigenous rebellions of Túpac Amaru II and Túpac Katari against the Spanish between 1780 and 1782, cost over 100,000 colonists' lives in Peru and Upper Peru (present-day Bolivia).[240]
Spanish repressions of Dutch Protestants	100,000	100,000	100,000	The Low Countries	1566	1609	43 years	100,000 massacred under Charles V and Philip II during the Eighty Years' War.[241]
Al-Anfal genocide[242]	50,000[242]	182,000[200]	95,394	Iraq[242]	1986	1989	3 years	The Kurdish genocide led by Ali Hassan al-Majid under the order of Saddam Hussein.
Atrocities against Harkis after the Algerian War	50,000[243]	150,000[243]	86,603	Algeria	1962	?	?	The Harkis were seen as traitors by many Algerians, and many of those who stayed behind suffered severe reprisals after independence. French historians estimate that somewhere between 50,000 and 150,000 Harkis and members of their families were killed by the FLN or by lynch mobs in Algeria, often in atrocious circumstances or after torture.
Aktion T4	70,273	93,521	81,068	Nazi Germany	1939	1941	2 years	A euthanasia program in Nazi Germany used to purge those deemed genetically deficient.
Italian Pacification of Libya	80,000	80,000	80,000	Libya	1923	1932	9 years	[244]
Guatemalan genocide	35,000	166,000	76,223	Guatemala	1960	1996	36 years	According to the Historical Clarification Commission, 140,000 to 200,000 were killed or disappeared, and at least 42,275 were killed by human rights violations during the Guatemalan Civil War, of which 93% were from officially sanctioned government terror and 83% of the victims were Maya. – Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas
Racial violence during the Rwandan Revolution	50,000 Hutus and tens of thousands of Tutsis			Burundi and Rwanda	1959	1962	3 years	[245]
Indian annexation of Hyderabad	27,000	200,000	73,485	Hyderabad State, India	1948	1948	5 days	[246][247]
Genocide against Bosniaks and Croats by the Chetniks	50,000	68,000	56,500	Kingdom of Yugoslavia	1941	1945	4 years	[248][249][250][251]
Decossackization	5,000[252]	1,000,000[253]	70,711	Former Russian Empire	1917	1933	16 years	Violent class purge, ethnic cleansing, and mass murder of Cossacks, especially Kuban and Don Cossacks, by the Bolsheviks.
Effacer le tableau	60,000	70,000	64,807	Democratic Republic of Congo	1998	2003	5 years	Pygmy peoples were murdered en masse as they were regarded as subhumans.
Herero and Namaqua genocide	34,000	110,000	61,156	German South-West Africa	1904	1907	3 years	Genocides of the Herero and Nama peoples by the German Empire during the Herero Wars.
Bosnian Genocide and other ethnic cleansings during the Yugoslav Wars	52,856	64,917	58,577	Yugoslavia and successor states	1991	2001	10 years	All civilians killed in the Yugoslav Wars including events such as the Srebrenica massacre, Vukovar massacre, Gospić massacre, and other atrocities. 69.8% to 82% of civilian victims of the Bosnian War were Bosniak. During the War in Croatia, 43.4% of the killed on the Croatian side were civilians.[254] 34,764[255] to 40,330:[256][257] Bosnian War 10,844[258] to 14,661:[258] Kosovo War 7,158[259] to 9,836:[259] Croatian War of Independence 90:[260] 2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia
American Indian Wars of the United States	49,000	64,000	56,000	Now the United States	1511	1890	389 years	From the U.S. Bureau of the Census (1894): "The Indian wars under the government of the United States have been more than 40 in number. They have cost the lives of about 19,000 white people, including those killed in individual combats, and the lives of about 30,000 Indians. The actual number of killed and wounded Indians must be very much higher than the given ... Fifty percent additional would be a safe estimate ..." Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas.
Massacres of Polish civilians during the Warsaw Uprising	50,000	60,000[261][262]	54,772	Occupied Poland	August 5, 1944	August 12, 1944	1 week	Polish fatalities in districts of Wola and Ochota committed during Warsaw Uprising
1993 Genocide of Burundian Tutsis	50,000	50,000	50,000	Burundi	1993	1993	?	Communal mass murder of Tutsis by their rival tribe the Hutu in Burundi. – Part of the Rwandan and Burundian genocides
Witch trials in the early modern period	20,000	100,000	44,721	Europe	1400	1800	300 years	[263]
British concentration camps during the Second Boer War	26,000	40,000	32,249	Transvaal	1900	1902	2 years	Lord Kitchener led the British army against the Boer Republics in the Second Boer War in Southern Africa. In an attempt to pacify Boer guerrillas, he targeted their families, and 116,000 Boer women and children were captured and jailed by the British, Within 2 years, 22,074 children died and 4,177 women died due to deliberate neglect by the British. 115,000 black people were separately jailed, of whom 15,000 died in prison camps.[264]
Foibe Massacres	11,000[265]	3,000[266]	5,744	Istria	1943	1945	3 years	The foibe massacres were mass killings both during and after World War II, mainly committed by Yugoslav Partisans against the local ethnic Italian population, mainly in Venezia Giulia, Istria and Dalmatia. The term refers to the victims who were often thrown alive into foibas (deep natural sinkholes; by extension, it also was applied to the use of mine shafts, etc. to hide the bodies).
Great Fire of Smyrna	10,000[267][268]	100,000[269][270]	31,623	Smyrna, Ottoman Empire	September 9, 1922	September 24, 1922	15 days	A fire began in Smyrna four days after the Turkish military captured the city on 9 September, effectively ending the Greco-Turkish War, more than three years after the Greek army had landed troops at Smyrna on 15 May 1919. 10,000 to 100,000 Greeks and Armenians died in the fire and accompanying massacres committed by the Turks. The responsibility for the fire is a controversial issue; some sources blame Turks, and some sources blame Greeks or Armenians.[271][272]
Massacres of Kyrgyz people during the Central Asian revolt of 1916	3,000	270,000	28,460	Russian Empire, Kyrgyzstan	1916	1916	7 months	In 1916, there was an uprising and crackdown of Kyrgyzstanis against and by Tsarist Russia in what is now known as the Urkun. A public commission in Kyrgyzstan called the crackdown of 1916 that killed 100,000 to 270,000 Kyrgyzstanis a genocide though Russia rejected this characterization.[273] Russian sources put the death toll at 3,000.[274]
Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam	10,000	65,000	25,495	Canara	1784	1799	15 years	A 15-year imprisonment of Mangalorean Catholics and other Christians at Seringapatam in the Indian region of Canara by Tipu Sultan, the de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore.
1988 Burundian massacre of Hutus	25,000	25,000	25,000	Burundi	1988	1988	?	[245] – Part of the Rwandan and Burundian genocides
Parsley massacre	17,000[275][276]	35,000[275][276]	24,393	Dominican Republic	October 2, 1937	October 8, 1937	6 days	Genocidal massacre of people who say perejil (Spanish: "parsley") in a French accent in order to determine if they are Afro-Haitian or Afro-Dominican.
Australian frontier wars	22,000	22,500	22,249	Australia	1788	1934	146 years	Wars between Indigenous Australians and settlers in which about 20,000 aboriginal were massacred, along with two to 2,500 settlers dying in combat.See also: List of massacres of Indigenous Australians
Ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia	17,000	28,000	21,817	Abkhazia and Georgia	1992	1993	1 year	The ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia,[277][278][279][280][281][282][283][284][285][286][287][288] also known as the "massacres of Georgians in Abkhazia",[289][290] and "genocide of Georgians in Abkhazia"[291] Refers to ethnic cleansing,[292] massacres[293] and forced mass expulsion of thousands of ethnic Georgians
Dersim Massacre	7,594	40,000	17,429	Dersim, Turkey	1937	1937	8 months	The Dersim massacre was a massacre of Kurdish people (Alevi Kurmanj and Zaza) by the Turkish government in the Dersim region of eastern Turkey, which includes parts of Tunceli Province, Elazığ Province, and Bingöl Province.[294][295][296][297][298][299][300] The massacre occurred after a rebellion led by Seyid Riza against the Turkification policies of the Turkish government.[301] As a result of the Turkish military campaign against the rebellion, thousands of Alevi Zazas[302] died and many others were internally displaced due to the conflict. – Part of the Kurdish Rebellions in Turkey
1966 anti-Igbo pogrom	10,000	30,000	17,321	Nigeria	May 29, 1966	October 1966	4 months, 2 days	[303]
Indian massacres in the United States frontiers	16,349	16,349	16,349	What is now the United States	1511	1890	379 years	It is difficult to determine the total number of people who died as a result of Indian massacres. However, one book, The Wild Frontier: Atrocities during the American-Indian War from Jamestown Colony to Wounded Knee, presents an estimate by counting every recorded atrocity in the area that would eventually become the continental United States, from first contact (1511) to the closing of the frontier (1890). The parameters were limited to the intentional and indiscriminate murder, torture, or mutilation of civilians, the wounded, and prisoners. The results revealed that 7,193 people died from atrocities perpetrated by those of European descent, and 9,156 people died from atrocities perpetrated by Native Americans.[304]– Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas
Persecution of Biharis in Bangladesh	1,000	150,000[305][306]	12,247	Bangladesh	1971	1971	?	Most extreme episode of the massacres of Biharis by Bengali mobs
Gukurahundi	3,750[307]	30,000[308]	10,607	Zimbabwe	1983	1987	5 years	Ethnic cleansing and executions of members of the Ndebele by the Robert Mugabe's Fifth Brigade.
Vietnamese genocide by Khmer Rouge	10,000[158]	10,000	10,000	Democratic Kampuchea	1975	1979	4 years	100% of the Vietnamese in Cambodia were slaughtered during the genocide, according to Samuel Totten. – Part of the Cambodian genocide
Thai Genocide by Khmer Rouge	8,000[158]	8,000	8,000	Democratic Kampuchea	1975	1979	4 years	40% of Thai in Cambodia were killed during the Cambodian genocide according to Samuel Totten. – Part of the Cambodian genocide
1946 Bihar riots	2,000	30,000	7,746	Bihar, British India	October 30, 1946	November 7, 1946	8 days	Killings of Bihari Muslims by Bengali Hindus in retaliation to the Direct Action Day riots.[309][310]
Noakhali riots	5,000	10,000	7,071	Noakhali Region, Bengal, British India	October 1946	November 1946	1 month	Killings of Bengali Hindus by Bengali Muslims in retaliation to the Direct Action Day riots.
Sétif and Guelma massacre	1,020	45,000	6,775	Algeria	1945	1945	?	[243]
Deaths of indigenous children in the Canadian residential schools system	3,201[311][312]	32,010	17,606	Canada	1876	1996	120 years	[313][146][147][148][314][149][315]– Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas
Genocide of native Tasmanians	3,000	15,000	6,708	Australia	1803	1905	102 years	After the death of Fanny Cochrane Smith there were no non-mixed raced Tasmanians left in the world.
Massacres of Arabs and Indians during the Zanzibar Revolution	2,000	20,000	6,325	Zanzibar	1964	1964	?	Thousands of Arabs and Indians were massacred during the Zanzibar Revolution
1964 East Pakistan riots	5,590	5,690	5,640	East Pakistan	January 2, 1964	March 28, 1964	2 months, 26 days	All casualties from the various riots in East Pakistan during the year 1964. Khulna: 200–300 Dhaka: 1,000 Narayangang: 3,500 Bhulta: 267 Golkandi: 623
Simele massacre	5,000[316]	6,000[317][318]	5,477	Simele, Kingdom of Iraq	August 7, 1933	August 11, 1933	4 days	The Simele massacre inspired Raphael Lemkin to create the concept of genocide.[319]
1950 East Pakistan riots	4,803	4,833	4,818	East Bengal	February 1950	March 1950	1 month	All casualties from the various riots in East Pakistan during the year 1950. 70–100: Nachole 215: Dhaka 2,500: Barisal 17: Rajshahi 2,000: Mymensingh 1: Jessore
1984 Sikh Massacre	2,800	8,000	4,733	India	October 31, 1984	November 3, 1984	1 month	A series of pogroms against Sikhs primarily done by members of the Indian National Congress party due to the assassination of the prime minister.
Nellie massacre	2,191	10,000	4,681	Assam, India	Six hours on February 18, 1983	Six hours on February 18, 1983	6 hours	Killings of 2191 Bengali Musims after Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's decision to give 4 million Bengali Musilms in Assam the right to vote[320]
Laotian genocide by Khmer Rouge	4,000	4,000	4,000	Democratic Kampuchea	1975	1979	4 years	40% of Laotians in Cambodia were killed during the Cambodian genocide according to Samuel Totten.[158]– Part of the Cambodian genocide
Direct Action Day	4,000	4,000	4,000	India	August 16, 1946	August 18, 1946	2 days	Also known as the Great Calcutta Killings, a day of widespread riot and manslaughter between Hindus and Muslims in the city of Calcutta (now known as Kolkata) in the Bengal province of British India.
1804 Haiti massacre	3,000	5,000	3,873	Haiti	Early February 1804	April 22, 1804	?	Genocide of French people in Haiti.[321]
Trail of Tears	2,000	6,000	3,464	United States	1830	1850	20 years	The forced relocation of various Native American tribes under the order of Andrew Jackson. – Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas
Genocide of Yazidis by ISIL	2,000[322][323]	5,000	3,162	Sinjar, Iraq and Syria	2014	present	4 years	Ethnic cleansing, execution, forced conversion, rape, and enslavement of Yazidis by ISIL
Selk'nam genocide	2,500[324]	3,900[325]	3,122	Tierra del Fuego, Chile	Late 1800s	Early 1900s	?	Genocide of Selknam Native Chilean tribe. – Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas
Massacre of protesters at the Demolition of the Babri Masjid	2,000	2,000	2,000	Ayodhya, India	1992	1993	1 year	The destruction of a prominent mosque in India by Hindu extremists and killings of Muslim protesters.[326]
2002 Gujarat riots	1,044	2,977[327]	1,763	Gujarat, India	February 2002	March 2002	1 month	Minimum death toll includes 790 Muslim death toll. Both death tolls include 254 Hindu deaths. Maximum death toll includes 223 presumed mixing as dead, and a higher 2,500 Muslim death toll.
Genocide of Shias by ISIL	Tens of thousands[328]	Tens of thousands	Tens of thousands	Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan	2003	present	16 years	Ethnic cleansing, execution, forced conversion, rape, and enslavement of Shias by ISIL. One of the first instances was the Imam Ali Mosque bombing in Najaf
Conquest of the Desert	1,300	1,300	1,300	Argentina	Mid 1870s	1884	?	Military campaign, directed mainly by General Julio Argentino Roca, which established Argentine dominance over Patagonia, then inhabited by indigenous peoples.[329]– Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas
Genocide of Christians by ISIL	Thousands[330]	Thousands	Thousands	Worldwide	2014	present	4 years	Ethnic cleansing, execution, forced conversion, rape, and enslavement of Christians by ISIL. In Iraq, the genocide started before 2014, as exemplified by the 2010 Baghdad church massacre
Black War	878	878	878	Australia	Mid 1820s	1832	?	– Part of the Genocide of native Tasmanians
Biological warfare at the Siege of Fort Pitt	?	?	?	Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania	June 22, 1763	August 10, 1763	1 months, 18 days	The death toll resulting from the event is unknown – Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas

Political purges and repressions

This section lists events that entail the mass killings of political opposition (such as those of certain ideology, class or political persuasion).

