List of prime ministers of Italy

The Prime Minister of Italy, officially President of the Council of Ministers (Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri), is the political leader of Italy since 1861. The Chigi Palace in Rome is the official residence of the Prime Minister.[1]

• Top left: Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour was the first Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Italy.
• Top right: Benito Mussolini was the longest-serving Prime Minister in Italian history.
• Bottom left: Alcide De Gasperi was the first Prime Minister of the Italian Republic.
• Bottom right: Silvio Berlusconi is the longest-serving Prime Minister of the Italian Republic.

The Prime Minister is the President of the Council of Ministers (which holds effective executive power) and must receive a vote of approval from it to execute most political activities. The office is similar to those in most other parliamentary systems, but the leader of the Italian government is not authorized to request the dissolution of the Parliament or to dismiss ministers.

The office was established by Articles 92 through to 96 of the current Constitution of Italy. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President of the Republic after each general election. Commonly referred to in Italy as Premier, the right title of the office holder is President of the Council of Ministers, or just President of the Council. The formal Italian order of precedence lists the office as being ceremonially the fourth most important Italian state office.

History

The office was first established in 1848 in Italy's predecessor state, the Kingdom of Sardinia, although it was not mentioned in the constitution, the Albertine Statute. The candidate for office was appointed by the king and presided over a very unstable political system. In its first 60 years of existence (1861–1921), Italy changed its prime minister 37 times. Regarding this situation, the first goal of Benito Mussolini, appointed in 1922, was to abolish the Parliament's ability to put him to a vote of no confidence, thus basing his power on the will of the king and the National Fascist Party alone. With the proclamation of the Italian Republic in 1946, the office received constitutional recognition and 29 men assumed the office in 73 years.

Prime Ministers of Italy

Presidents of the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)

Parties:

• 1861–1912:
  •   Historical Right
  •   Historical Left
• 1912–1922:
  •   Liberal Union
  •   Italian Radical Party
  •   Italian Reformist Socialist Party
  •   Military
• 1922–1943:
  •   National Fascist Party
• 1943–1946:
  •   Labour Democratic Party
  •   Action Party
  •   Christian Democracy

Coalitions:

• 1861–1912:
  •   Rightist coalition
  •   Leftist coalition
  •   Mixed coalition
• 1912–1924:
  •   Liberal coalition
• 1924–1943:
  •   Fascist
• 1943–1946:
  •   Mixed coalition

