Mycobacterium vaccae

Mycobacterium vaccae is a nonpathogenic[1] species of the Mycobacteriaceae family of bacteria that lives naturally in soil. Its generic name originates from the Latin word, vacca (cow), since the first Mycobacterium strain was cultured from cow dung in Austria.[2] Mycobacterium vaccae was first isolated from the Ugandan Lang'o District, where locals claimed that a "muddy substance had the power to cure a number of ailments".[3] Research areas being pursued with regard to killed Mycobacterium vaccae vaccine include immunotherapy for allergic asthma, cancer, depression,[4][5] leprosy,[6] psoriasis, dermatitis, eczema and tuberculosis.[6]

Mycobacterium vaccae
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Actinobacteria
Order:
Actinomycetales
Suborder:
Corynebacterineae
Family:
Mycobacteriaceae
Genus:
Mycobacterium
Species:
M. vaccae
Binomial name
Mycobacterium vaccae

A research group at Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol, England, UK has shown that Mycobacterium vaccae stimulated a newly discovered group of neurons, increased levels of serotonin and decreased levels of anxiety in mice.[1] Other researchers fed live Mycobacterium vaccae to mice, then measured their ability to navigate a maze compared to control mice not fed the bacteria. "Mice that were fed live M. vaccae navigated the maze twice as fast and with less demonstrated anxiety behaviors as control mice", according to Dorothy Matthews, who conducted the research with Susan Jenks at the Sage Colleges, Troy, New York, USA.[7]

Mycobacterium vaccae is in the same genus as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium which causes tuberculosis. Numerous trials have indicated that exposure to oral and injectable products derived from M. vaccae bacteria can have positive effects in treating tuberculosis. Although a 2002 review of selected clinical trials failed to find any consistent benefit of certain dosage regimens of injectable Mycobacterium products in people with tuberculosis,[8] a more recent meta-analysis of 54 clinical studies of M. vaccae products for tuberculosis showed treatment resulted in improved sputum conversion and radiological (X-ray) assessment.[9]

Medical researchers at Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine have reported two clinical trials with oral formulations of Immunitor Inc's killed Mycobacterium vaccae oral vaccine and An Hui Longcom's killed Mycobacterium vaccae oral vaccine in treating tuberculosis, including drug resistant TB (MDR-TB). The research team reported greater success with the Immunitor vaccine than the An Hui Longcom vaccine.[10][11] A successful Phase III clinical trial of Tubivac is published.[12]

A team of researchers at the Genetics and Microbiology Department of the Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain discovered that Mycobacterium vaccae changes from its "smooth" type to its "rough" type (referring to how colonies of this organism appear under a microscope) at thirty degrees Celsius. They discovered that the "smooth" type of Mycobacterium vaccae has a substance on the outside of its cell wall which interferes with the production of Th-1 cytokines, responsible for some kinds of T-helper cell immune response. The team also found that the spleen cells of mice inoculated with "rough" Mycobacterium vaccae produced more Th-1 cytokines than those inoculated with "smooth" Mycobacterium vaccae.

The researchers say this may explain why different vaccines made from Mycobacterium vaccae vary in their effectiveness in increasing immune response to other organisms during clinical trials.[13]

A study conducted in 2017-2018 revealed that Mycobacterium vaccae lysate may prevent the development of atopic dermatitis symptoms when applied topically.[14] In a 2019 study, scientists identified a lipid called 10(Z)-hexadecenoic acid found in Mycobacterium vaccae, and discovered that inside stimulated immune cells (macrophages), the lipid binds to the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, inhibiting a number of key pathways which drive inflammation.[15]