See also: Red Terror (disambiguation), White Terror, and Politicide.

Event	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Geometric mean estimate[1]	Location	From	Until	Duration	Notes
Mass killings of landlords under Mao Zedong	200,000[331]	28,000,000[332]	2,366,432	People's Republic of China	1947	1951	5 years	Millions of landlords were allegedly killed during land reforms before the formation of the People's Republic of China because they were seen as class enemies.[333] See also: Struggle session
Cultural Revolution	400,000[334]	10,000,000[335]	2,000,000	People's Republic of China	1966	1976	10 years	The Cultural Revolution, formally the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement that took place in the People's Republic of China from 1966 until 1976. Set into motion by Mao Zedong, then Chairman of the Communist Party of China, its stated goal was to preserve 'true' Communist ideology in the country by purging remnants of capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society. See also: Struggle session
Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66	500,000[336]	3,000,000[337]	1,224,745	Indonesia	1965	1966	1 year	Massacres of people connected to the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) were carried out in 1965–66 by the Indonesian Army and associated death squads with support from Western powers such as the United States.[338] Death tolls are difficult to estimate,[339] but it is widely accepted by scholars that roughly 1 million people were killed.[340]
Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries	712,000[341]	2,000,000[342]	1,193,315	People's Republic of China	1950	1951	1 year	The Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries (Chinese: 镇压反革命; pinyin: zhènyā fǎn gémìng; lit. 'suppressing counterrevolutionaries' or abbreviated as Chinese: 鎮反; pinyin: zhènfǎn) was the first political campaign launched by the People's Republic of China designed to eradicate opposition elements, especially former Kuomintang (KMT) functionaries accused of trying undermine the new Communist government.[341]
Great Purge	681,692[343]	1,704,230[344]	1,077,850	Soviet Union	1936	1938	2 years	The Great Purge or Great Terror was a period of intense political repression in the Soviet Union including execution (especially through open air shootings) and forced labor through the Gulag system.
White Terror (Spain)	150,000[345]	400,000[346]	244,949	Spain during and after the Spanish Civil War	1936	1945	9 years	In Spain, the White Terror (also known as "la Represión Franquista" or the "Francoist Repression") was the series of acts of politically motivated violence, rape, and other crimes committed by the Nationalist movement during the Spanish Civil War (July 17, 1936 to April 1, 1939) and during Francisco Franco's dictatorship (October 1, 1936 – November 20, 1975)[347]
Qey Shibir	30,000	750,000[348]	150,000	People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia	1977	1978	1 year	Violent purge of those deemed Anti-Communist in Ethiopia.[349][350][351][352][353]
Bodo League Massacre	100,000[354]	200,000[355]	141,421	Korea	1950	1950	?	Massacre of communists and suspected communists during the summer of 1950, at the start of Korean War.
German suppression of the Freemasons	80,000[356]	200,000[356]	126,491	German-occupied territory	1933	1945	12 years	The Nazi regime of Germany targeted Freemasons as they saw them as collaborators in a Jewish conspiracy.
Red Terror	10,000[357]	1,500,000[358]	122,474	Former Russian Empire during Russian Civil War	1918	1922	4 years	Political repression by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War.
White Terror (Russia)	20,000[359]	300,000[360]	77,460	Former Russian Empire	1917	1923	6 years	Political repression by the White movement during the Russian Civil War.
1991 uprisings in Iraq	25,000	180,000	67,082	Iraq	March the 1st, 1991	April the 5th, 1991	1 month and 4 days	The death toll of the uprising against Saddam Hussein's government during 1991 was high throughout the country. The rebels killed many Ba'athist officials and officers. In response, thousands of unarmed civilians were killed by indiscriminate fire from loyalist tanks, artillery and helicopters, and many historical and religious structures in the south were deliberately targeted under orders from Saddam Hussein. Saddam's security forces entered the cities, often using women and children as human shields, where they detained and summarily executed or "disappeared" thousands of people at random in a policy of collective responsibility. Many suspects were tortured, raped, or burned alive.[361]
Operation Condor	50,000	80,000[362]	63,246	South America	1975	1983	8 years	A campaign of political repression by right-wing dictatorships in South America, sponsored by the United States.[363][364]
Red Terror (Spain)	38,000[365]	72,344[366]	52,432	Spain during the Spanish Civil War	1936	1939	3 years	The Red Terror in Spain (Spanish: Terror Rojo)[367] is the name given by historians to various acts of violence committed from 1936 until the end of the Spanish Civil War "by sections of nearly all the leftist groups".[368]
Land Reform in Vietnam	13,500[369]	200,000[370]	51,962	North Vietnam	1954	1956	2 years
Reign of Terror	16,594[371]	41,594[372]	26,272	France during the French Revolution	1793	1794	1 year	The Reign of Terror was a period of violence that occurred after the onset of the French Revolution, incited by conflict between two rival political factions, the Girondins and The Jacobins, and marked by mass executions of "enemies of the revolution".
1982 Hama Massacre	10,000	40,000	20,000	Hama, Syria	February 2, 1982	February 28, 1982	26 days	The Hama massacre (Arabic: مجزرة حماة) occurred in February 1982, when the Syrian Arab Army and the Defense Companies, under the orders of the country's president Hafez al-Assad, besieged the town of Hama for 27 days in order to quell an uprising by the Muslim Brotherhood against al-Assad's government.
1932 Salvadoran peasant massacre	10,000	40,000[373]	20,000	El Salvador	January 22, 1932	July 11, 1932	6 months and 20 days	Many of the victims were indigenous people.
February 28 Incident	10,000	30,000	17,320	Taiwan	1947	1947	?	Crackdown by the Kuomintang government that ushered in the White Terror (Taiwan) era.
Dirty War	9,000[374]	30,000[363]	16,432	Argentina	1976	1983	7 years	At least 9,000 people were tortured and killed in Argentina from 1976 to 1983, carried out primarily by the Argentinean military Junta (part of Operation Condor).[363]
Red and White terrors of the Finnish Civil War	11,650	11,650	11,650	Finland	1918	1918	3 months, 2 weeks and 4 days	Both sides of the Finnish Civil War used Terrors where 10,000 were killed in the White Terror and 1,650 were killed in the Red Terror.[375]
1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners	4,482	30,000	11,596	Iran	1988	1988	5 months	Massacre of political prisoners in Iran.[376][377][378]
White Terror (Taiwan)	3,000	4,000	3,464	Taiwan	1949	1987	38 years	An era of martial law in Taiwan in which 140,000 were imprisoned, and 3,000 to 4,000 were executed for real or perceived opposition to the Kuomintang.
Extermination of the Patriotic Union party	2,000	5,000	3,162	Colombia	1984	1994
Human rights violations in Pinochet's Chile	1,200	3,200	1,960	Chile	1974	1990	16 years	1,200 to 3,200 alleged communists were executed, 80,000 were forcibly interned and 30,000 were tortured under the reign of Augusto Pinochet.[379][380]
1989 Tiananmen Square protests crackdown	241	10,000[381]	1,552	Tiananmen Square, People's Republic of China	1989	1989	1 month, 2 weeks and 6 days	Crackdown of anti-government protest in the People's Republic of China.

Forced labor, abuse of workers, and slave trades

This section lists deaths caused by poor labor conditions, executions for not performing labor satisfactorily, and deaths caused by mistreatment of the workforce both in transit and at work locations.

Event	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Geometric mean estimate[1]	Location	From	Until	Duration	Notes
Atlantic Slave Trade	2,000,000[382]	60,000,000[383]	10,954,451	Africa, the Americas, and the Atlantic	1500s	1700s	200 years
Slavery in the Ottoman Empire	10,500,000[384][385]	11,250,000	10,868,533	Eurasia, Middle East, North Africa	1450	1800	350 years	There is no concrete number for the number of people killed due to the Barbary Slave Trade. The method many people use is to estimate the mortality rate of slave raids and multiply them by the number people took as slaves. Scholars estimates 3 people were killed for every 1 slave abducted. Includes Barbary Slave Trade.
Trans-Saharan slave trade	3,500,000[386]	6,000,000[386]	4,320,000[386]	Africa	5th century BC	1900s	2400 years
Laogai system	1,500,000[387]	27,000,000[388]	6,363,961	China	1945	1976	31 years	Laogai (勞改/劳改), the abbreviation for Láodòng Gǎizào (勞動改造/劳动改造), which means "reform through labor", is a slogan of the Chinese criminal justice system and has been used to refer to the use of penal labour and prison farms in the People's Republic of China (PRC), which once took up more than half of the world's slaves. Laogai is different from laojiao, or re-education through labor, which was an administrative detention for a person who was not a criminal but had committed minor offenses, and was intended to reform offenders into law-abiding citizens.[389] Persons detained under laojiao were detained in facilities that were separate from the general prison system of laogai. Both systems, however, involved penal labor.
Indian Ocean slave trade		17,000,000[390][391]		Africa, Middle East, South Asia	2500BC	1900s	4400 years
Atrocities in the Congo Free State	3,000,000[lower-alpha 3]	13,000,000[393]	6,244,998	Congo Free State	1885	1908	23 years	Private forces under the control of Leopold II of Belgium carried out mass murders, mutilations, and other crimes against the Congolese in order to encourage the gathering of valuable raw materials, principally rubber. Significant deaths also occurred due to major disease outbreaks and starvation, caused by population displacement and poor treatment.[394] Estimates of the death toll vary considerably because of the lack of a formal census before 1924, but a commonly cited figure of 10 million deaths was obtained by estimating a 50% decline in the total population during the Congo Free State and applying it to the total population of 10 million in 1924.[395]
Gulag system	1,053,829[396][397]	6,000,000[398]	2,514,552	Soviet Union	1930s	1950s	20 years	Gulag is an acronym for the organization that administered the forced labor system in the Soviet Union that became a colloquialism in the west for the camps themselves. The system was used to punish criminals, political dissidents, and prisoners of war. There is a growing consensus among scholars that, based on archival data, the number of deaths in the gulag system fall within the range 1.5 to 1.7 million.[399][400][401]
Forced labor in North Korea	400,000	1,500,000	774,597	North Korea	1972	ongoing	46 years	[402][403]
Hacienda peonage and chattel slavery	173,000	2,015,000	590,419	Mexico	1900	1920	20 years	R.J. Rummel, coiner of the word "Democide," estimated the mortality rate for Mexican Peonage, a form of debt labor, by comparing it to similar forced labor systems such as the Soviet Gulag, and then applying and reducing it accordingly to the population of Mexico at the time, coming up with an annual death rate of 69,000.
Forced labor of Koreans by Imperial Japan	270,000	810,000	467,654	Korea and Manchuria	1939	1945	6 years	[404]
Slavery in the French colonial empire	200,000	13,000,000	1,612,452	Africa	1900	1940	40 years	[405]
Slavery in Portugal	325,000	325,000	325,000	Portuguese Empire	1900	1925	25 years	[406]
Barbary slave trade	245,000	380,000	305,123	Italy, Spain, and Portugal	1500s	1600s	100 years	[407] – Part of Slavery in the Ottoman Empire
Slavery during the Amazon rubber boom	250,000	250,000	250,000	Amazon, Brazil	1900	1912	12 years	[408]
Construction of the Burma Railway	102,621[409]	102,621[409]	102,621	Burma	1943	1947	4 years	Forced labour was used in the construction of the Burma Railway. More than 180,000 Southeast Asian civilian labourers (Romusha) and 60,000 Allied prisoners of war (POWs) worked on the railway. Of these, estimates of Romusha deaths are little more than guesses, but probably about 90,000 died. 12,621 Allied POWs died during the construction. The dead POWs included 6,904 British personnel, 2,802 Australians, 2,782 Dutch, and 133 Americans.[409]
Construction of the Suez Canal	30,000	120,000	67,082	Egypt, and Sudan	1859	1868	9 years	French diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps had obtained many concessions from Isma'il Pasha, the Khedive of Egypt and Sudan in 1854–56 to build the Suez Canal. Some sources estimate the workforce at 30,000,[410] but others estimate that 120,000 workers died over the ten years of construction due to malnutrition, fatigue, and disease, especially cholera.[411]
Forced labor of Chinese contract workers in Peru	40,000[412]	50,054[413]	44,746	Peru	1849	1874	26 years	80,000[412] to 100,000[413][412] Chinese contract laborers, 95% of which were Cantonese and almost all of which were male, were sent mostly to the sugar plantations from 1849 to 1874, during the termination of slavery. They were to provide continuous labor for the coastal guano mines and especially for the coastal plantations where they became a major labor force (contributing greatly to the Peruvian guano boom) until the end of the century. While the coolies were believed to be reduced to virtual slaves, they also represented a historical transition from slave to free labor. A third group of Chinese workers was contracted for the construction of the railway from Lima to La Oroya and Huancayo. Chinese migrants were barred from using cemeteries reserved for Roman Catholics, and were instead buried at pre-Incan burial sites.[414] Between 1849 and 1874 half[413][412] the Chinese population of Peru perished due to abuse, exhaustion, and suicide[413] caused by forced labor.[413][412]
Forced labor of Allied POWs during World War II	35,000	35,000	35,000	In and around the Pacific	1939	1945	6 years	According to the Japanese military's own record, nearly 25% of 140,000 Allied POWs died while interned in Japanese prison camps, where they were forced to work (U.S. POWs died at a rate of 27%).[415][416]
FIFA World Cup related abuses of Human rights in Qatar	1,200	1,800	1,342	Qatar	2013	ongoing	5 years	Out of at least 100,000 laborers.[417]

Anthropogenically exacerbated outbreaks of disease and famine

This section includes famines and disease outbreaks that were caused or exacerbated by human action.

Note: Some of these famines diseases were partially caused by nature.

