Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore
Harry T. Moore and his wife Harriette V. S. Moore were pioneer activists and leaders of the early civil rights movement in the United States, becoming the first martyrs of the movement. On the night of Christmas, December 25, 1951, a bomb that had been planted under the bedroom floor of the Moores' home in Mims, Florida exploded.[1] They had celebrated their 25th wedding anniversary earlier that day.[2] Harry died in the ambulance in transit from the attack, and his wife Harriette died from her injuries nine days later, on January 3, 1952.[1] Their murder was the first assassination of any activist to occur during the civil rights movement, and the only time that a husband and wife were murdered during the history of the movement.[3][4]
| Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore | |
|---|---|
| Part of the Civil Rights Movement | |
 The home of the Moores after the Christmas Day bombing | |
| Location | Mims, Florida |
| Date | December 25, 1951 Evening hours (EST) |
| Target | Harry and Harriette Moore |
Attack type | Bombing |
| Weapons | Dynamite |
| Deaths | 2 |
| Victims | Harry T. Moore Harriette V. Moore |
| Perpetrators | Earl J. Brooklyn Tillman H. Belvin Joseph N. Cox Edward L. Spivey |
| Motive | Retribution against Harry Moore for his civil rights activities |
| Convictions | None |
| Charges | None |
| Litigation | 5 investigations |
Background
Harry Moore and Harriette Simms married in December 25, 1926 and moved into the Simms' family home the following fall.[5] Harry was an educator, and Harriette was a former teacher turned insurance broker.[3] In 1927, Harry was promoted to the position of principal at the local Titusville Colored School.[5] The city's school system was racially segregated, like many in the country at the time.[5][1] While Harry taught the school's ninth grade (the school taught grades one through nine), he also supervised the team of teachers at the school.[5] The school was closed early his first year by the local school board just 6 months into the year, as part of the local school system's systemic discrimination against black children.[5][1][3] The Moores had their first daughter in 1928, and moved into their own home with an acre of land given to them by Harriette's parents.[5][6] They gave birth to their second daughter in 1930.[3][6] Harriette returned to her career in education the following year, and later began working as a teacher for the same school as Harry.[6]
In 1934, Harry founded the Brevard County, Florida, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) chapter.[7][3][8] He later served as the NAACP's first Executive Secretary in the state of Florida.[8] The NAACP chapter worked towards achieving equal pay for equal work for teachers of any race, fought to get lynchings prosecuted, attempted to register black voters in the region.[8][1]
The activism of Moore was highly controversial in the local white-dominated county.[8] In 1946 this resulted in the firings of Harry and Harriette from their teaching jobs by state authorities.[8][3] Afterwards, Harry became a full-time employee of the NAACP.[8]
Murder
On the night of December 25, 1951, the Moores finished celebrating Christmas and their 25th wedding anniversary.[9] When they later retired to their bedroom for the evening, a bomb exploded, injuring Harry and Harriette but leaving their daughter (who was at home at the time—the other was in a different location) unharmed.[10] The improvised explosive device, which was made from dynamite, had been placed directly under the Moores' bedroom floor.[3] The Moores were rushed to the nearest hospital that would treat African-Americans in Sanford, Florida, a 29.8 miles (48.0 km) drive by car.[9] Harry died while being transported; his wife Harriette lived to see her husband buried, before dying nine days later from her injuries.[9]
Investigations and motive
Over the years, a number of motives have been suggested for the Moores' murders. All of them share a common theme — retribution against Harry Moore for his civil rights activities. — Charlie Crist, 35th Attorney General of the State of Florida[1]
Since the night of the explosion in 1951, five separate criminal investigations have been initiated and completed.[10] The first investigation was headed by the FBI beginning on the night of the explosion and concluding in 1955.[10] The second investigation was a joint investigation by the Brevard County Sheriff's Office and Brevard County State Attorney's Office in 1978.[10] The third investigation took place in 1991 by the Florida Department of Law Enforcement (FDLE). In 2004, a fourth investigation was commenced by the Florida Attorney General's Office of Civil Rights.[10] In 2008, the FBI again investigated the Moore homicides as part of the Department of Justice's "Cold Case Initiative".[10]