N.	Portrait	Name (Born–Died)	Term of office			Party		Government	Composition	Legislature	King
			Took office	Left office	Time in office
1		Camillo Benso, Conte di Cavour (1810–1861)	23 March 1861	6 June 1861†	75 days		Historical Right	Cavour IV	Right	VIII (1861)	Victor Emmanuel II (1861–1878)
2		Bettino Ricasoli (1809–1880)	12 June 1861	3 March 1862	264 days		Historical Right	Ricasoli I	Right
3		Urbano Rattazzi (1808–1873)	3 March 1862	8 December 1862	280 days		Historical Left	Rattazzi I	Right • Left
4		Luigi Carlo Farini (1812–1866)	8 December 1862	24 March 1863	106 days		Historical Right	Farini	Right
5		Marco Minghetti (1818–1886)	24 March 1863	28 September 1864	1 year, 188 days		Historical Right	Minghetti I	Right
6		General Alfonso Ferrero la Marmora (1804–1878)	28 September 1864	31 December 1865	1 year, 265 days		Military	La Marmora II	Right
			31 December 1865	20 June 1866				La Marmora III		IX (1865)
(2)		Bettino Ricasoli (1809–1880)	20 June 1866	10 April 1867	294 days		Historical Right	Ricasoli II	Government of National Unity (Right • Left)
(3)		Urbano Rattazzi (1808–1873)	10 April 1867	27 October 1867	200 days		Historical Left	Rattazzi II	Right • Left	[[1867 Italian general election|X (1867)]]
7		Luigi Federico Menabrea (1809–1896)	27 October 1867	5 January 1868	1 year, 48 days		Historical Right	Menabrea I	Right
			5 January 1868	13 May 1869				Menabrea II
			13 May 1869	14 December 1869				Menabrea III
8		Giovanni Lanza (1810–1882)	14 December 1869	10 July 1873	3 years, 208 days		Historical Right	Lanza	Right	XI (1870)
(5)		Marco Minghetti (1818–1886)	10 July 1873	25 March 1876	2 years, 259 days		Historical Right	Minghetti II	Right	XII (1874)
9		Agostino Depretis (1813–1887)	25 March 1876	25 December 1877	1 year, 364 days		Historical Left	Depretis I	Left	XIII (1876)
			26 December 1877	24 March 1878				Depretis II			Umberto I (1878–1900)
10		Benedetto Cairoli (1825–1889)	24 March 1878	19 December 1878	270 days		Historical Left	Cairoli I	Left
(9)		Agostino Depretis (1813–1887)	19 December 1878	14 July 1879	214 days		Historical Left	Depretis III	Left
(10)		Benedetto Cairoli (1825–1889)	14 July 1879	25 November 1879	1 year, 319 days		Historical Left	Cairoli II	Left
			25 November 1879	29 May 1881				Cairoli III		XIV (1880)
(9)		Agostino Depretis (1813–1887)	29 May 1881	25 May 1883	6 years, 61 days		Historical Left	Depretis IV	Left
			25 May 1883	30 March 1884				Depretis V		XV (1882)
			30 March 1884	29 June 1885				Depretis VI
			29 June 1885	4 April 1887				Depretis VII		XVI (1886)
			4 April 1887	29 July 1887†				Depretis VIII
11		Francesco Crispi (1819–1901)	29 July 1887	9 March 1889	3 years, 192 days		Historical Left	Crispi I	Left
			9 March 1889	6 February 1891				Crispi II		XVII (1890)
12		Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì (1839–1908)	6 February 1891	15 May 1892	1 year, 99 days		Historical Right	Rudinì I	Left • Right
13		Giovanni Giolitti (1842–1928)	15 May 1892	15 December 1893	1 year, 214 days		Historical Left	Giolitti I	Left	XVIII (1892)
(11)		Francesco Crispi (1819–1901)	15 December 1893	14 June 1894	2 years, 86 days		Historical Left	Crispi III	Left • Right
			14 June 1894	10 March 1896				Crispi IV		XIX (1895)
(12)		Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì (1839–1908)	10 March 1896	11 July 1896	2 years, 111 days		Historical Right	Rudinì II	Right with Left's external support
			11 July 1896	14 December 1897				Rudinì III
			14 December 1897	1 June 1898				Rudinì IV	Left • Right	XX (1897)
			1 June 1898	29 June 1898				Rudinì V	Right with Left's external support
14		General Luigi Pelloux (1839–1924)	29 June 1898	14 May 1899	1 year, 360 days		Military	Pelloux I	Left
			14 May 1899	24 June 1900				Pelloux II	Left • Right