Event	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Geom. mean estimate[1]	Location	From	Until	Duration	Notes
Great Chinese Famine	11,600,000[418]	55,000,000[419]	25,258,662	China	1958	1962	4 years	During the Great Leap Forward under Mao Zedong tens of millions of Chinese starved to death.[420] State violence during this period further exacerbated the death toll, and some 2.5 million people were beaten or tortured to death in connection with Great Leap policies.[421]
Famine and disease caused by World War II	19,000,000	28,000,000	23,065,130	Worldwide	1939	1945	6 years	See also: World War II casualties
All famines in India under British influence	12,000,000[422]	51,000,000[422]	24,750,000	India	1757	1947	190 years	Between 12 and 51 million Indians (or even more) died of starvation while India under British rule (East India Company and British Raj). Millions of tonnes of wheat were exported to Britain as famine raged.[422]
Famine and disease caused by Japanese imperialism	8,136,000	14,936,000	11,023,579	Japanese Empire	1937	1945	8 years	Combined death tolls from famine and disease from China, Vietnam, Indonesia, and the Philippines.
Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–79	9,000,000	13,000,000	10,816,650	China	1876	1879	3 years	ENSO famine.
Great Bengal famine of 1770	10,000,000[423]	10,000,000[423]	10,000,000	British Bengal	1769	1773	4 years	The famine killed a third of the Bengali population at the time.[424] It is attributed to the policies of the ruling British East India Company.[424]
Russian famine of 1921 –22	5,000,000[425]	10,000,000[425]	7,071,072	Soviet Russia	1921	1922	1 year	May have been exacerbated by War Communism policies, but it is debatable to which extent. See also: Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union, and Russian Civil War, with its policy of War communism, especially prodrazvyorstka.
Famine and disease caused by the Second Sino-Japanese War	5,000,000	10,000,000	7,071,068	China	1937	1945	8 years	See also: World War II casualties.
Soviet famine of 1932–33	4,400,000	9,100,000	6,327,717	Soviet Union	1932	1933	1 year	The majority of famine victims were Ukrainian. Many nations, including Ukraine, regard the famine's effect in the Ukraine as a genocide against Ukraine, known as the Holodomor. 1.8 – 4.8 million: Ukraine 600,000 – 2.3 million: Kazakhstan 2 million: Elsewhere
Famine and disease caused by World War I	5,411,000	6,100,000	5,745,181	Worldwide	1914	1918	4 years	See also: World War I casualties.
Great Famine of 1876–78	6,100,000[426]	10,320,000[427]	8,300,000[428]	British India	1876	1878	2 years	ENSO famine. See also: Late Victorian Holocausts.
Famine and disease caused by the Second Congo War	3,800,000	5,400,000	4,529,901	Africa	1998	2004	6 years	Majority of those who died in war perished from famine and disease.
Iranian famine of 1917–1919	2,000,000[429][430]	10,000,000[431][432]	4,472,136	Iran	1917	1919	3 years	The Persian famine of 1917–1919 was a period of widespread mass starvation and disease in Persia (Iran). The famine took place in the occupied territory of Iran that had declared neutrality. According to the estimates acknowledged, 2–10 million people died of hunger and disease. A variety of factors are commented to have caused and contributed to the famine such as war profiteering, and poor harvests but mainly requisitioning and confiscation of foodstuffs by the occupying Russian and British armies.[433][434]
Famine and disease caused by Decommunization	4,000,000+[435]	4,000,000+	4,000,000+	Former States of the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc	1991	2000	9 years	Deaths caused by decrease in living conditions in Russia and other former Communist States after the fall of the Soviet Union.
Bengal famine of 1943	3,000,000	4,000,000	3,464,100	British India	1943	1944	1 year	The Japanese conquest of Burma cut off India's main supply of rice imports,[436] however, war-related administrative policies in British India ultimately helped to cause the massive death toll.[437][438]
Indian famine of 1896–97 and the Indian famine of 1899–1900	8,400,000[426]	19,000,000[439]	13,700,000	British India	1896	1900	4 years	ENSO famines. See also: Late Victorian Holocausts.
Famine and diseased caused by the Biafran Blockade during Nigeria's Civil War	2,000,000[440]	3,000,000[441][442]	2,449,490	Nigeria	1967	1970	3 years	More than two million Igbo died from the famine imposed deliberately through blockades during the war. Lack of medicine also contributed. Thousands starved to death daily as the war progressed.
Famine and disease during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies	2,400,000[443]	2,400,000	2,400,000	Indonesia	1944	1945	1 year	An estimated 2.4 million Indonesians starved to death during the Japanese occupation of Indonesia. The problem was partly caused by failures of the main 1944–45 rice crop, but the main cause was the compulsory rice purchasing system that the Japanese authorities put in place to secure rice for distribution to the armed forces and urban population.[443]
Soviet famine of 1946–47	1,000,000	1,500,000	1,224,745	Soviet Union	1946	1947	1 year	Debated as to whether it was caused by war or government policy.
Great Irish Famine	750,000[444][445]	1,500,000[446]	1,060,660	Ireland	1846	1849	3 years	Although blight ravaged potato crops throughout Europe during the 1840s, the impact and human cost in Ireland, where a third of the population was significantly dependent on the Irish Lumper potato for food, was exacerbated by a host of political, social and economic factors, which continue to remain the subject of historical debate.[447][448]
Vietnamese Famine of 1945	400,000[449]	2,000,000[450]	894,427	Vietnam	1944	1945	1 year	The Japanese occupation during World War II caused the famine in North Vietnam.[450]
Cambodian Holocaust Famine	800,000[451]	950,000[452]	871,780	Cambodia	1975	1979	4 years	An estimated 2 million Cambodians lost their lives to murder, forced labor, and famine, perpetrated by the Khmer Rouge, nearly half of which was caused by forced starvation. Came to an end due to invasion by Vietnam in 1979.
1983–85 famine in Ethiopia	400,000[453]	1,000,000[454]	632,456	Ethiopia	1983	1985	2 years	The famines that struck Ethiopia between 1961 and 1985, especially the one of 1983–1985, were in large part created by government policies.[453]
Famine and disease during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines	336,000	336,000	336,000	Philippines	1942	1945	3 years	See also: World War I casualties.
North Korean famine	240,000[455]	420,000[455]	330,000	North Korea	1994	1998	4 years	The famine stemmed from a variety of factors. Economic mismanagement and the loss of Soviet support caused food production and imports to decline rapidly. A series of floods and droughts exacerbated the crisis, but were not its direct cause. The North Korean government and its centrally-planned system proved too inflexible to effectively curtail the disaster. Recent research suggests the likely number of excess deaths between 1993 and 2000 was about 330,000.[455][456]
Cuban War of Independence Famine	300,000	300,000[457][458]	300,000	Cuba	1895	1898	3 years	Most of dead in this war perished from famine and disease.
Great Famine of Mount Lebanon	200,000	200,000	200,000	Mount Lebanon, Ottoman Empire	1915	1918	3 years	Around 200,000 people starved to death at a time when the population of Mount Lebanon was estimated at 400,000.[459] The Mount Lebanon famine caused the highest fatality rate by population of World War I. Bodies were piled in the streets, and people were reported to be eating street animals, while some resorted to cannibalism.[460]
1998 Sudan famine	70,000[461]	70,000	70,000	Sudan	1998	1998	?	The famine was caused almost entirely by human rights abuse and the war in Southern Sudan.[462]
Famine in Yemen (2016–present)	50,000 children[463]	50,000 children[463]	50,000 children[463]	Yemen	2016	present	2 years	The famine was triggered by Saudi Arabia's intervention into the Yemeni Civil War, which is backed by Western powers including the United States.[464] Around 13 million people, or roughly half of the country's population, is facing starvation in what the UN calls "the worst famine in the world in 100 years".[465]

Anthropogenically exacerbated floods and landslides

These are floods and landslides that have been partially caused by humans, for example by failure of dams, levees, seawalls or retaining walls.

Event	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Geom. mean estimate[1]	Location	From	Until	Duration	Notes
1931 China floods	2,500,000[466]	3,700,000[466]	3,041,381	China	1931	1931	?
1887 Yellow River (Huang He) flood	900,000	2,000,000	1,341,641	China	1887	1887	?
1938 Yellow River (Huang He) flood	500,000	700,000	591,608	China	1938	1938	?
Flight of the Boat People	200,000[103][467]	560,000[103][467]	334,664	Gulf of Thailand and Pacific Ocean	1978	1979	1 year
1935 Yangtze river flood	145,000	145,000	145,000	China	1935	1935	?
St. Felix's Flood, storm surge	more than 100,000	more than 100,000	100,000	Netherlands	1530	1530	?
Hanoi and Red River Delta flood	100,000	100,000	100,000	North Vietnam	1971	1971	?
1911 Yangtze river flood	100,000	100,000	100,000	China	1911	1911	?
The failure of 62 dams in Zhumadian Prefecture, Henan, the largest of which was Banqiao Dam, caused by Typhoon Nina.	26,000[468]	230,000[469]	77,330	China	August 1975	August 1975	?
St. Lucia's flood, storm surge	50,000	80,000	63,246	Netherlands, England	1287	1287	?
Vargas Tragedy, landslide	10,000	50,000	22,361	Venezuela	1999	1999	?
North Sea flood, storm surge	2,400	2,400	2,400	Netherlands, Scotland, England, Belgium	January 31, 1953	January 31, 1953	1 day
Johnstown Flood	2,209	2,209	2,209	Pennsylvania	May 31, 1889	May 31, 1889	1 day

Human sacrifice and suicide

This section lists deaths from the practice of human sacrifice or suicide.

Event	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Geom. mean estimate[1]	Location	From	Until	Duration	Notes
Human sacrifice in Aztec culture	20,000[470]	5,000,000[471]	316,228	Mexico	14th century	1521	200 years	Skull racks: 60,000[472] to 136,000[473] See also: Aztecs
Human sacrifice in Shang dynasty China	13,000[474]	13,000	13,000	China	1300 BC	1050 BC	250 years	Last 250 years of rule
Suicide bombings during the Iraq War	12,284	18,000+[475]	12,284	Iraq	2003	2019	Ongoing	See also: Iraqi insurgency (2003–11) and Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017)
Sati ritual suicides	7,941[476]	7,941	7,941	India	1815	1828	13 years
Kamikaze suicide pilots	3,912[477]	3,912[477]	3,912[477]	Pacific theatre	1944	1945	1 year	See also: Empire of Japan
Mass suicide at Masada	967	967	967	Masada	Spring 73 CE	Spring 73 CE	?
Peoples Temple Agricultural Project ("Jonestown")	909	909	909	Guyana	November 18, 1978	November 18, 1978		Jim Jones
Palestinian suicide attacks	804	804	804	Israel and Palestine	July 6, 1989	April 18, 2016	27 years	May only include victims

Riots and political unrest

Riots and incidents where at least 100 people died are listed here.

Event	Victims	Country	Locale(s)	Date
Partition of India and Pakistan	200,000–2,000,000	British India	Punjab and Bengal	1947
La Violencia	200,000–300,000	Colombia	Country-wide	1948–1960
1959 Tibetan uprising	85,000–87,000	Tibet, China	Lhasa	1959
Nika riots	30,000	Byzantium	Constantinople	532
La semaine sanglante	6,667–20,000	France	Paris	1871
February 28 Incident	10,000–30,000	China	Taiwan	1947
Jeju Uprising	14,000–30,000	Southern Korea, present-day South Korea	Jeju island	1948
August Uprising	13,000–15,500	Soviet Union	Georgia	1924
1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising	10,000–40,000	El Salvador		1932
Romanian Peasants' Revolt	10,000–20,000	Romania		1907
Kronstadt rebellion	10,000	Russia	Kronstadt	1921
1984 anti-Sikh riots	2,800–8,000	India	New Delhi	1984
March 1st Movement	7,500	Japanese Korea, present-day South Korea	Seoul	1919
Second Intifada	4,179–4,354	Israel/Palestinian territories		2000–2005
Pitchfork Uprising	3,800	Russia		1920
Iranian Revolution[478]	2,781	Iran		1979
8888 Uprising	3,000–10,000	Burma/Myanmar		1987–1993
First Intifada	2,204	Israel/Palestinian territories		1987
Banana Massacre	47–2,000	Colombia	Ciénaga	1928
Santa María School massacre	2,300	Chile	Iquique	1907
Assam Movement	2,191+	India	Assam	1979–1985
1994 South African transitional violence	1,652[479]	South Africa		1994
Romanian Revolution of 1989	1,104	Romania	Bucharest and major cities	1989
2009 Boko Haram uprising	1,000+	Nigeria	States of Bauchi, Borno, Yobe, and Kano	2009
May 1998 riots of Indonesia	1,000–1,200	Indonesia	Jakarta, Medan, Surakarta	1998
2008 Kenyan election protests	1,000[480][481]	Kenya		2008
2005 Togolese democracy protests	500–1,000[482][483]	Togo		2005
1989 Bhagalpur violence	1,000	India	Bhagalpur district, Bihar	1989
1905 Bloody Sunday	132–4,000	Russia	Saint Petersburg	1905
2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes	893	Kyrgyzstan		2010
Iranian pilgrim riot	400	Saudi Arabia	Mecca	1987
Jallianwala Bagh (Amritsar) massacre	379–1,526	British India	Amritsar	1919
Telangana movement (Hyderabad)	360+	India	Hyderabad	1969
Tunisian Revolution	338	Tunisia		2010–2011
Tiananmen Square protests of 1989	300–10,454	China	Beijing	1989
Kengir uprising	700	Soviet Union	Kazakhstan	1954
2018–2020 Nicaraguan protests	317[484]	Nicaragua	Country-wide	2018
Gordon Riots	285	Great Britain		1780
1929 Palestine riots	249	British Mandate for Palestine		1929
2018–19 Sudanese protests	229+[485][486][487]	Sudan	Nationwide	2018–2019
Military Police of Espírito Santo strike	215	Brazil	Espírito Santo	2017
Ürümqi race riots	197+	China	Xinjiang	2009
13 May incident	196	Malaysia	Kuala Lumpur	1969
Andijan massacre	187–1,500	Uzbekistan	Andijan	2005
2017 Venezuelan protests	165	Venezuela	Nationwide	2017
2009 Guinea protests	157	Guinea	Conakry	2009
Gwangju Uprising	144–2,000	South Korea	Gwangju	1980
Durban riots	142	South Africa	Durban	1949
2017 Brazil prison riots	140+	Brazil		2017
Muhammad cartoon riots	139[488]	Nigeria, Libya, Pakistan, and Afghanistan		2006
Khartoum massacre	128	Sudan	Khartoum	2019
Tana River District clashes	118	Kenya	Tana River District	2012–2013
Euromaidan	121–797	Ukraine	Kyiv	2014
New York City draft riots	119–120	United States	New York City	1863
Carandiru massacre	111	Brazil	São Paulo	1992
Napoleon's "whiff of grapeshot"	100	France	Paris	1795
2001 Argentine anti-government riots	39	Argentina	Country-wide, Buenos Aires	2001
Georgian de-Stalinization riots	22–100	Georgia	Country-wide	1956

Prisons, concentration and extermination camps

This section lists deaths that occurred in particular prisons, concentration and/or extermination camps, deaths are from both the conditions within the camps and from the active murder/execution of prisoners.

Event	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Geometric mean estimate[1]	Location	From	Until	Duration	Notes
Auschwitz concentration camp	800,000	1,500,000	1,095,445	Oświęcim, Poland	1940	1945	5 years	[489][490]
Treblinka extermination camp	700,000	1,000,000	836,660	Treblinka, Poland	1942	1943	1 year	[491][492]
Bełżec extermination camp	480,000	600,000	536,656	Bełżec, Poland	1942	1943	1 year	[493][494][495]
Jasenovac concentration camp	100,000	700,000	264,575	Croatia	1941	1945	4 years	[496][497][498]
Kolyma	130,000	500,000	254,951	Kolyma, Soviet Union	1932	1954	22 years	[499]
Stutthof concentration camp	85,000	85,000	85,000	Stutthof, Poland	1939	1945	6 years	See also: Second World War
Stara Gradiška concentration camp	12,790	75,000	30,972	Croatia	1941	1945	4 years	Primarily for women and children.[500][501]
Tuol Sleng	17,000	17,000	17,000	Phnom Penh, Cambodia	1975	1979	4 years	[502]
Camp Sumter	13,171	13,171	13,171	Andersonville, Georgia, United States	1864	1865	1 year	[503]
Crveni Krst concentration camp	12,000	12,000	12,000	Niš, Serbia	1941	1944	3 years	[504]
Tammisaari prison camp	2,963	2,963	2,963	Tammisaari, Finland	1918	1918	4 months
Elmira Prison	2,963	2,963	2,963	Elmira, New York, U.S.	1864	1865	1 year	[505]
Shark Island concentration camp	1,032	4,000[506]	2,032	Luderitz, German South-West Africa	1905	1907	2 years	The minimum death toll is out of a camp population of 1,795 people, and the maximum total includes those who died in the Luderitz area.
Goli Otok prison	400[507]	4,000[508]	1,265	Goli Otok, Yugoslavia	1949	1956	8 years

List of political leaders and regimes by death toll

This section lists deaths attributed to certain political leaders, deaths are from both the conditions within the country due to national policy, and active killings by forces loyal to the leader in question.