In total, the five criminal investigations revealed evidence implicating four subjects in the bombing.[10] The four subjects were known to be high-ranking members within the Ku Klux Klan in the central region of Florida.[10] The first of the four, Earl J. Brooklyn, was a Klansman with a reputation for being exceedingly violent and described as "a renegade" after being expelled from a Klavern of the Ku Klux Klan in Georgia for engaging in unsanctioned acts of violence.[10] Brooklyn reportedly was in possession of floor plans of the Moore home, and was said to be recruiting volunteers to assist in the bombing.[10] The second subject, Tillman H. "Curley" Belvin, was also reported to be a violent member of the Klan and a close friend of Brooklyn.[10] Joseph Cox, another Klansman, was implicated in the bombing by a fellow Klansman, Edward L. Spivey.[10] Spivey implicated Cox in a deathbed confession while suffering in the late stages of cancer in 1978.[10] Cox committed suicide in 1952, one day after being confronted by the FBI. Brooklyn and Belvin both died while the FBI’s initial investigation was being conducted. Belvin died of natural causes in August 1952. Brooklyn died of natural causes on Christmas Day, 1952, one year to the day after the bombing. [10]
The investigation revealed that Harry's civil rights advocacy made him a known target of the Klan.[10] No arrests were ever made in the case.[10] All four of the subjects are now deceased.[10] The Department of Justice Civil Rights Division closed the file on the federal investigation in 2011.[10]
Public reaction
During the early morning hours of the following day, December 26, 1951, angry men in Titusville's black neighborhoods were in the streets spreading word of the bombing.[11] Within the following hours men and women, from Brevard County, still in their nightclothes walked and rode towards Mims to protest in the streets.[11] Most of the people knew Moore personally, some via his job in education, some via the NAACP, and others through his registration drives.[11]
The assassination triggered nationwide protests, with rallies, memorials, and other events held following the news of the bombing.[11][12] President Harry S Truman, and Governor Fuller Warren both received a high volume of telegrams and letters in protest of the murder of the civil rights activists in Mims, Florida. In New York City, a few weeks later on January 5, 1952, Jackie Robinson held a memorial service drawing approximately 3,000 mourners.[13] The NAACP later held a memorial service, in March 1952, in the Madison Square Garden; their memorial was attended by 15,000 people, where speakers like Langston Hughes had come to give their respects.[13]
And this he says, our Harry Moore
As from the grave he cries
No bomb can kill the dreams I hold
For freedom never dies!"— Langston Hughes, (1951)[13]
Awards and tributes
In 1952, the year following the Moore's murders, Harry was posthumously awarded the NAACP's Spingarn Medal.[14] In 1999, the site of the Moore's home in Mims, Florida, where the bombing occurred became an Historical Heritage Landmark of the State of Florida.[12] Five years later Brevard County's local government christened the "Harry T. and Harriette Moore Memorial Park and Interpretive Center".[12]
See also
References
- Crist, Charlie; Attorney General (August 16, 2006). "The Christmas 1951 Murders of Harry T. and Harriette V. Moore; Results of the Attorney General's Investigation: Executive Summary" (PDF). Retrieved February 27, 2018.
- "Christmas 1951: Murder of a civil rights pioneer". Daily Kos. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
- "PBS – Freedom Never Dies: The Story of Harry T. Moore". www.pbs.org. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
- Schudel, Matt (October 28, 2015). "Evangeline Moore, daughter of slain civil rights workers, dies at 85". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
- Green 1999, p. 27.
- Green 1999, p. 28.
- Green 1999, p. 45.
- Newton 2014, p. 335.
- "Florida Frontiers: Remembering Harry T. Moore". Florida Today. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
- Department of Justice (July 13, 2011). "Harry T. Moore, Harriette V. Moore – Notice to Close File;". www.justice.gov. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
- Green, Ben. "Before His Time". New York Times. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
- "Black History Fact A Day Series". Orange County Democratic Black Caucus. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
- "Moore, Harry T. 1905–1951 – Dictionary definition of Moore, Harry T. 1905–1951". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
- "NAACP | Spingarn Medal Winners: 1915 to Today". NAACP. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
Bibliography
- Green, Ben (1999). Before His Time: The Untold Story of Harry T. Moore, America's First Civil Rights Martyr. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9780684854533.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Newton, Michael (2014). Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781610692861.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Department of Justice (July 13, 2011). "Harry T. Moore, Harriette V. Moore – Notice to Close File;". www.justice.gov. Retrieved March 1, 2018.