15		Giuseppe Saracco (1821–1907)	24 June 1900	15 February 1901	236 days		Historical Left	Saracco	Left • Right	XXI (1900)	Victor Emmanuel III (1900–1946)
16		Giuseppe Zanardelli (1826–1903)	15 February 1901	3 November 1903	2 years, 261 days		Historical Left	Zanardelli	Left • Right
(13)		Giovanni Giolitti (1842–1928)	3 November 1903	12 March 1905	1 year, 129 days		Historical Left	Giolitti II	Left • Right with PSI's external support	XXII (1904)
17		Tommaso Tittoni (1855–1931)	12 March 1905	28 March 1905	16 days		Historical Right	Tittoni	Left • Right
18		Alessandro Fortis (1842–1909)	27 March 1905	24 December 1905	318 days		Historical Left	Fortis I	Left • Right
			24 December 1905	8 February 1906				Fortis II	Left with Right's external support
19		Sidney Sonnino (1847–1922)	8 February 1906	29 May 1906	110 days		Historical Right	Sonnino I	Left • Right • Radicals
(13)		Giovanni Giolitti (1842–1928)	29 May 1906	11 December 1909	3 years, 196 days		Historical Left	Giolitti III	Left • Right
(19)		Sidney Sonnino (1847–1922)	11 December 1909	31 March 1910	110 days		Historical Right	Sonnino II	Right with Left's external support	XXIII (1909)
20		Luigi Luzzatti (1841–1927)	31 March 1910	30 March 1911	364 days		Historical Right	Luzzatti	Left • Right • Radicals
(13)		Giovanni Giolitti (1842–1928)	30 March 1911	21 March 1914	2 years, 356 days		Liberal Union	Giolitti IV	UL • PR
21		Antonio Salandra (1853–1931)	21 March 1914	5 November 1914	2 years, 89 days		Liberal Union	Salandra I	UL	XXIV (1913)
			5 November 1914	18 June 1916				Salandra II	UL • PRI
22		Paolo Boselli (1838–1932)	18 June 1916	30 October 1917	1 year, 134 days		Liberal Union	Boselli	Government of National Unity (UL • PR • UECI • PSRI)
23		Vittorio Emanuele Orlando (1860–1952)	30 October 1917	23 June 1919	1 year, 236 days		Liberal Union	Orlando	Government of National Unity (UL • PR • UECI • PSRI)
24		Francesco Saverio Nitti (1868–1953)	23 June 1919	21 May 1920	358 days		Italian Radical Party	Nitti I	UL • PLD • PPI • PR • PSRI
			21 May 1920	15 June 1920				Nitti II	UL • PLD • PPI • PR	XXV (1919)
(13)		Giovanni Giolitti (1842–1928)	15 June 1920	4 July 1921	1 year, 19 days		Liberal Union	Giolitti V	UL • PLD • PPI • PDSI • PR • PSRI
25		Ivanoe Bonomi (1873–1951)	4 July 1921	26 February 1922	237 days		Italian Reformist Socialist Party	Bonomi I	PPI • PLI • PLD • PDSI • PSRI	XXVI (1921)
26		Luigi Facta (1861–1930)	26 February 1922	1 August 1922	247 days		Liberal Union / Italian Liberal Party	Facta I	PPI • PLI • PLD • PDSI • PSRI • PA
			1 August 1922	31 October 1922				Facta II	PPI • PLI • PLD • PDSI • PSRI
27		Duce Benito Mussolini (1883–1945)	31 October 1922	25 July 1943	20 years, 267 days		National Fascist Party	Mussolini	PPI • PLI • PDSI • PNF • ANI
									PNF	XXVII (1924)
										XXVIII (1929)
										XXIX (1934)
										XXX (no election)
28		Marshal Pietro Badoglio (1871–1956)	25 July 1943	22 April 1944	329 days		Military	Badoglio I	Independents • DC • PLI	Abolished Parliament
			22 April 1944	18 June 1944				Badoglio II	National Liberation Committee (DC • PCI • PLI • PSIUP • PdA • PDL)
(25)		Ivanoe Bonomi (1873–1951)	18 June 1944	12 December 1944	1 year, 3 days		Labour Democratic Party	Bonomi II	National Liberation Committee (DC • PCI • PLI • PSIUP • PdA • PDL)
			12 December 1944	21 June 1945				Bonomi III	National Liberation Committee (DC • PCI • PLI • PDL)	National Council
29		Ferruccio Parri (1890–1981)	21 June 1945	10 December 1945	172 days		Action Party	Parri	National Liberation Committee (DC • PCI • PLI • PSIUP • PdA • PDL)
30		Alcide De Gasperi (1881–1954)	10 December 1945	13 July 1946	212 days		Christian Democracy	De Gasperi I	National Liberation Committee (DC • PCI • PLI • PSIUP • PdA • PDL)		Umberto II (1946)