Leader(s)	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Geom. mean estimate[1]	Location	From	Until	Duration	Notes
Mao Zedong	14,627,560	70,000,000+[509]	31,998,894	People's Republic of China	1946	1976	30 years	Critics of Mao Zedong have argued Mao's China saw unprecedented losses of human life through inhuman economic policies such as the Great Leap Forward, slave labor through the Laogai, violent political purges such as the Cultural Revolution the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries, and class extermination through land reform The estimate of the minimum death toll is the sum of the minimum estimate of famine dead (11.6 million),[510] Laogai dead (1,500,000},[511] land reform dead (200,000),[512] Counterrevolutionaries dead (712,000),[341] Sufan movement dead (53,000),[513][514] Socialist Education Movement dead (77,560),[515] and Cultural Revolution dead (400,000)[334] plus the minimum killed in the 1959 Tibetan uprising (85,000 to 87,000)
Genghis Khan Timur Kublai Khan	20,000,000	40,000,000	28,284,271	Eurasia	1206	1405	199 years	Due to the lack or records and time span in which they occurred, estimates of the violence associated with the conquests of the Mongol Empire and its predecessor states vary considerably[516] not including the spread of plague to Europe, West Asia, or China it is possible that between 20 and 40 million people were killed between 1206 and 1405 during the various campaign's of Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, and Timur[517][518]
Adolf Hitler	13,518,250	25,495,692+	18,564,944	German-occupied Europe	1934	1945	11 years	The estimate includes The Holocaust against the Jews, plus the genocide and mass murder of Gypsies, Serbs, East Slavs, the disabled, homosexuals, Freemasons, POWs, and the Jehovah's Witnesses 4,900,000 to 6,200,000 Jews killed (2/3s to 78% of European Jewry killed)[519][520][521] 7,405,000 to 17,244,692 killed by Generalplan Ost and Hunger Plan 2,470,000[522] to 11,149,692[523] Non Jewish and Roma Soviet civilians killed (500,000[524] died from Bombing of Soviet civilians alone) 3,135,000 to 3,325,000 Non-Jewish Soviet POWs killed by Nazis[525] 1,800,000[526] to 2,770,000[527] Poles and other Non-Jews killed by Nazis in Poland 130,000[528] to 500,000[529] killed in Porajmos (1/4 of Roma population) 300,000 to 600,000 Serbians killed by the Ustaše[530][531] 300,000[532][533] Great Famine (Greece) 275,000 to 300,000 killed in Aktion T4[534][535][536][537] 80,000 to 200,000 killed in Elimination of Freemasons[538] 77,000 members of German resistance against Nazism executed[539] 20,000 to 25,000 Slovenes[540] 18,000[541] to 22,000[542] Dutch famine of 1944–45 7,000 Spanish Republican killed[543] 5,000 to 15,000 Homosexuals killed[544] 1,250 to 5,000 Jehovah's Witnesses killed[545]
Joseph Stalin	8,688,614	15,000,000	11,416,182	Soviet Union	1922	1953	31 years	The millions killed by the regime of Joseph Stalin through famine, purges, labor camps, population transfer, deportations, and NKVD massacres. The minimum death toll (to the left) uses the minimum post-archive calculations from after the fall of the Soviet regime of those not killed in famine which range from four to ten million[546][547][548][549] Robert Conquest, writer of the book The Great Terror, first stated an estimate of 30 million, then a few years later lowering it to 20 million,[550] and finally saying that no fewer than 15 million perished during the entire history of the USSR.[551] Following the collapse of the USSR and the opening of the archives, scholars have reached lower death tolls.[552] The minimum death toll uses the minimum post-archive calculations from after the fall of the Soviet regime of those killed in famine (5,500,000),[553] Gulags, (1,053,829),[396] executions (799,455),[554] and deportations of Kulaks (389,521),[555] ethnic minorities (450,000)[556] batlic citizens, (45,809)[557] and expelled Germans, (300,000)[558] plus the Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946) (150,000).[559] Timothy D. Snyder in 2011 said that Stalin approximately killed 6 million to 9 million [560] see also Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin
Chiang Kai-Shek	5,965,000[561]	18,522,000[561]	10,511,124	Republic of China	1928	1946	18 years	Primarily from conscription campaigns but also grain confiscations and other atrocities.
Hirohito	3,000,000[60]	14,000,000[61]	6,480,741	In and around East and South East Asia, Oceania and the Pacific	1895	1945	50 years	If total casualties for these conflicts are assigned exclusively to Japanese aggression the toll could reach some 30 million deaths. See also: Japanese war crimes
Leopold II of Belgium	3,000,000[lower-alpha 4]	13,000,000[393]	6,244,998	Congo Free State	1885	1908	13 years	Private forces under the control of Leopold II of Belgium carried out mass murders, mutilations, and other crimes against the Congolese in order to encourage the gathering of valuable raw materials, principally rubber. Significant deaths also occurred due to major disease outbreaks and starvation, caused by population displacement and poor treatment.[394] Estimates of the death toll vary considerably due to the lack of a formal census before 1924, but a commonly cited figure of 10 million deaths was obtained by estimating a 50% decline in the total population during the Congo Free State and applying it to the total population of 10 million in 1924.[395] See also: Atrocities in the Congo Free State
Ranavalona I	2,500,000	2,500,000	2,500,000	Madagascar	1829	1842	13 years	Putting an end to most foreign trade relationships, Ranavalona I pursued a policy of self-reliance, made possible through frequent use of the long-standing tradition of fanompoana—forced labor in lieu of tax payments in money or goods. Ranavalona continued the wars of expansion conducted by her predecessor, Radama I, in an effort to extend her realm over the entire island, and imposed strict punishments on those who were judged as having acted in opposition to her will. Due in large part to loss of life throughout the years of military campaigns, high death rates among fanompoana workers, and harsh traditions of justice under her rule, the population of Madagascar is estimated to have declined from around 5 million to 2.5 million between 1833–39, and from 750,000 to 130,000 between 1829–42 in Imerina.[562] These statistics have contributed to a strongly unfavorable view of Ranavalona's rule in historical accounts.[563]
Pol Pot	1,386,734[156]	3,400,000[157]	2,171,381	Cambodia	1975	1979	4 years	Deaths due to arbitrary torture, execution, starvation, and forced labor among the population of Cambodia under the rule of Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge, including both killings of ethnic Khmer (the majority ethnic group) as well as a genocide of religious and ethnic minorities by the Khmer Rouge. Minimum death toll is the number of corpses found in the Killing Fields.See also: Cambodian genocide
The Young Turks	1,489,000	2,810,000	2,045,505	Ottoman Empire	1913	1922	9 years	Under the Young Turks' regime that took powerin 1908, the Ottoman Empire committed various genocides and ethnic cleansings. The death toll is derived from the sum of the death tolls of the Armenian Genocide (800,000 to 1,500,000), Assyrian Genocide (150,000 to 300,000), Greek Genocide (289,000 to 750,000), ethnic cleansing of the Thracian Bulgarians in 1913 (50,000 to 60,000), and the Great Famine of Mount Lebanon (200,000).
Omar al-Bashir	1,063,000	2,530,000	1,639,936	Sudan	1989	2019	29 years	1 to 2 million: Second Sudanese Civil War 63,000 to 530,000:[564] Darfur genocide
Kim Il-sung, Kim Jong-il, and Kim Jong-un	710,000	3,500,000	1,576,388	North Korea	1948	present	70 years	North Korea continues to be one of the most repressive governments in the world.[403] Over two-hundred thousand people are interned in concentrations camps for being political dissidents or being related to political dissidents. They are subject to slavery, torture, starvation, shootings, gassing, and human experimentation.[565] See also: Human rights in North Korea
Suharto	240,500	3,418,000+	906,658+	Indonesia	1965	1998	33 years	65/66 Politicide: 78,500 to 3,000,000 "communists" East Timor Atrocities: 60,000 to 308,000 East Timorese West Papua Atrocities: 100,000 papuans Petrus Killings: 2,000 to 10,000 suspected criminals
Mengistu Haile Mariam	225,000[566]	2,000,000[567]	670,820	Ethiopia	1977	1987	10 years
Saddam Hussein	200,000[568]	2,000,000[568]	632,456	Iraq	1979	2003	24 years	see Human rights in Saddam Hussein's Iraq#Number of victims
Ante Pavelić and Nikola Mandić	300,000[569]	1,088,000[570]	571,314	Croatia[569]	1941	1945	4 years	See also: Independent State of Croatia
Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Cong	145,225	1,082,000	396,401	Vietnam	1954	2000	46 years	95,000: re-education camps[103] 13,500[369]–200,000:[370] land reform 36,725[102] to 227,000:[103] war crimes 200,000 to 560,000:[103][467] boat people The minimum death toll is the same of minimum estimates for war crimes, re-education camps, and land reform. The maximum death toll is the combination of the maximum estimated death toll of land reform, war crimes, re-education camps and boat people, which may or may not be attributable to the regime.
Benito Mussolini	158,000	628,000	314,998	Italy, Libya, Ethiopia, Yugoslavia, Greece	1922	1945	24 years	80,000[571] to 125,000[572] or over 1/4 of the Cyrenaican[571] Pacification of Libya Ethiopia in which 62,000 to 485,000 Second Italo-Abyssinian War[573] 11,000[574] War crimes in Greece 5,000[575] to 7,000.[576] War crimes in Yugoslavia
Francisco Franco	195,000	265,000	227,321	Spain, Austria, and Russia	1939	1975	36 years	Diseases and starvation: 130,000 (1939–1943) Repression: 30,000–100,000 (1939–1948) Prison camps: 20,000 (1939–1943) Spanish Maquis: 5,548 (1939–1965) World War II: 5,000 (Mauthausen concentration camp in Austria) Blue Division: Casualties in the Russo-German conflict totalled 22,700. In action against the Blue Division, the Red Army suffered 49,300 casualties.
Idi Amin	100,000[577][578]	500,000	223,607	Uganda	1971	1979	8 years	Idi Amin's rule of Uganda saw excessive and egregious human rights abuses toward ethnic minorities and political opposition, earning him the nickname "The Butcher of Uganda."
Josip Broz Tito	60,000[579]	802,000[580]	219,363	Yugoslavia	1944	1980	36 years
Communist rule in Romania, various leaders	60,000[581]	435,000[582]	161,555	Romania	1945	1989	44 years	Total does not take into account the Romanian orphans who perished under Nicolae Ceaușescu's policies.
FRELIMO	83,000[583]	250,000[583]	144,049	Communist Mozambique	1975	1999	24 years	See also: Mozambican Civil War
Bashar al-Assad	87,952[584]	199,901[135]	132,596	Syria	2011	present	9 years	See also: Syrian Civil War
Ivan the Terrible	60,000[585]	260,000[586]	124,900	Russian Empire	1533	1584	51 years
Siad Barre	50,000	200,000	100,000	Somalia	1988	1991	3 years	See also: Isaaq genocide
King Salman	85,000[587]	85,000	85,000	Saudi Arabia	2016	present	3 years	See also: Famine in Yemen
Communist rule in Bulgaria, various leaders	31,000[588][589]	220,000[582]	81,240	Bulgaria	1944	1989	45 years	Collectivization and political repression in Bulgaria.
Henry VIII	72,000[590]	72,000	72,000	England	1509	1547	38 years
Vlad III	43,903[591][592]	100,000[593]	66,259	Wallachia	1456	1462	6 years
Communist rule in Czechoslovakia, various leaders	65,000[582]	65,000[582]	65,000	Czechoslovakia	1948	1968	20 years	See also: Communist repression in Czechoslovakia
Francisco Macías Nguema	50,000[594]	80,000[594]	63,246	Equatorial Guinea	1968	1979	11 years	Macías Nguema is regarded as one of the most kleptocratic, corrupt, and dictatorial leaders in post-colonial African history. Sources vary, but he was responsible for the deaths of anywhere from 50,000 to 80,000 of the 300,000 to 400,000 people living in the country at the time.
Rafael Trujillo	50,000[595][596][597]	50,000[595][596][597]	50,000	Dominican Republic	1930	1938	8 years
François Duvalier	30,000[598]	60,000[598]	42,426	Haiti	1957	1971	14 years	Duvalier's rule based on a purged military, a rural militia known as the Tonton Macoute, and the use of cult of personality, resulted in the murder of 30,000 to 60,000 Haitians, and the exile of many more.
Hissène Habré	40,000	40,000	40,000	Chad	1982	1990	8 years	In May 2016, Hissène Habré was found guilty of human-rights abuses, including rape, sexual slavery, and ordering the killing of 40,000 people. He was sentenced to life in prison. He is the first former head of state to be convicted for human rights abuses in the court of another nation.[599]
Communist rule in Cuba, various leaders	9,240[600]	92,400[600]	29,219	Cuba	1976	present	42 years	Human rights in Cuba are under the scrutiny of Human Rights Watch, which accuses the Cuban government of systematic human rights abuses. This includes offenses such as arbitrary imprisonment, unfair trials, and extrajudicial execution.[601][602] See also: Human rights in Cuba
Ruhollah Khomeini and Ali Khemenei	10,482	48,000	22,431	Iran	1979	present	39 years	4,482 to 30,000 in P.O.C. massacre 6,000 to 18,000 child soldiers killed (refer to earlier tables on page)
Communist rule in Poland, various leaders	22,000[603]	22,000	22,000	Communist Poland	1945	1989	44 years	See also: Communist Repression in Poland
South African Apartheid, various leaders	18,997[604]	21,000	19,973	South Africa and Namibia	1948	1994	46 years	Maximum death toll does not include deaths from the South African Border War.
Nicolás Maduro	Almost 18,000[605]	Almost 18,000	Almost 18,000	Venezuela	2016	present	5 years
Ferdinand Marcos	3,257[606]	80,000[607]	16,142	Philippines	1965	1986	21 years	The conservative estimate is recorded from 1975 to 1985, while the maximum estimate is recorded from 1965 to 1976. Also Includes those from the Moro conflict.
Tomás de Torquemada	2,000[608]	124,621[609]	15,787	Spanish Empire	1480	1498	18 years	Minimum death toll only includes lowest estimate of those burned at the stake, whereas the maximum death toll also includes those who died from hunger and torture.
Various leaders	7,000	27,000[582]	13,748	Hungary	1948	1956	8 years	Minimum death toll does not take into account those out of the 150,000 who perished in concentration camps, and only counts the 5,000 alleged spies and 2,000 party members executed, noting that 5,000 spies came from only 98,000 out of 700,000 alleged spies.[610][611] See also: Communist Repression in Hungary
Enver Hoxha	5,000	25,000	11,180	Albania	1941	1985	44 years
Tiberius	9,500[612]	9,500	9,500	Ancient Rome	14	37	23 years
Caligula	9,000[612]	9,000	9,000	Ancient Rome	37	41	4 years
Johnny Paul Koroma	6,000	6,000	6,000	Sierra Leone	1997	1998	1 year
Nero	5,750[612]	5,750	5,750	Ancient Rome	54	68	14 years
Jean-Bedel Bokassa	100[613]	90,000	3,000	Central African Republic	1966	1976	10 years	It was found that Bokassa personally oversaw the massacre of 100 school children.[613]
Claudius	2,935[612]	2,935	2,935	Ancient Rome	41	54	13 years
Communist rule in East Germany, various leaders	327[614]	1,500[614][615]	929	East Germany[614]	1949[614]	1989[614]	40 years	See also: Berlin Wall deaths

