Manne Siegbahn

Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn FRS(For)[1] HFRSE (3 December 1886 – 26 September 1978)[2] was a Swedish physicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1924 "for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy".[3][4]

Manne Siegbahn
Karl Manne Siegbahn in 1924
Born
Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn

(1886-12-03)3 December 1886
Örebro, Sweden
Died26 September 1978(1978-09-26) (aged 91)
Stockholm, Sweden
Alma materUniversity of Lund
Known forX-ray spectroscopy
Siegbahn notation
Siegbahn pump
Spouse(s)Karin Högbom
Children
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics
InstitutionsUniversity of Lund
University of Uppsala
University of Stockholm
Notes
He is the father of Nobel laureate Kai Siegbahn.

Biography

Siegbahn was born in Örebro, Sweden, the son of Georg Siegbahn and his wife, Emma Zetterberg.[5]

He graduated in Stockholm 1906 and began his studies at Lund University in the same year.[6] During his education he was secretarial assistant to Johannes Rydberg.[7] In 1908 he studied at the University of Göttingen.[8] He obtained his doctorate (PhD) at the Lund University in 1911, his thesis was titled Magnetische Feldmessungen (magnetic field measurements). He became acting professor for Rydberg when his (Rydberg's) health was failing, and succeeded him as full professor in 1920.[9] However, in 1922 he left Lund for a professorship at Uppsala University.[10]

In 1937, Siegbahn was appointed Director of the Physics Department of the Nobel Institute of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 1988 this was renamed the Manne Siegbahn Institute (MSI).[11] The institute research groups have been reorganized since, but the name lives on in the Manne Siegbahn Laboratory hosted by Stockholm University.

X-ray spectroscopy

Manne Siegbahn began his studies of X-ray spectroscopy in 1914. Initially he used the same type of spectrometer as Henry Moseley had done for finding the relationship between the wavelength of some elements and their place at the periodic system. Shortly thereafter he developed improved experimental apparatus which allowed him to make very accurate measurements of the X-ray wavelengths produced by atoms of different elements. Also, he found that several of the spectral lines that Moseley had discovered consisted of more components. By studying these components and improving the spectrometer, Siegbahn got an almost complete understanding of the electron shell.[12] He developed a convention for naming the different spectral lines that are characteristic to elements in X-ray spectroscopy, the Siegbahn notation. Siegbahn's precision measurements drove many developments in quantum theory and atomic physics.[13]

Awards and honours

Siegbahn was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1924. He won the Hughes Medal 1934 and Rumford Medal 1940. In 1944, he patented the Siegbahn pump. Siegbahn was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society in 1954.[1]

Personal life

Siegbahn married Karin Högbom in 1914. They had two children: Bo Siegbahn (1915–2008), a diplomat and politician, and Kai Siegbahn (1918–2007), a physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1981 for his contribution to the development of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

References
  1. Atterling, H. (1991). "Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn. 3 December 1886-24 September 1978". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 37: 428–444. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1991.0022.
  2. "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1924". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB. 2014. Retrieved 2017-04-23.
  3. "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1924". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Retrieved 2017-04-23.
  4. Shampo, M. A.; Kyle, R. A. (1998). "Manne Siegbahn--Nobel Prize for x-ray spectroscopy". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 73 (3): 249. doi:10.4065/73.3.249. PMID 9511784.
  5. Harnesk, Paul, ed. (1945). Vem är vem?. D. 1, Stockholmsdelen (in Swedish). Stockholm: Vem är vem bokförlag. p. 760.
  6. Litzén, Ulf (2015). Fysik i Lund under 300 år (in Swedish). Lund: Lunds universitetshistoriska sällskap. p. 87. ISBN 9789175453200.
  7. Hulthén, Erik (1951). "1900–1925, fysikalisk forskning i Lund under ett kvartsekel". Manne Siegbahn : 1886 3/12 1951 (in Swedish). Uppsala. p. 3.
  8. Beweis 1924: Prismen brechen auch Röntgenstrahlen (PDF) (in German). Universität Göttingen.
  9. Litzén (2015). Fysik i Lund under 300 år. p. 95.
  10. Litzén (2015). Fysik i Lund under 300 år (in Swedish). p. 96.
  11. "The MSL History". msl.se. 2014-12-10. Archived from the original on 2015-04-27. Retrieved 2017-04-23.
  12. Litzén (2015). Fysik i Lund under 300 år (in Swedish). p. 90.
  13. "Nobel Prize in Physics 1924 - Presentation Speech". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB. 2014. Retrieved 2017-04-23.
  • Media related to Manne Siegbahn at Wikimedia Commons
  • Manne Siegbahn on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1925 The X-ray Spectra and the Structure of the Atoms
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