Presidents of the Council of Ministers of the Italian Republic (1946–present)

Parties:

• 1946–1994:
  •   Christian Democracy
  •   Italian Republican Party
  •   Italian Socialist Party
  •   Independent
• 1994–present
  •   Forza Italia / The People of Freedom
  •   The Olive Tree / Democratic Party
  •   Independent

Coalitions:

• 1946–1994:
  •   Centrist coalition
  •   Organic Centre-left
  •   Pentapartito / Quadripartito
  •   Mixed coalition
• 1994–present:
  •   Centre-right coalition
  •   Centre-left coalition
  •   Mixed coalition

N.	Portrait	Name (Born–Died)	Term of office			Party		Government	Composition	Legislature	President
			Took office	Left office	Time in office
(30)		Alcide De Gasperi (1881–1954)	13 July 1946	2 February 1947	7 years, 38 days		Christian Democracy	De Gasperi II	National Liberation Committee (DC • PSIUP • PCI • PRI)	Constituent Assembly (1946)	Enrico De Nicola (1946–1948)
			2 February 1947	31 May 1947				De Gasperi III	National Liberation Committee (DC • PSI • PCI • PDL)
			31 May 1947	23 May 1948				De Gasperi IV	Centrism (DC • PSDI • PLI • PRI)
			23 May 1948	27 January 1950				De Gasperi V		I (1948)	Luigi Einaudi (1948–1955)
			27 January 1950	26 July 1951				De Gasperi VI	Centrism (DC • PSDI • PRI)
			26 July 1951	16 July 1953				De Gasperi VII	Centrism (DC • PRI)
			16 July 1953	17 August 1953				De Gasperi VIII[lower-alpha 1]	DC	II (1953)
31		Giuseppe Pella (1902–1981)	17 August 1953	18 January 1954	154 days		Christian Democracy	Pella	DC
32		Amintore Fanfani (1908–1999)	18 January 1954	10 February 1954	23 days		Christian Democracy	Fanfani I[lower-alpha 1]	DC
33		Mario Scelba (1901–1991)	10 February 1954	6 July 1955	1 year, 146 days		Christian Democracy	Scelba	Centrism (DC • PSDI • PLI)
34		Antonio Segni (1891–1972)	6 July 1955	19 May 1957	1 year, 317 days		Christian Democracy	Segni I	Centrism (DC • PSDI • PLI)		Giovanni Gronchi (1955–1962)
35		Adone Zoli (1887–1960)	19 May 1957	1 July 1958	1 year, 43 days		Christian Democracy	Zoli	DC
(32)		Amintore Fanfani (1908–1999)	1 July 1958	16 February 1959	230 days		Christian Democracy	Fanfani II	Centrism (DC • PSDI)	III (1958)
(34)		Antonio Segni (1891–1972)	16 February 1959	25 March 1960	1 year, 38 days		Christian Democracy	Segni II	DC with MSI, PLI, PNM and PMP's external support
36		Fernando Tambroni (1901–1963)	25 March 1960	26 July 1960	123 days		Christian Democracy	Tambroni	DC with MSI's external support
(32)		Amintore Fanfani (1908–1999)	26 July 1960	21 February 1962	2 years, 330 days		Christian Democracy	Fanfani III	DC with PSDI, PLI, and PRI's external support
			21 February 1962	21 June 1963				Fanfani IV	DC • PSDI • PRI with PSI's external support		Antonio Segni (1962–1964)
37		Giovanni Leone (1908–2001)	21 June 1963	4 December 1963	166 days		Christian Democracy	Leone I	DC with PSI, PSDI and PRI's external support	IV (1963)
38		Aldo Moro (1916–1978)	4 December 1963	22 July 1964	4 years, 203 days		Christian Democracy	Moro I	Organic Centre-left (DC • PSI • PSDI • PRI)
			22 July 1964	23 February 1966				Moro II			Giuseppe Saragat (1964–1971)
			23 February 1966	24 June 1968				Moro III
(37)		Giovanni Leone (1908–2001)	24 June 1968	12 December 1968	171 days		Christian Democracy	Leone II	DC with PSU and PRI's external support	V (1968)
39		Mariano Rumor (1915–1990)	12 December 1968	5 August 1969	1 year, 237 days		Christian Democracy	Rumor I	Organic Centre-left (DC • PSU • PRI)
			5 August 1969	27 March 1970				Rumor II	DC with PSI, PSDI and PRI's external support
			27 March 1970	6 August 1970				Rumor III	Organic Centre-left (DC • PSI • PSDI • PRI)
40		Emilio Colombo (1920–2013)	6 August 1970	17 February 1972	1 year, 195 days		Christian Democracy	Colombo	Organic Centre-left (DC • PSI • PSDI • PRI)
41		Giulio Andreotti (1919–2013)	17 February 1972	26 June 1972	1 year, 140 days		Christian Democracy	Andreotti I[lower-alpha 1]	DC		Giovanni Leone (1971–1978)
			26 June 1972	7 July 1973				Andreotti II	DC • PSDI • PLI with PRI's external support	VI (1972)
(39)		Mariano Rumor (1915–1990)	7 July 1973	14 March 1974	1 year, 139 days		Christian Democracy	Rumor IV	Organic Centre-left (DC • PSI • PSDI • PRI)
			14 March 1974	23 November 1974				Rumor V	Organic Centre-left (DC • PSI • PSDI) with PRI's external support
(38)		Aldo Moro (1916–1978)	23 November 1974	12 February 1976	1 year, 249 days		Christian Democracy	Moro IV	DC • PRI with PSI and PSDI's external support
			12 February 1976	29 July 1976				Moro V	DC with PSI, PSDI and PRI's external support