See also

Other lists organized by death toll

• List of accidents and disasters by death toll
• List of battles and other violent events by death toll
• List of events named massacres
• List of genocides by death toll
• List of murderers by number of victims
• List of natural disasters by death toll
• List of nuclear and radiation accidents by death toll
• List of ongoing conflicts
• List of school shootings in the United States
• List of disasters in Antarctica by death toll
• List of disasters in Australia by death toll
• List of disasters in Canada by death toll
• List of disasters in Croatia by death toll
• List of disasters in Great Britain and Ireland by death toll
• List of disasters in New Zealand by death toll
• List of disasters in Poland by death toll
• List of disasters in the United States by death toll
• List of wars by death toll

Other lists with similar topics

• List of unusual deaths
• List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft
• List of battles
• Lists of disasters
• Lists of earthquakes
• List of famines
• List of historic fires
• List of invasions
• List of massacres
• List of notable tropical cyclones
• List of riots
• List of terrorist incidents
• List of wars
• Lists of rail accidents

Topics dealing with similar themes

• Anti-communist mass killings
• Casualties of the Iraq War
• Decommunization
• Democide
• Famine
• Genocide
• Genocide in history
• Infectious disease
• Mass killings under Communist regimes
• Mass murder
• Most lethal battles in world history
• United States casualties of war

Notes

1. These death toll estimates vary due to lack of consensus as to the demographic size of the native population pre-Columbus, which some say might never be accurately determined. Modern scholarship tend to side with the higher estimates, but there is still variance based on calculation methods used. Even using conservative populations estimates, however, "one dreadful conclusion is inescapable: the 150 years after Columbus's arrival brought a toll on human life in this hemisphere comparable to all of the world's losses during World War II. ... Against the alien agents of disease, the indigenous people never had a chance. Their immune systems were unprepared to fight smallpox and measles, malaria and yellow fever. The epidemics that resulted have been well documented."[13] A small industry of researchers in recent years have focused their attention on Native American population size in 1492, and the subsequent decimation of the population after contact with Europeans.[14] They have stated that their findings in no way diminish the "dreadful impact Old World diseases had on the people of the New World. But it suggests that the New World was hardly a healthful Eden." For example, they note that as the previously thriving indigenous peoples became more urbanized and less mobile, they succumbed to the same declining sanitation and health conditions of other urban cultures, including tuberculosis. The researchers stress, however, that "their findings in no way mitigated the responsibility of Europeans as bearers of disease devastating to native societies."[13]
2. While there are many estimates for civilian deaths, with some even going well over a million for the war, modern historians generally place the death toll between 200,000 and 250,000; see "Casualties".
3. The Casement estimate is used by Ascherson in his book The King Incorporated, although he notes that it is "almost certainly an underestimate".[392]
4. The Casement estimate is used by Ascherson in his book The King Incorporated, although he notes that it is "almost certainly an underestimate".[392]