(41)		Giulio Andreotti (1919–2013)	29 July 1976	11 March 1978	3 years, 6 days		Christian Democracy	Andreotti III	Historic Compromise (DC with PCI's external support)	VII (1976)
			11 March 1978	20 March 1979				Andreotti IV			Sandro Pertini (1978–1985)
			20 March 1979	4 August 1979				Andreotti V[lower-alpha 1]	DC • PSDI • PRI
42		Francesco Cossiga (1928–2010)	4 August 1979	4 April 1980	1 year, 75 days		Christian Democracy	Cossiga I	DC • PSDI • PLI with PSI and PRI's external support	VIII (1979)
			4 April 1980	18 October 1980				Cossiga II	Organic Centre-left (DC • PSI • PRI)
43		Arnaldo Forlani (1925–)	18 October 1980	28 June 1981	253 days		Christian Democracy	Forlani	Organic Centre-left (DC • PSI • PSDI • PRI)
44		Giovanni Spadolini (1925–1994)	28 June 1981	23 August 1982	1 year, 156 days		Italian Republican Party	Spadolini I	Pentapartito (DC • PSI • PSDI • PRI • PLI)
			23 August 1982	1 December 1982				Spadolini II
(32)		Amintore Fanfani (1908–1999)	1 December 1982	4 August 1983	246 days		Christian Democracy	Fanfani V	DC • PSI • PSDI • PLI with PRI's external support
45		Bettino Craxi (1934–2000)	4 August 1983	1 August 1986	3 years, 257 days		Italian Socialist Party	Craxi I	Pentapartito (DC • PSI • PRI • PSDI • PLI)	IX (1983)
			1 August 1986	18 April 1987				Craxi II			Francesco Cossiga (1985–1992)
(32)		Amintore Fanfani (1908–1999)	18 April 1987	29 July 1987	102 days		Christian Democracy	Fanfani VI[lower-alpha 1]	DC
46		Giovanni Goria (1943–1994)	29 July 1987	13 April 1988	259 days		Christian Democracy	Goria	Pentapartito (DC • PSI • PRI • PSDI • PLI)	X (1987)
47		Ciriaco De Mita (1928–)	13 April 1988	22 July 1989	1 year, 100 days		Christian Democracy	De Mita	Pentapartito (DC • PSI • PRI • PSDI • PLI)
(41)		Giulio Andreotti (1919–2013)	22 July 1989	12 April 1991	2 years, 342 days		Christian Democracy	Andreotti VI	Pentapartito (DC • PSI • PRI • PSDI • PLI)
			12 April 1991	28 June 1992				Andreotti VII	Quadripartito (DC • PSI • PSDI • PLI)
48		Giuliano Amato (1938–)	28 June 1992	28 April 1993	304 days		Italian Socialist Party	Amato I	Quadripartito (DC • PSI • PLI • PSDI)	XI (1992)	Oscar Luigi Scalfaro (1992–1999)
49		Carlo Azeglio Ciampi (1920–2016)	28 April 1993	10 May 1994	1 year, 12 days		Independent	Ciampi	DC • PSI • PDS • PLI • PRI • PSDI • FdV
50		Silvio Berlusconi (1936–)	10 May 1994	17 January 1995	252 days		Forza Italia	Berlusconi I	PdL–PBG (FI • LN • AN • CCD • UdC)	XII (1994)
51		Lamberto Dini (1931–)	17 January 1995	17 May 1996	1 year, 121 days		Independent	Dini	Independents (supported by PDS, LN, PPI, PSI, FdV, Rete, CS)
52		Romano Prodi (1939–)	17 May 1996	21 October 1998	2 years, 157 days		The Olive Tree (Independent)	Prodi I	The Olive Tree (PDS • PPI • RI • FdV • UD) with PRC's external support	XIII (1996)
53		Massimo D'Alema (1949–)	21 October 1998	22 December 1999	1 year, 187 days		The Olive Tree (DS)	D'Alema I	The Olive Tree (DS • PPI • RI • SDI • FdV • PdCI • UDR)
			22 December 1999	25 April 2000				D'Alema II	The Olive Tree (DS • PPI • Dem • RI • FdV • PdCI • UDEUR)		Carlo Azeglio Ciampi (1999–2006)
(48)		Giuliano Amato (1938–)	25 April 2000	11 June 2001	1 year, 47 days		The Olive Tree (Independent)	Amato II	The Olive Tree (DS • PPI • Dem • FdV • PdCI • UDEUR • RI • SDI)
(50)		Silvio Berlusconi (1936–)	11 June 2001	23 April 2005	4 years, 340 days		Forza Italia	Berlusconi II	House of Freedoms (FI • AN • LN • UDC • NPSI • PRI)	XIV (2001)
			23 April 2005	17 May 2006				Berlusconi III
(52)		Romano Prodi (1939–)	17 May 2006	8 May 2008	1 year, 357 days		The Olive Tree / Democratic Party	Prodi II	The Union (DS • DL • PRC • RnP • PdCI • IdV • FdV • UDEUR)	XV (2006)	Giorgio Napolitano (2006–2015)
(50)		Silvio Berlusconi (1936–)	8 May 2008	16 November 2011	3 years, 192 days		The People of Freedom	Berlusconi IV	Centre-right coalition (PdL • LN • MpA)	XVI (2008)
54		Mario Monti (1943–)	16 November 2011	28 April 2013	1 year, 163 days		Independent	Monti	Independents (supported by PdL, PD, UdC, FLI, ApI)
55		Enrico Letta (1966–)	28 April 2013	22 February 2014	300 days		Democratic Party	Letta	PD • PdL[lower-alpha 2] • NCD[lower-alpha 3] • SC • PpI • UdC • RI	XVII (2013)
56		Matteo Renzi (1975–)	22 February 2014	12 December 2016	2 years, 294 days		Democratic Party	Renzi	PD • NCD • SC • UdC		Sergio Mattarella (2015–)
57		Paolo Gentiloni (1954–)	12 December 2016	1 June 2018	1 year, 171 days		Democratic Party	Gentiloni	PD • NCD/AP • CpE
58		Giuseppe Conte (1964–)	1 June 2018	5 September 2019	2 years, 247 days		Independent	Conte I	M5S • Lega	XVIII (2018)
			5 September 2019	Incumbent				Conte II	M5S • PD • LeU • IV[lower-alpha 4]