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174. Yeomans 2012, p. 18. sfn error: no target: CITEREFYeomans2012 (help)
175. Ramet 2006, p. 114. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRamet2006 (help)
176. Baker 2015, p. 18. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBaker2015 (help)
177. Bellamy 2013, p. 96. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBellamy2013 (help)
178. Pavlowitch 2008, p. 34. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPavlowitch2008 (help)
179. "Alleged atrocities by the Pakistan Army (paragraph 33)". Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report. 23 October 1974. Archived from the original on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
180. Rummel, R.J. "Pakistan Genocide in Bangladesh: Estimates, Sources, and Calculations". View Line 82.
181. Totten, Samuel; William S. Parsons; Israel W. Charny (2004). Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts. Routledge. p. 345. ISBN 0-415-94430-9.
182. Hannum, Hurst (1989). "International Law and Cambodian Genocide: The Sounds of Silence". Human Rights Quarterly. 11 (1): 82–138. doi:10.2307/761936. JSTOR 761936.
183. CDI: The Center for Defense Information, The Defense Monitor, "The World At War: January 1, 1998".
184. Reyntjens, Filip. The Great African War: Congo and Regional Geopolitics, 1996–2006. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2009. pg. 100
185. "Democratic Republic of Congo. An long-standing crisis spinning out of control". . Amnesty International, September 3, 1998, pg. 9. AI Index: AFR 62/33/98.
186. 《晉書·卷一百七》 Jin Shu Original text 閔躬率趙人誅諸胡羯，無貴賤男女少長皆斬之，死者二十余萬，屍諸城外，悉為野犬豺狼所食。屯據四方者，所在承閔書誅之，于時高鼻多須至有濫死者半。
187. John Morley, Biography of Oliver Cromwell, p. 298. published 1900 and 2001; ISBN 978-1-4212-6707-4 "Cromwell is still a hate figure in Ireland today because of the brutal effectiveness of his campaigns in Ireland. Of course, his victories in Ireland made him a hero in Protestant England." "Archived copy". Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved May 25, 2009.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) British National Archives web site. Retrieved March 2007; "Archived copy". Archived from the original on December 11, 2004. Retrieved January 17, 2006.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) From a history site dedicated to the English Civil War. "... making Cromwell's name into one of the most hated in Irish history". Retrieved March 2007. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on December 11, 2004. Retrieved January 17, 2006.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
188. Philip McKeiver in his 2007 work, A New History of Cromwell's Irish Campaign ISBN 978-0-9554663-0-4 and Tom Reilly, 1999, Cromwell: An Honourable Enemy; ISBN 0-86322-250-1
189. Coyle, Eugene (Winter 1999). "Cromwell: An Honourable Enemy, Tom Reilly [review of]". Book Reviews. History Ireland. 7 (4). Retrieved October 10, 2014.
190. Robins & Jones 2009, p. 50. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRobinsJones2009 (help)
191. Dutton, Donald G. (2007). The Psychology of Genocide, Massacres, and Extreme Violence: Why "normal" People Come to Commit Atrocities. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 14. ISBN 9780275990008.
192. Friedman, Mark (2013). Genocide (Hot Topics). Raintree. p. 58. ISBN 9781406235081.
193. Routine calculations do not count as original research, provided there is consensus among editors that the result of the calculation is obvious, correct, and a meaningful reflection of the sources. Basic arithmetic, such as adding numbers, converting units, or calculating a person's age are some examples of routine calculations. See also Category:Conversion templates.
     row 1313 and 1314
     1,000,000 and 10,000 to 2,000,000 and 100,000 Kurds were displaced and killed respectively between 1963 and 1987; 250,000 of them in 1977 and 1978. If deaths are proportional to the displacement then 2,500 to 12,500 Kurds would of died during this period depending on the scale of overall displacement and deaths used.
194. Chestnut Greitens, Sheena (August 16, 2016). Dictators and their Secret Police: Coercive Institutions and State Violence. p. 289. ISBN 9781316712566.
195. Jaffar Al-Faylee, Zaki (2010). Tareekh Al-Kurd Al-Faylyoon. Beirut. pp. 485, 499–501.
196. Al-Hakeem, Dr. Sahib (2003). Untold stories of more than 4000 women raped killed and tortured in Iraq, the country of mass graves. pp. 489–492.
197. "The Tragedy of the Missing Barzanis". Kurdistan Memory Programme. Archived from the original on November 19, 2019.
198. Jones, Dave. "The Crimes of Saddam Hussein
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199. GENOCIDE IN IRAQ Human Rights Watch, 1993
200. "The Crimes of Saddam Hussein – 1988 The Anfal Campaign". PBS Frontline. January 24, 2006. Archived from the original on February 6, 2006. Retrieved November 15, 2019.
201. Zenko, Micah. "Remembering the Iraqi Uprising Twenty-Five Years Ago". Council on Foreign Relations.
202. 1,000 deaths per day in April, May and June along Turkish border a - "Iraqi Deaths from the Gulf War as of April 1992," Greenpeace, Washington, D.C. See also "Aftermath of War: The Persian Gulf War Refugee Crisis," Staff Report to the Senate Judiciary Committee's Subcommittee on Immigration and Refugee Affairs, May 20, 1991. The figure of nearly 1,000 deaths per day is also given in "Kurdistan in the Time of Saddam Hussein," Staff Report to the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, November 1991, p.14. "hundreds" (100 to 900?) died per day along Iranian border b - Kurdish Refugees Straggle Into Iran, Followed By Tragedy, Associated Press, Apr 13, 1991 1,100 to 1,900 (a + b) deaths per day from at least April 13th (b) up to between May 1st and May 31st (a ); which suggests 44 to 74 days: 1,100(44)= 48,400 1,900(74)= 140,600 Routine calculations Routine calculations do not count as original research, provided there is consensus among editors that the result of the calculation is obvious, correct, and a meaningful reflection of the sources. Basic arithmetic, such as adding numbers, converting units, or calculating a person's age are some examples of routine calculations. See also Category:Conversion templates.
203. "Microsoft Word – Letters9" (PDF). Retrieved March 24, 2010.
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236. Ahmet Kahraman, ibid, pg. 211, Karaköse, 14 (Özel muhabirimiz bildiriyor) ...
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261. Lukas, Richard C. (2012). The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles under German Occupation, 1939–1944. Hippocrene Books. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-7818-1302-0.
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267. Biondich, Mark (2011). The Balkans: Revolution, War, and Political Violence since 1878. OUP Oxford. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-19-929905-8.
268. Naimark, Norman M. Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe. Cambridge: MA: Harvard University Press, 2002, pg. 52.
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316. Zubaida 2000, p. 370 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFZubaida2000 (help)
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331. Teiwes, Frederic. "Establishment of the New Regime". In Twitchett, Denis; John K. Fairbank; Roderick MacFarquhar (eds.). The Cambridge history of China. Cambridge University Press. p. 87. ISBN 0-521-24336-X. Archived from the original on 2019-02-20. Retrieved 2008-08-23. "For a careful review of the evidence and a cautious estimate of 200,000 to 800,000 executions, see Benedict Stavis, The Politics of Agricultural Mechanization in China (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1978), 25-30.
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336. Robinson, Geoffrey B. (2018). The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66. Princeton University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-4008-8886-3.
337. Indonesia's killing fields. Al Jazeera, December 21, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
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338. Robinson, Geoffrey B. (2018). The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66. Princeton University Press. pp. 206–207. ISBN 9781400888863.
339. Cribb, Robert (2002). "Unresolved Problems in the Indonesian Killings of 1965–1966". Asian Survey. 42 (4): 550–63. doi:10.1525/as.2002.42.4.550. S2CID 145646994.
340. Melvin, Jess (2018). The Army and the Indonesian Genocide: Mechanics of Mass Murder. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-138-57469-4.
341. Yang Kuisong (March 2008). "Reconsidering the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries". The China Quarterly. 193: 102–21. doi:10.1017/S0305741008000064. (subscription required) summary at China Change blog
342. Maurice Meisner. Mao's China and After: A History of the People's Republic, Third Edition, Free Press, 1999. ISBN 0-684-85635-2, pg. 72: "...the estimate of many relatively impartial observers that there were 2,000,000 people executed during the first three years of the People's Republic is probably as accurate a guess as one can make on the basis of scanty information."
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343. Getty, J. Arch; Rittersporn, Gábor; Zemskov, Viktor (1993). "Victims of the Soviet penal system in the pre-war years: a first approach on the basis of archival evidence" (PDF). American Historical Review. 98 (4): 1022. doi:10.2307/2166597. JSTOR 2166597.
344. Wielka czystka by Alexander Weissberg-Cybulski, ISBN 83-07-02122-7
345. Julián Casanova, Francisco Espinosa, Conxita Mir, Francisco Moreno Gómez. "Morir, matar, sobrevivir. La violencia en la dictadura de Franco", Editorial Crítica. Barcelona, Spain. 2002. p. 8.
346. Michael Richards, A Time of Silence: Civil War and the Culture of Repression in Franco's Spain, 1936–1945, Cambridge University Press. 1998. pg. 11.
347. Antony Beevor. The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (2006), pp. 89–94.
348. "Genocides, Politicides, and Other Mass Murder Since 1945, With Stages in 2008". Genocide Prevention Advisory Network. Archived from the original on August 5, 2016. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
349. Harff, Barbara & Gurr, Ted Robert: "Toward an Empirical Theory of Genocides and Politicides", 32 International Studies Quarterly 359 (1988).
350. Agence France Presse (8 Oct. 1996)
351. Christopher M. Andrew; Vasili Mitrokhin (2005). The World was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World. Basic Books. p. 457. ISBN 978-0-465-00311-2.
352. Riccardo Orizio, US admits helping Mengistu escape, BBC, December 22, 1999.
353. Talk of the Devil: Encounters with Seven Dictators, pg 151.
354. Paul M. Edwards, Historical Dictionary of the Korean War, Plymouth, UK: Scarecrow Press, 2010, p. 32, entry "Bodo League Massacre"
355. Kim 2004, p. 535. sfn error: no target: CITEREFKim2004 (help)
356. Hodapp, Christopher (2013). Freemasonry for Dummies, 2. Edition. Wiley Publishing Inc. ISBN 978-1118412084.
357. Ryan, James (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. London: Routledge. pg. 114; ISBN 978-1138815681
358. Lajos Szaszdi (2008). Russian Civil-Military Relations and the Origins of the Second Chechen War. University Press of America. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-7618-4178-4.
359. Rinke, Stefan; Wildt, Michael (2017). Revolutions and Counter-Revolutions: 1917 and Its Aftermath from a Global Perspective. Campus Verlag. p. 58. ISBN 978-3593507057.
360. Эрлихман, Вадим (2004). Потери народонаселения в XX веке. Издательский дом "Русская панорама". ISBN 5931651071.
361. "Justice For Iraq". Mafhoum.com. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
362. "Background on Chile". The Center for Justice & Accountability. Retrieved July 9, 2013.
363. McSherry, J. Patrice (2011). "Chapter 5: "Industrial repression" and Operation Condor in Latin America". In Esparza, Marcia; Henry R. Huttenbach; Daniel Feierstein (eds.). State Violence and Genocide in Latin America: The Cold War Years (Critical Terrorism Studies). Routledge. p. 107. ISBN 978-0415664578.
364. Blakeley, Ruth (2009). State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South. Routledge. p. 22 & 23. ISBN 978-0415686174.
365. Beevor, Antony. The Battle for Spain; The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939. Penguin Books. 2006. London. p. 87
366. de la Cueva, Julio, "Religious Persecution", Journal of Contemporary History, 3, 198, pp. 355–69. JSTOR 261121
367. Julian Casanova, Unearthing Franco's Legacy, pp. 105–06, University of Notre Dame Press, 2010; ISBN 0-268-03268-8
368. Beevor, Antony (2006), The Battle For Spain; The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, pg. 81.
369. Moise, pp. 205–22; "Newly released documents on the land reform", Vietnam Studies Group. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on April 20, 2011. Retrieved June 30, 2016.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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371. Dr. Linton, Marisa. "The Terror in the French Revolution" (PDF). Kingston University, UK. Retrieved March 11, 2019.
372. "The Reign of Terror". Lumen Learning. Retrieved March 11, 2019.
373. University of California, San Diego (2001). "El Salvador elections and events 1902–1932". Archived from the original on May 21, 2008. Retrieved August 12, 2008.
374. Phil Gunson (April 2, 2009). "Obituary: Raúl Alfonsín – World news – The Guardian". Guardian. London. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
375. Paavolainen 1966, pp. 183–208 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPaavolainen1966 (help), Paavolainen 1967 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPaavolainen1967 (help), Keränen et al. 1992, pp. 121, 138 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKeränen_et_al.1992 (help), Eerola & Eerola 1998, pp. 59, 91 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFEerolaEerola1998 (help), Westerlund 2004a, p. 15 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWesterlund2004a (help), Tikka 2006, pp. 19–30 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTikka2006 (help), Jyränki 2014, pp. 150–88 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFJyränki2014 (help), Tikka 2014, pp. 90–118 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTikka2014 (help), Kekkonen 2016, pp. 106–66, 287–356 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKekkonen2016 (help)
376. "Archived copy". Retrieved August 7, 2014.
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379. (in Spanish) English translation of the Rettig Report
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381. "At least 10,000 people died in Tiananmen Square massacre, secret British cable alleges". independent.co.uk. December 23, 2017.
382. Greenberg, Jon. "Jon Stewart: Slave trade caused 5 million deaths". Pundit Fact.
383. Stannard, David (1992). American Holocaust. ISBN 978-0-19-508557-0.
384. Davis, Robert. Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800.
385. The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 3, AD 1420–AD 1804.
386. WRIGHT, JOHN. "The Trans-Saharan Slave Trade". Journal of Islamic Studies.
387. The Great Big Book of Horrible Things: The Definitive Chronicle of History's 100 Worst Atrocities by Matthew White
388. Chang, Jung and Halliday, Jon. Mao: The Unknown Story. Jonathan Cape, London, 2005. p. 338:
389. "Reeducation Through Labor in China". Human Rights Watch. June 1998. Archived from the original on September 15, 2008. Retrieved October 12, 2008.
390. Lacoste, Yves (2005). "Hérodote a lu : Les Traites négrières, essai d'histoire globale, de Olivier Pétré-Grenouilleau" [Book Review: African Slave Trade, an Attempted Global History, by Olivier Pétré-Grenouilleau]. Hérodote (in French) (117): 196–205. doi:10.3917/her.117.0193. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
391. Pétré-Grenouilleau, Olivier (2004). Les Traites négrières, essai d'histoire globale [African Slave Trade, an Attempted Global History] (in French). Paris: Gallimard. ISBN 9782070734993.
392. Ascherson 1999, p. 9. sfn error: no target: CITEREFAscherson1999 (help)
393. Hochschild 1999, p. 315. sfn error: no target: CITEREFHochschild1999 (help)
394. Hochschild, Adam (1999), pp. 226–32, King Leopold's Ghost, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt; ISBN 0-547-52573-7
395. Hochschild, pp. 226–32.
396. Pool, The Stalinist Penal System, pg. 131
397. Getty, J. Arch; Rittersporn, Gábor; Zemskov, Viktor (1993). "Victims of the Soviet penal system in the pre-war years: a first approach on the basis of archival evidence" (PDF). American Historical Review. 98 (4): 1024. doi:10.2307/2166597. JSTOR 2166597.
398. Alexopoulos, Golfo (2017). Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin's Gulag, Yale University Press.
399. Healey, Dan (June 1, 2018). "GOLFO ALEXOPOULOS. Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin's Gulag". The American Historical Review. 123 (3): 1049–1051. doi:10.1093/ahr/123.3.1049. New studies using declassified Gulag archives have provisionally established a consensus on mortality and "inhumanity." The tentative consensus says that once secret records of the Gulag administration in Moscow show a lower death toll than expected from memoir sources, generally between 1.5 and 1.7 million (out of 18 million who passed through) for the years from 1930 to 1953.
400. Wheatcroft, Stephen G. (1999). "Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Police: The Comparability and Reliability of the Archival Data. Not the Last Word" (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies. 51 (2): 320. doi:10.1080/09668139999056.
401. Steven Rosefielde. Red Holocaust. Routledge, 2009. ISBN 0-415-77757-7 pg. 67 "...more complete archival data increases camp deaths by 19.4 percent to 1,258,537"; pg 77: "The best archivally based estimate of Gulag excess deaths at present is 1.6 million from 1929 to 1953."
402. Black Book of Communism, pg. 564.
403. Haas, Benjamin (September 19, 2018). "'Ashamed': South Koreans chilled by Kim Jong-un's cuddles". the Guardian. Retrieved September 20, 2018. North Korea runs massive prison camps that hold between 80,000 and 120,000 political prisoners, according to a United Nations inquiry that compiled evidence of a raft of crimes against humanity. The UN commission cited 'extermination, murder, enslavement, torture, imprisonment, rape, forced abortions and other sexual violence, persecution on political, religious, racial and gender grounds, the forcible transfer of populations, the enforced disappearance of persons and the inhumane act of knowingly causing prolonged starvation'.
404. Rummel, R.J. (1999). Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1990. Lit Verlag. ISBN 3-8258-4010-7. Available online: "Statistics of Democide: Chapter 3 – Statistics Of Japanese Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources". Freedom, Democracy, Peace; Power, Democide, and War. Retrieved March 1, 2006.
405. "Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls". necrometrics.com. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
406. White, Matthew. "Secondary Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century". Necrometrics. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
407. "De re Militari: muertos en Guerras, Dictaduras y Genocidios". remilitari.com.
408. "Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls". necrometrics.com. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
409. MacPherson, Neil, "Death Railway Movements", mansell.com. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
410. "L'Aventure Humaine: Le canal de Suez, Article de l'historien Uwe Oster". Archived from the original on August 19, 2011.
411. The Suez Crisis – Key maps, bbc.co.uk. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
412. Katz, Brigit. "Remains of 19th-Century Chinese Laborers Found at a Pyramid in Peru". Smithsonian.com. Archived from the original on November 11, 2019.
413. Hwang, Justina. "Chinese in Peru in the 19th century". Brown University. Archived from the original on November 11, 2019.
414. "Peru discovers in pre-Incan site tomb of 16 Chinese migrants". Phys.org. August 24, 2017. The Chinese were discriminated against even in death, having to be buried in the pre-Incan sites after being barred from cemeteries reserved for Roman Catholics.
415. "Japan News and Discussion". Japan Today. Archived from the original on February 7, 2008. Retrieved February 15, 2016.
416. "Bataan Rescue: People & Events". American Experience. Retrieved February 15, 2016.
417. Stephenson, Wesley. "Have 1,200 World Cup workers really died in Qatar?". BBC News. Retrieved March 4, 2018.
418. Patnaik, Utsa. "On Famine and Measuring 'Famine Deaths'". Internet Archive. Retrieved March 30, 2019.
419. Wemheuer, Felix (July 2011). "Sites of horror: Mao's Great Famine [with response]". The China Journal (66): 155–64. doi:10.1086/tcj.66.41262812. JSTOR 41262812. S2CID 141874259. on p.163 Frank Dikötter, in his response, quotes Yu Xiguang's figure of 55 million
420. Becker, Jasper (1998). Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine, Holt Paperbacks, pg. xi.
421. Dikötter, Frank. Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958–62, Walker & Company, 2010. pg. 298.
422. "The five worst atrocities carried out by the British Empire will make you wonder why we're apparently proud of it". The Independent. January 19, 2016. Retrieved September 23, 2017.
423. Amartya Sen (1981). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. Oxford University Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5.
424. Fredrik Albritton Jonsson (2013). Enlightenment's Frontier: The Scottish Highlands and the Origins of Environmentalism. Yale University Press. pp. 167–70. ISBN 978-0-300-16374-2.
425. "How the U.S. saved a starving Soviet Russia: PBS film highlights Stanford scholar's research on the 1921–23 famine", Stanford University. April 4, 2011.
426. Seavoy, Ronald (1986). Famine in Peasant Societies. New York: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313251306.
427. Digby, William (1901). 'Prosperous' British India. London: T. Fisher Unwin. p. 128. OCLC 6671095.
428. "Nineteenth Century Death Tolls". necrometrics.com. Retrieved November 20, 2016.
429. Katouzian 2013, p. 1934: "Russian Revolution of 1917 brought much relief to Iran after a century of imperial interference and intimidation. But it was followed by severe famine and the Spanish flu pandemic which, combined, took a high toll of around two million, mostly of the Iranian poor."
430. Rubin 2015, p. 508: "Despite Iran's official neutrality, this pattern of interference continued during World War I as Ottoman-, Russian-, British-, and German-supported local forces fought across Iran, wreaking enormous havoc on the country. With farmland, crops, livestock, and infrastructure destroyed, as many as 2 million Iranians died of famine at the war's end. Although the Russian Revolution of 1917 led to the recall of Russian troops, and thus gave hope to Iranians that the foreign yoke might be relenting, the British quickly moved to fill the vacuum in the north, and by 1918, had turned the country into an unofficial protectorate."
431. Winegard 2016, p. 85: "Between 1917 and 1919, it is estimated that nearly half (nine to eleven million people) of the Persian population died of starvation or disease brought on by malnutrition."
432. Majd 2003, p. 72: "According to the American Charge d'Affaires, Wallace Smith Murray, this famine had claimed one-third of Iran's population. A famine that even according to British sources as General Dunsterville, Major Donohoe, and General Sykes had claimed vast numbers of Iranians".
433. Majd 2003, p. 40. In the matter of tough custom regulations, Majd mentions incidents of unsuccessful importation of foodstuff recorded by the American embassy. He also refers to a letter by an American official saying "for the last two years practically all the importations have ceased"
434. Rubin 2015, p. 508: "Despite Iran's official neutrality, this pattern of interference continued during World War I as Ottoman-, Russian-, British-, and German-supported local forces fought across Iran, wreaking enormous havoc on the country. With farmland, crops, livestock, and infrastructure destroyed, as many as 2 million Iranians died of famine at the war's end. Although the Russian Revolution of 1917 led to the recall of Russian troops, and thus gave hope to Iranians that the foreign yoke might be relenting, the British quickly moved to fill the vacuum in the north, and by 1918, had turned the country into an unofficial protectorate."
435. Patnaik, Utsa. "The Republic of Hunger" (PDF). Retrieved March 30, 2019.
436. Nicholas Tarling (ed.) The Cambridge History of SouthEast Asia Vol.II Part 1 pp. 139–40
437. Madhusree Mukerjee, Churchill's Secret War: The British Empire and the Ravaging of India During World War II.
438. Book review: Churchill's secret war in India, southasiarev.wordpress.com, April 12, 2011.
439. "Notes from India". The Lancet. 157 (4055): 1430–1431. 1901. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)88925-X.
440. Stevenson, "Capitol Gains" (2014), p. 314.
441. "Biafra/Nigeria". eNotes.com. Retrieved August 30, 2009.
442. "Nigerian Civil War". Polynational War Memorial. Retrieved January 4, 2014.
443. Van der Eng, Pierre (2008) "Food Supply in Java during War and Decolonisation, 1940–1950", MPRA Paper No. 8852, pp. 35–38. /
444. Foster, R.F. Modern Ireland 1600–1972, Penguin Press, 1988. pg. 324. Foster's footnote reads: "Based on hitherto unpublished work by C. Ó Gráda and Phelim Hughes, 'Fertility trends, excess mortality and the Great Irish Famine'...Also see C.Ó Gráda and Joel Mokyr, 'New developments in Irish Population History 1700–1850', Economic History Review, vol. xxxvii, no. 4 (November 1984), pp. 473–88."
445. Joseph Lee, The Modernisation of Irish Society pg. 1. Lee says 'at least 800,000'.
446. Vaughan, W.E. and Fitzpatrick, A.J.(eds). Irish Historical Statistics, Population, 1821/1971. Royal Irish Academy, 1978.
447. Cecil Woodham-Smith (1991). The great hunger: Ireland 1845–1849. Penguin Books. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-14-014515-1.
448. Christine Kinealy (2006). This Great Calamity: The Irish Famine, 1845–52. ISBN 978-0-7171-4011-4.
449. Charles Hirschman et al. "Vietnamese Casualties During the American War: A New Estimate" Archived June 20, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Population and Development Review (December 1995).
450. Koh, David (August 21, 2008). "Vietnam needs to remember famine of 1945". The Straits Times. Singapore. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
451. Bruce Sharp (2008), Counting Hell 2.Ben Kiernan, paragraph 3. Mekong.
452. Marek Sliwiński (1995), Le Génocide Khmer Rouge: Une Analyse Démographique, L'Harmattan, pg. 82.
453. de Waal, Alex (2002) [1997]. Famine Crimes: Politics & the Disaster Relief Industry in Africa. Oxford: James Currey. ISBN 0-85255-810-4.
454. "Flashback 1984: Portrait of a famine", BBC News, April 6, 2000.
455. Spoorenberg, Thomas; Schwekendiek, Daniel (2012). "Demographic Changes in North Korea: 1993–2008". Population and Development Review. 38 (1): 133–158. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2012.00475.x.
456. Daniel Goodkind; Loraine West; Peter Johnson (March 28, 2011). "A Reassessment of Mortality in North Korea, 1993–2008". U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. Retrieved November 8, 2014.
457. Sheina, Robert L., Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899 (2003)
458. COWP: Correlates of War Project, University of Michigan.
459. Harris 2012, p.174
460. Ghazal, Rym (April 14, 2015). "Lebanon's dark days of hunger: The Great Famine of 1915–18". The National. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
461. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2009). Famine: a short history. Princeton University Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-691-12237-3.
462. "Despite aid effort, Sudan famine squeezing life from dozens daily", CNN. Retrieveded May 25, 2006.
463. "Yemen crisis: Half of population facing 'pre-famine conditions'". BBC. October 24, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
464. Kristof, Nicholas (September 26, 2018). "Be Outraged by America's Role in Yemen's Misery". The New York Times. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
465. "Yemen could be 'worst famine in 100 years'". BBC. October 15, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
466. "Worst Natural Disasters In History". Nbc10.com. Archived from the original on April 21, 2008. Retrieved August 11, 2010.
467. The Associated Press of 1979
468. Dai Qing (1998). The River Dragon Has Come!: The Three Gorges Dam and the Fate of China's Yangtze River and Its People. M.E. Sharpe. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-7656-0206-0.
469. 230,000 is the highest of a range of unofficial estimates, including also deaths of ensuing epidemics and famine, in Yi 1998 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYi1998 (help)
470. Cocker, Mark (1998). Rivers of Blood, Rivers of Gold.
471. Prescott, William (1843). History of the Conquest of Mexico.
472. Ruben Mendoza (2007) pp. 407–08.
473. Harner (1977) p. 122
474. National Geographic, July 2003, cited by White
475. Hicks, Madelyn Hsiao-Rei; Dardagan, Hamit; Bagnall, Peter M; Spagat, Michael; Sloboda, John A (September 3, 2011). "Casualties in civilians and coalition soldiers from suicide bombings in Iraq, 2003–10: a descriptive study". The Lancet. 378 (9794): 906–14. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61023-4. PMID 21890055. S2CID 11493252.
476. Sakuntala Narasimhan, Sati: widow burning in India, quoted by Matthew White, "Selected Death Tolls for Wars, Massacres and Atrocities Before the 20th Century", pg. 2 (July 2005), Historical Atlas of the 20th Century (self-published, 1998–2005).
477. This toll is only for the number of Japanese pilots killed in Kamikaze suicide missions. It does not include the number of enemy combatants killed by such missions, which is estimated to be around 4,000. Kamikaze pilots are estimated to have sunk or damaged beyond repair some 70 to 80 allied ships, representing about 80% of allied shipping losses in the final phase of the war in the Pacific (see Kamikaze).
478. "Emad Baghi : English" (no). emadbaghi.com. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
479. Karatnycky, Adrian; Cavanaugh, Kathleen; Finn, James; Graybow, Charles; Payne, Douglas W.; Ryan, Joseph E.; Sussman, Leonard R.; Zarycky, George; Finn, James (1995). Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of Political Rights & Civil Liberties, 1994–1995 (PDF). New York: Freedom House. p. 521. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 5, 2018. Retrieved October 5, 2018. During the first four months of 1994, the Human Rights Committee of South Africa reported that politically motivated killings occurred at a rate of nearly fourteen deaths per day.
480. "An African Lysistrata in Togo – African Futures". September 23, 2012. Archived from the original on September 23, 2012. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
481. "Death Toll in Kenya Exceeds 1,000, but Talks Reach Crucial Phase – The New York Times". October 5, 2018. Archived from the original on October 5, 2018.
482. "500 killed in Togo electoral violence – UN". Independent Online. AFP. September 26, 2005. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
483. August 29, 2005. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). "Conclusions.""La mission d'établissement des faits chargée de faire la lumière sur les violences et les allégations de violations des droits de l'homme survenues au Togo avant, pendant et après l'élection présidentielle du 24 avril 2005" Archived December 17, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
484. News, VOA. "Death Toll in Nicaraguan Protests Hits 317, OAS Says".
485. "Sudan protest death toll hits 90: doctors committee". News24. May 6, 2019. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
486. Walsh, Declan (July 4, 2019). "Sudan Power-Sharing Deal Reached by Military and Civilian Leaders". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
487. "Sudan protests: Death toll reaches 11 after anti-military rallies". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
488. Harding, Luke (September 29, 2006). "How one of the biggest rows of modern times helped Danish exports to prosper". the Guardian.
489. Wellers, Georges. "Essai de determination du nombre de morts au camp d'Auschwitz (attempt to determine the number of dead at the Auschwitz camp)", Le Monde Juif, Oct–Dec 1983, pp. 127–59.
490. Brian Harmon, John Drobnicki, Historical sources and the Auschwitz death toll estimates Archived March 9, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, vex.net. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
491. "Operation Reinhard: Treblinka Deportations". Nizkor.org. Archived from the original on September 23, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
492. Encyclopedia Americana
493. Peter Witte and Stephen Tyas, A New Document on the Deportation and Murder of Jews during "Einsatz Reinhardt" 1942, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, vol 15, No. 3, Winter 2001; ISBN 0-19-922506-0
494. Raul Hilberg (2003). The Destruction of the European Jews: Third Edition. ISBN 978-0-300-09557-9.
495. Yitzhak Arad, Bełżec, Sobibor, Treblinka. The Operation Reinhard Death Camps, Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1987; NCR 0-253-34293-7
496. "Library". jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
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498. "Balkan 'Auschwitz' haunts Croatia". BBC News. April 25, 2005. Retrieved September 29, 2010. No one really knows how many died here. Serbs talk of 700,000. Most estimates put the figure nearer 100,000.
499. Ludwik Kowalski: Alaska notes on Stalinism. Retrieved January 18, 2007. Case Study: Stalin's Purges from Genderside Watch. Retrieved January 19, 2007. George Bien, Gulag Survivor in the Boston Globe, June 22, 2005, Kolyma.
500. Jelka Smreka. "STARA GRADIŠKA Ustaški koncentracijski logor". Spomen područja Jasenovac. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved August 25, 2010.
501. Davor Kovačić (2004). "Iskapanja na prostoru koncentracijskog logora Stara Gradiška i procjena broj žrtava". Retrieved August 25, 2010.
502. A History of Democratic Kampuchea (1975–1979). Documentation Center of Cambodia. 2007. p. 74. ISBN 978-99950-60-04-6.
503. The Andersonville Prison Trial: The Trial of Captain Henry Wirz, by General N.P. Chipman, 1911.
504. "On the killing of Roma in World War II". Mrc.org.rs. March 13, 2013. Archived from the original on October 6, 2011. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
505. Horigan, Michael (2002). Death Camp of the North: The Elmira Civil War Prison Camp. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-1432-2.
506. Erichsen 2005, p. 133. sfn error: no target: CITEREFErichsen2005 (help)
507. Previšić, Martin (February 2015). "Broj kažnjenika na Golom otoku i drugim logorima za informbirovce u vrijeme sukoba sa SSSR-om (1948.-1956.)" [The Number of Convicts on Goli Otok and other Internment Camps during the Informbiro period (1948 – 1956)] (PDF). Historijski zbornik (in Croatian). 66 (1): 173–193. Retrieved 27 July 2018. p.190
508. http://www.comune.bologna.it/iperbole/asnsmp/scotti.html
509. Fenby, J (2008). Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power, 1850 to the Present. Ecco Press. pg. 351; ISBN 0-06-166116-3. "Mao's responsibility for the extinction of anywhere from 40 to 70 million lives brands him as a mass killer greater than Hitler or Stalin, his indifference to the suffering and the loss of humans breathtaking"
510. Patnaik, Utsa. "On Famine and Measuring 'Famine Deaths'". Internet Archive. Retrieved April 27, 2019.
511. The Great Big Book of Horrible Things: The Definitive Chronicle of History's 100 Worst Atrocities by Matthew White
512. Stavis, Benedict (1978). The Politics of Agricultural Mechanization in China. University of California: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-1087-1.
513. Luo, William (March 30, 2018). 半资本主义与中国 （Semi-Capitalism in China） (in Chinese). 世界华语出版社. ISBN 978-1-940266-12-1.
514. Chen, Zhaonan (June 9, 2018). "遇到中共就失憶！國民黨還能騙自己多久？". www.storm.mg (in Chinese). Retrieved April 5, 2020.
515. Yang, Jishen (July 4, 2017). 天地翻覆: 中国文化大革命历史 (in Chinese). 天地图书.
516. "Twentieth Century Atlas – Historical Body Count". necrometrics.com. Retrieved April 27, 2019.
517. m, Angus (1998). Development Centre studies Chinese economic performance in the long run. Development Centre studies Chinese economic performance in the long run.
518. HO, Ping-ti (1970). An Estimate of the Total Population of Sung-Chin China", in Études Song Series 1, No 1. pp. 33 53.
519. Reitlinger, Gerald (1953). The Final Solution. The Attempt to Exterminate the Jews of Europe, 1939–1945. New York City: Beechhurst Press.
520. Early efforts by scholars to determine the number of Jews murdered by the Nazis were limited by a lack of access to pertinent records. The genocide seldom entered Western discourse, both due to ignorance and to the Cold-War politics which made West Germany a new ally of the United States.The first significant work on the subject published in English was Gerald Reitlinger's Final Solution (1953), which, relying almost exclusively on German documentation, estimated 4.9 million dead. This figure is now considered extremely conservative. Raul Hilberg's 1961 The Destruction of the European Jews became a classic in the field of Holocaust literature and made the genocide of the Jews known to the wider public, Hilberg estimated its victims to be 5.1 million lives, or 4.9 – 5.4 million broadly construed. The trial of Adolph Eichmann further raised awareness of the genocide, Eichmann also provided documentation and testimony which revised the number of the dead.The first work to arrive at a figure comparable to modern estimates was Lucy Dawidowicz's The War Against the Jews, published in 1975, the book provided detailed listings by country of the number of Jews killed in the Holocaust which are still used as a reference in modern Holocaust studies. Dawidowicz researched birth and death records in many cities of prewar Europe to come up with a death toll of 5,933,900 Jews. After the opening of Soviet records, scholarship arrived at a death toll of about 6 million Jews. Gutman and Rozett's Encyclopedia of the Holocaust was published in 1990 and estimated slightly over 5.9 million Jews were murdered.Wolfgang Benz's The Holocaust: A German Historian Examines the Genocide, published 1995, gave a toll of 6.2 million.
521. Davies, Norman (2012). God's Playground [Boze igrzysko]. Otwarte (publishing). p. 956. ISBN 8324015566. Polish edition, second volume. "To, co robili Sowieci, bylo szczególnie mylace. Same liczby bylSacramentsie wiarygodne, ale pozbawione komentarza, sprytnie ukrywaly fakt, ze ofiary w przewazajacej liczbie nie byly Rosjanami, ze owe miliony obejmowaly ofiary nie tylko Hitlera, ale i Stalina, oraz ze wsród ludnosci cywilnej najwieksze grupy stanowili Ukraincy, Polacy, Bialorusini i Zydzi. Translation: The Soviet methods were particularly misleading. The numbers were correct, but the victims were overwhelmingly not Russian, and came from either one of the two regimes."
522. Zemskov, Viktor N. (2012). "О масштабах людских потерь CCCР в Великой Отечественной Войне" [The extent of human losses USSR in the Great Patriotic War]. Military Historical Archive (Военно-исторический архив) (in Russian). 9: 59–71 – via Demoskop Weehly vol. 559–560 (2013)
     Excludes:
     • Excludes the 2,500,000 million Jewish civilians killed in Soviet Territories-(see: Gilbert, Martin. Atlas of the Holocaust. 1988. ISBN 978-0-688-12364-2)
     • 30,000 to 35,000 Roma killed in Porajmos-(see: Niewyk, Donald L. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. Columbia University Press. p. 422. ISBN 0-231-11200-9. "European Romani (Gypsy) Population". The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum: Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 8, 2016..
523. Includes:
     • Deaths caused by the result of direct, intentional actions of violence 7,420,379-(see: ????????? 1995, pp. 124–131 The Russian Academy of Science article by M.V. Philimoshin based this figure on sources published in the Soviet era.)