1. The cabinet did not receive the confidence of the Parliament.
2. From April 2013 until November 2013.
3. Since November 2013.
4. From September 2019 until January 2021.

Timeline

Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)

Italian Republic (1946–present)

Living former Prime Ministers of Italy

• Living former Prime Ministers of Italy
• 
  Arnaldo Forlani
  1980–1981
  8 December 1925
• 
  Ciriaco De Mita
  1988–1989
  2 February 1928
• 
  Giuliano Amato
  1992–1993
  2000–2001
  13 May 1938
• 
  Silvio Berlusconi
  1994–1995
  2001–2006
  2008–2011
  29 September 1936
• 
  Lamberto Dini
  1995–1996
  1 March 1931
• 
  Romano Prodi
  1996–1998
  2006–2008
  9 August 1939
• 
  Massimo D'Alema
  1998–2000
  20 April 1949
• 
  Mario Monti
  2011–2013
  19 March 1943
• 
  Enrico Letta
  2013–2014
  20 August 1966
• 
  Matteo Renzi
  2014–2016
  11 January 1975
• 
  Paolo Gentiloni
  2016–2018
  22 November 1954

See also

• Prime Minister of Italy
• List of prime ministers of Italy by time in office
• Deputy Prime Minister of Italy
• Lists of incumbents
• Politics of Italy

References

1. "Il Presidente – Governo".

Bibliography

• Guglielmotti, Umberto, ed. (1966). I presidenti del Consiglio dei Ministri dell'Unita' d'Italia ad oggi, Volume 3 (in Italian). CEN.
• Viviani, Maria Paola, ed. (1970). La presidenza del Consiglio dei ministri in alcuni stati dell'Europa occidentale ed in Italia (in Italian). Giuffrè.
• Rotelli, Ettore, ed. (1972). La Presidenza Del Consiglio Dei Ministri: Il Problema Del Coordinamento Dell'amministrazione Centrale in Italia, (1848-1948) (in Italian). Giuffrè.
• Marzo, Corradino; Amodio, Vito Domenico, eds. (2014). I governi della Repubblica. Storia dei Presidenti del Consiglio, Volume 1 (in Italian). Lupo. ISBN 978-8866671893.