     • Deaths of forced laborers in Germany 2,164,313-(see: Евдокимов 1995, pp. 124–131.)
     • Deaths due to famine and disease in the occupied regions 4,100,000-(see: Евдокимов 1995, pp. 124–131 The Russian Academy of Science article by M.V. Philimoshin estimated 6% of the population in the occupied regions died due to war related famine and disease.)
     Excludes:
     • Excludes the 2,500,000 million Jewish civilians killed in Soviet Territories-(see: Gilbert, Martin. Atlas of the Holocaust. 1988. ISBN 978-0-688-12364-2)
     • 30,000 to 35,000 Roma killed in Porajmos-(see: Niewyk, Donald L. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. Columbia University Press. p. 422. ISBN 0-231-11200-9. "European Romani (Gypsy) Population". The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum: Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
524. Richard Overy, Russia's War (1997): "an estimated 500,000 Soviet citizens died from German bomb attacks."
525. "Imperial War Museum - Invasion of the Soviet Union display". www.berkeleyinternet.com. Retrieved July 29, 2019.
526. "Polish Victims". encyclopedia.ushmm.org. Retrieved July 29, 2019.
527. POLSKA 1939-1945 - STRATY OSOBOWE I OFIARY REPRESJI POD DWIEMA OKUPACJAMI Tomasz Szarota; Wojciech Materski, eds. (2009). Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami [Poland 1939–1945. Human Losses and Victims of Repression under two Occupations]. Warsaw: Institute of National Remembrance (IPN). Archived from the original on March 23, 2012. – Janusz Kurtyka; Zbigniew Gluza. Preface.: "ze pod okupacja sowiecka zginelo w latach 1939–1941, a nastepnie 1944–1945 co najmniej 150 tys [...] Laczne straty smiertelne ludnosci polskiej pod okupacja niemiecka oblicza sie obecnie na ok. 2 770 000. [...] Do tych strat nalezy doliczyc ponad 100 tys. Polaków pomordowanych w latach 1942–1945 przez nacjonalistów ukrainskich (w tym na samym Wolyniu ok. 60 tys. osób [...] Liczba Zydów i Polaków zydowskiego pochodzenia, obywateli II Rzeczypospolitej, zamordowanych przez Niemców siega 2,7– 2,9 mln osób." Translation: "It must be assumed losses of at least 150.000 people during the Soviet occupation from 1939 to 1941 and again from 1944 to 1945 [...] The total fatalities of the Polish population under the German occupation are now estimated at 2,770,000. [...] To these losses should be added more than 100,000 Poles murdered in the years 1942–1945 by Ukrainian nationalists (including about 60,000 in Volhynia [...] The number of Jews and Poles of Jewish ethnicity, citizens of the Second Polish Republic, murdered by the Germans amounts to 2.7–2.9 million people." – Waldemar Grabowski. German and Soviet occupation. Fundamental issues.: "Straty ludnosci panstwa polskiego narodowosci ukrainskiej sa trudne do wyliczenia," Translation: "The losses of ethnic Poles of Ukrainian nationality are difficult to calculate." Note: Polish losses amount to 11.3% of the 24.4 million ethnic Poles in prewar Poland and about 90 percent of the 3.3 million Jews of prewar times. The IPN figures do not include losses among Polish citizens of Ukrainian and Belarusian ethnicity.
528. Niewyk, Donald L. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. Columbia University Press. p. 422. ISBN 0-231-11200-9.
529. "Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 1939–1945". encyclopedia.ushmm.org. Retrieved July 29, 2019.
530. "Croatia" (PDF). Shoah Resource Center, The International School for Holocaust Studies. Yad Vashem. Glišic, Venceslav (January 12, 2006). "Žrtve licitiranja – Sahrana jednog mita, Bogoljub Kocovic". NIN (in Serbian). Archived from the original on August 1, 2013.
531. . August 1, 2013 http://www.knjigainfo.com/index.php?gde=@http://www.knjigainfo.com/pls/sasa/bip.text?tid=38347@. Archived from the original on August 1, 2013. Retrieved August 15, 2020. Missing or empty |title= (help)
532. Voglis, Polymeris (2006). "Surviving Hunger: Life in the Cities and the Countryside during the Occupation". In Gildea, Robert; Wievorka, Olivier; Warring, Anette. Surviving Hitler and Mussolini: Daily Life in Occupied Europe. Oxford: Berg. pp. 16–41. ISBN 978-1-84520-181-4.
533. Baranowski, Shelley (2010). Nazi empire : German colonialism and imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 273. ISBN 978-0-521-67408-9.
534. "Aktuelles Archive". Retrieved August 15, 2020.
535. "Euthanasia Program" (PDF). Yad Vashem. 2018. Chase, Jefferson (January 26, 2017).
536. http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%206303.pdf
537. "Remembering the 'forgotten victims' of Nazi 'euthanasia' murders | DW | 26.01.2017". DW.COM. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
538. Hodapp, Christopher (2013). Freemasonry for Dummies, 2. Edition. Wiley Publishing Inc. ISBN 1118412087.
539. Peter Hoffmann "The History of the German Resistance, 1933–1945"p.xiii
540. "The number of Slovenes estimated to have died as a result of the Nazi occupation (not including those killed by Slovene collaboration forces and other Nazi allies) is estimated between 20,000 and 25,000 people. This number only includes civilians: Slovene partisan POWs who died and resistance fighters killed in action are not included (their number is estimated at 27,000). These numbers however include only Slovenes from present-day Slovenia: it does not include Carinthian Slovene victims, nor Slovene victims from areas in present-day Italy and Croatia. These numbers are result of a 10-year-long research by the Institute for Contemporary History (Inštitut za novejšo zgodovino) from Ljubljana, Slovenia. The partial results of the research have been released in 2008 in the volume Žrtve vojne in revolucije v Sloveniji (Ljubljana: Institute for Contemporary History, 2008), and officially presented at the Slovenian National Council" (PDF). Retrieved August 15, 2020.
541. van der Zee, Henri A (1998), The Hunger Winter: Occupied Holland 1944–1945, University of Nebraska Press, pp. 304–5.
542. Barnouw, David (1999). De hongerwinter. ISBN 978-9065504463.
543. Pike, David Wingeate. Spaniards in the Holocaust: Mauthausen, the horror on the Danube; Editorial: Routledge Chapman & Hall ISBN 978-0-415-22780-3. London, 2000.
544. The Holocaust Chronicle, Publications International Ltd., p. 108.
545. Shulman, William L. A State of Terror: Germany 1933–1939. Bayside, New York: Holocaust Resource Center and Archives.
546. Getty G.T. V.N., J.A. Rittersporn Zemskov (1993). "Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Pre-war Years". American Historical Review (During 1921–53, the number of sentences was (political convictions): sentences, 4,060,306; death penalties, 799,473; camps and prisons, 2,634397; exile, 413,512; other, 215,942. In addition, during 1937–52 there were 14,269,753 non-political sentences, among them 34,228 death penalties, 2,066,637 sentences for 0–1 year, 4,362,973 for 2–5 years, 1,611,293 for 6–10 years, and 286,795 for more than 10 years. Other sentences were non-custodial). 98: 315–345. doi:10.2307/2166597. JSTOR 2166597. Archived from the original on June 11, 2008.
547. Wheatcroft, Stephen (1996). "The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings 1930-1945" (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies. p. 1334.
548. http://sovietinfo.tripod.com/WCR-Scale_Repression.pdf
549. Wheatcroft, Stephen (1996). "The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 1930-45". Europe-Asia Studies. 48 (8): 1319–1353. doi:10.1080/09668139608412415. JSTOR 152781.
550. Conquest, Robert. (1990). The great terror : a reassessment. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195055802. OCLC 20133978.
551. Conquest, Robert (2008). The Great Terror: A Reassessment. Oxford University Press. pp. xvi. ISBN 9780195316995.
552. Snyder, Timothy. (2010). Bloodlands : [Europe between Hitler and Stalin]. Blackstone Audio, Inc. p. 384. ISBN 9781441761507. OCLC 1014318956.
553. Davies,; Wheatcroft (2009). The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia Volume 5: The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture 1931-1933. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 401. ISBN 9780230238558.
554. https://www.theguardian.com/education/2002/sep/12/highereducation.historyandhistoryofart
555. Pohl, J. Otto (1999). Ethnic Cleansing in the USSR, 1937–1949. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-30921-2. LCCN 98-046822. page 46
556. Buckley, Cynthia J.; Ruble, Blair A.; Hofmann, Erin Trouth (September 9, 2008). Migration, Homeland, and Belonging in Eurasia. ISBN 9780801890758.
557. Pettai, Vello (2015). Transitional and Retrospective Justice in the Baltic States. Cambridge University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-1070-4949-9.
558. Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945–1978. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28 Mai 1974. Archivalien und ausgewälte Erlebenisberichte, Bonn 1989, pp. 40–41, 46–47, 51–53)
559. Tomasz Szarota & Wojciech Materski (2009), Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami, Warsaw: Institute of National Remembrance, ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6 (Excerpt reproduced in digital form)
560. Snyder, Timothy (January 27, 2011). "Hitler vs. Stalin: Who Was Worse?" [The total number of noncombatants killed by the Germans—about 11 million—is roughly what we had thought. The total number of civilians killed by the Soviets, however, is considerably less than we had believed. We know now that the Germans killed more people than the Soviets did . . . All in all, the Germans deliberately killed about 11 million noncombatants, a figure that rises to more than 12 million if foreseeable deaths from deportation, hunger, and sentences in concentration camps are included. For the Soviets during the Stalin period, the analogous figures are approximately six million and nine million. These figures are of course subject to revision, but it is very unlikely that the consensus will change again as radically as it has since the opening of Eastern European archives in the 1990s.]. The New York Review of Books. Retrieved November 14, 2019.
561. R.J.Rummel. "CHINA'S BLOODY CENTURY".
562. Campbell, Gwyn (October 1991). "The state and pre-colonial demographic history: the case of nineteenth century Madagascar". Journal of African History. 23 (3): 415–45. doi:10.1017/S0021853700031534.
563. Laidler (2005)
564. Reeves, Eric. "QUANTIFYING GENOCIDE IN DARFUR: April 28, 2006 (Part 1)". Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2019.
565. R.J.Rummel. "Statistics Of North Korean Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources". STATISTICS OF DEMOCIDE.
566. de Waal, Alex. Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia. London: Africa Watch / Human Rights Watch, 1991., page 110.
567. White 2011, pp. 455–456: "For those who prefer totals broken down by country, here are reasonable estimates for the number of people who died under Communist regimes from execution, labor camps, famine, ethnic cleansing, and desperate flight in leaky boats: China: 40,000,000 Soviet Union: 20,000,000 North Korea: 3,000,000 Ethiopia: 2,000,000 Cambodia: 1,700,000 Vietnam: 365,000 (after 1975) Yugoslavia: 175,000 East Germany: 100,000 Romania: 100,000 North Vietnam: 50,000 (internally, 1954–75) Cuba: 50,000 Mongolia: 35,000 Poland: 30,000 Bulgaria: 20,000 Czechoslovakia: 11,000 Albania: 5,000 Hungary: 5,000 Rough Total: 70 million (This rough total doesn't include the 20 million killed in the civil wars that brought Communists into power, or the 11 million who died in the proxy wars of the Cold War. Both sides probably share the blame for these to a certain extent. These two categories overlap somewhat, so once the duplicates are weeded out, it seems that some 26 million people died in Communist-inspired wars.)"
568. A January 26, 2003 The New York Times article by John F. Burns similarly states "the number of those 'disappeared' into the hands of the secret police, never to be heard from again, could be 200,000." Noting that the Iran–Iraq War cost approximately 800,000 lives on both sides and that—while "surely a gross exaggeration"—Iraq estimated there were 100,000 deaths resulting from U.S. bombing in the Gulf War, Burns concludes: "A million dead Iraqis, in war and through terror, may not be far from the mark." See Burns, John F. (January 26, 2003). "How Many People Has Hussein Killed?". The New York Times. Retrieved December 4, 2016. Also writing in The New York Times, Dexter Filkins appeared to echo but misrepresent Burns's remark on October 7, 2007: "[Saddam] murdered as many as a million of his people, many with poison gas. ... His unprovoked invasion of Iran is estimated to have left another million people dead." See Filkins, Dexter (October 7, 2007). "Regrets Only?". The New York Times. Retrieved December 4, 2016. In turn, Arthur L. Herman accused Saddam of "kill[ing] as many as two million of his own people" in Commentary on July 1, 2008. See Herman, Arthur L. (July 1, 2008). "Why Iraq Was Inevitable". Commentary. Retrieved December 4, 2016.
569. "Croatia should apologize for World War II genocide before joining the EU". Christian Science Monitor. April 2, 2010.
570. Rummel, R.J. "Yugoslavian Democide: Estimates, Sources, and Calculations". View Line 245.
571. Duggan, Christopher (2007). The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796. New York: Houghton Mifflin. p. 497.
572. "Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls". necrometrics.com. Retrieved July 29, 2019.
573. "Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls". necrometrics.com. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
574. Doxiadis, Sacrifices of Greece, Claims and Reparations, no.19, p.75-77
575. Rudolph J. Rummel. "Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900." LIT Verlag, 1998. Page 168.
576. "Toledo Blade – Google News Archive Search". news.google.com.
577. Ullman, Richard H. (April 1978). "Human Rights and Economic Power: The United States Versus Idi Amin". Foreign Affairs. 56 (3): 529–543. doi:10.2307/20039917. JSTOR 20039917. Archived from the original on October 4, 2015. Retrieved November 14, 2019. The most conservative estimates by informed observers hold that President Idi Amin Dada and the terror squads operating under his loose direction have killed 100,000 Ugandans in the seven years he has held power.
578. Keatley, Patrick (August 18, 2003). "Obituary: Idi Amin". The Guardian. London. Retrieved March 18, 2008.
579. Mazower, Mark (1999). Dark Continent. p. 235. ISBN 978-0-14-024159-4.
580. "Data". www.hawaii.edu. Retrieved November 20, 2019.
581. Valentino (2005) Final solutions Table 2 found at pg. 75.
582. "Communist Body Count". scottmanning.com. December 4, 2006.
583. "Table". www.hawaii.edu. Retrieved November 20, 2019.
584. https://www.syriahr.com/en/157193/
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586. Rummel, Rudolph. "Pre-20th Century Democide – Estimates, Sources, and Calculations". (Line 642+645). Retrieved June 12, 2019.
587. McKernan, Bethan (November 21, 2018). "Yemen: up to 85,000 young children dead from starvation". The Guardian. Retrieved November 22, 2018.
588. Hanna Arendt Center in Sofia, with Dinyu Sharlanov and Venelin I. Ganev. Crimes Committed by the Communist Regime in Bulgaria. Country report. "Crimes of the Communist Regimes" Conference. February 24–26, 2010, Prague.
589. Шарланов, Диню. История на комунизма в Булгария: Комунизирането на Булгариия. Сиела, 2009; ISBN 978-954-28-0543-4.
590. Barksdale, Nate. "8 Things You May Not Know About Henry VIII". History Channel.
591. Miranda Twiss (January 1, 2002). The most evil men and women in history. Barnes & Noble Books. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-7607-3496-4.
592. Stoicescu, Vlad Țepeș p. 99
593. "27 Bloodthirsty Facts About Vlad the Impaler". Factinate. December 5, 2017.
594. Gardner, Dan (November 6, 2005). "The Pariah President: Teodoro Obiang is a brutal dictator responsible for thousands of deaths. So why is he treated like an elder statesman on the world stage?". The Ottawa Citizen. Archived from the original on June 12, 2008.
595. "La matanza de 1937 – La Lupa Sin Trabas". La Lupa Sin Trabas. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013.
596. Capdevilla (1998) harvp error: no target: CITEREFCapdevilla1998 (help)
597. Eric Paul Roorda (1996). "Genocide next door: the Good Neighbor policy, the Trujillo regime, and the Haitian massacre of 1937". Diplomatic History. 20 (3): 301–19. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1996.tb00269.x.
598. Greene, Anne (2001). "Haiti: Historical Setting § François Duvalier, 1957–71". In Metz, Helen Chapin (ed.). Dominican Republic and Haiti. Country Studies. Research completed December 1999 (3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 288–289. ISBN 978-0-8444-1044-9. ISSN 1057-5294. LCCN 2001023524. OCLC 46321054. President Duvalier reigned supreme for fourteen years. Even in Haiti, where dictators had been the norm, François Duvalier gave new meaning to the term. Duvalier and his henchmen killed between 30,000 and 60,000 Haitians. The victims were not only political opponents, but women, whole families, whole towns. . . . In April 1963, when an army officer suspected of trying to kidnap two of Duvalier's children took refuge in the Dominican chancery, Duvalier ordered the Presidential Guard to occupy the building. The Dominicans were incensed; President Juan Bosch Gaviño ordered troops to the border and threatened to invade. However, the Dominican commanders were reluctant to enter Haiti, and Bosch was obliged to turn to the [Organization of American States] to settle the matter.
599. "Chad's former president has been found guilty of crimes against humanity. Who's next?". The Economist. June 1, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
600. "It has so far verified the names of 9,240 victims of the Castro regime and the circumstances of their deaths. Archive researchers meticulously insist on confirming stories of official murder from two independent sources.
     Cuba Archive President Maria Werlau says the total number of victims could be higher by a factor of 10."
601. "Information about human rights in Cuba" (in Spanish). Comision Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. April 7, 1967. Archived from the original on June 14, 2006. Retrieved July 9, 2006.
602. "Castro sued over alleged torture". News from Russia. November 16, 2005. Archived from the original on February 14, 2006. Retrieved July 9, 2006.
603. "CommunistCrimes.org – Poland: Communist Era". www.communistcrimes.org. Retrieved May 8, 2019.
604. White, Matthew (July 2005). "Minor Atrocities of the Twentieth Century". Archived from the original on May 20, 2018. Retrieved May 20, 2018.
605. "Venezuela: Extrajudicial Killings in Poor Areas Pattern of Serious Police Abuse Goes Unpunished". Human Rights Watch.
606. Rachel A.G. Reyes, "Fact checking the Marcos killings, 1975–1985", manilatimes.net, April 12, 2016.
607. "The tallies of Martial Law". Esquiremag.ph.
608. Murphy, Cullen (January 17, 2012). God's Jury: The Inquisition and the Making of the Modern World. HMH. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-618-09156-0. Retrieved June 18, 2019. 2,000 people.
609. Rummel, Rudolph. "Pre-20th Century Democide – Estimates, Sources, and Calculations". (Line 20). Retrieved June 18, 2019.
610. Bideleux & Jeffries 2007, p. 477 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBideleuxJeffries2007 (help)
611. Crampton 1997, p. 267 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCrampton1997 (help)
612. "Atrocity statistics from the Roman Era". necrometrics.com. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
613. Papa in the Dock Time magazine
614. "New study gives first verifiable death toll at Cold War East German borders". June 8, 2017. Archived from the original on June 8, 2017. The researchers meticulously combed through nearly 1,500 potential cases of deaths at the border between 1949 when the GDR was founded to 1989 when the Berlin Wall fell.
615. Connolly, Kate (August 12, 2003). "'More than 1,000 died' trying to flee East Germany". Archived from the original on April 12, 2012. Retrieved December 25, 2018 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.

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