References
The first described strain of M. vaccae was isolated from cow dung.
  1. Lowry, C.A.; Hollis, J.H.; de Vries, A.; Pan, B.; Brunet, L.R.; Hunt, J.R.F.; Paton, J.F.R.; van Kampen, E.; Knight, D.M.; Evans, A.K.; Rook, G.A.W.; Lightman, S.L. (May 2007). "Identification of an immune-responsive mesolimbocortical serotonergic system: Potential role in regulation of emotional behavior". Neuroscience. 146 (2): 756–772. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.01.067. PMC 1868963. PMID 17367941.
  2. "Extremely drug resistant tuberculosis – is there hope for a cure?" (PDF). TB Alert – the UK's National Tuberculosis Charity. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-10-19. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
  3. Mbaria, John; Ogada, Mordecai. The big conservation lie: the untold story of wildlife conservation in Kenya. p. 114. ISBN 9780692787212.
  4. Olmec, Agro-Tech. "Therapeutic Gardening For Depression".
  5. O'Brien, M. E.; Anderson, H.; Kaukel, E.; O'Byrne, K.; Pawlicki, M.; von Pawel, J.; Reck, M. (2004). "SRL172 (killed Mycobacterium vaccae) in addition to standard chemotherapy improves quality of life without affecting survival, in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: phase III results". Annals of Oncology. 15 (6): 906–14. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdh220. PMID 15151947.
  6. US patent 4724144, Rook, Graham A. W. & Stanford, John L., "Immuno-therapeutic composition of killed cells from mycobacterium vaccae", issued February 9, 1988
  7. "Can bacteria make you smarter?" (Press release). American Society for Microbiology. 24 May 2010. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
  8. de Bruyn, Guy; Garner, Paul (20 January 2003). "Mycobacterium vaccae immunotherapy for treating tuberculosis". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2003 (1): CD001166. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001166. PMC 6532629.
  9. Yang, Xiao-Yan; Chen, Qun-Fei; Li, You-Ping; Wu, Si-Miao; Cardona, Pere-Joan (6 September 2011). "Mycobacterium vaccae as Adjuvant Therapy to Anti-Tuberculosis Chemotherapy in Never-Treated Tuberculosis Patients: A Meta-Analysis". PLoS ONE. 6 (9): e23826. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023826. PMC 3167806. PMID 21909406.
  10. Butov, Dmytro A; Efremenko, Yuri V; Prihoda, Natalia D; Zaitzeva, Svetlana I; Yurchenko, Larisa V; Sokolenko, Nina I; Butova, Tetyana S; Stepanenko, Anna L; Kutsyna, Galyna A; Jirathitikal, Vichai; Bourinbaiar, Aldar S (October 2013). "Randomized, placebo-controlled Phase II trial of heat-killed Mycobacterium vaccae (Immodulon batch) formulated as an oral pill (V7)". Immunotherapy. 5 (10): 1047–1054. doi:10.2217/imt.13.110. PMID 24088075.
  11. Efremenko, Yuri V; Butov, Dmytro A; Prihoda, Natalia D; Zaitzeva, Svetlana I; Yurchenko, Larisa V; Sokolenko, Nina I; Butova, Tetyana S; Stepanenko, Anna L; Kutsyna, Galyna A; Jirathitikal, Vichai; Bourinbaiar, Aldar S (27 October 2014). "Randomized, placebo-controlled phase II trial of heat-killed Mycobacterium vaccae (Longcom batch) formulated as an oral pill (V7)". Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics. 9 (9): 1852–1856. doi:10.4161/hv.25280. PMC 3906348. PMID 23782489.
  12. Bourinbaiar, Aldar S.; Batbold, Uyanga; Efremenko, Yuri; Sanjagdorj, Munkhburam; Butov, Dmytro; Damdinpurev, Narantsetseg; Grinishina, Elena; Mijiddorj, Otgonbayar; Kovolev, Mikola; Baasanjav, Khaliunaa; Butova, Tetyana; Prihoda, Natalia; Batbold, Ochirbat; Yurchenko, Larisa; Tseveendorj, Ariungerel; Arzhanova, Olga; Chunt, Erkhemtsetseg; Stepanenko, Hanna; Sokolenko, Nina; Makeeva, Natalia; Tarakanovskaya, Marina; Borisova, Vika; Reid, Alan; Kalashnikov, Valeryi; Nyasulu, Peter; Prabowo, Satria A.; Jirathitikal, Vichai; Bain, Allen I.; Stanford, Cynthia; Stanford, John (1 February 2020). "Phase III, placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind trial of tableted, therapeutic TB vaccine (V7) containing heat-killed M. vaccae administered daily for one month". Journal of Clinical Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacterial Diseases. 18: 100141. doi:10.1016/j.jctube.2019.100141.
  13. Rodríguez-Güell, Elisabeth; Agustí, Gemma; Corominas, Mercè; Cardona, Pere-Joan; Casals, Isidre; Parella, Teodor; Sempere, Marco-Antonio; Luquin, Marina; Julián, Esther (2 May 2006). "The production of a new extracellular putative long-chain saturated polyester by smooth variants of Mycobacterium vaccae interferes with Th1-cytokine production". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 90 (1): 93–108. doi:10.1007/s10482-006-9062-1. PMID 16652204.
  14. Nesmiyanov, P; Gutov, M; Strygin, A; Tolkachev, B; Morkovin, E; Dotsenko, A (29 May 2018). "M. vaccae‐based formulation for theprimary prevention of atopic dermatitis": 107. Cite journal requires |journal= (help) in "Abstracts OAS". Allergy. 73: 3–115. August 2018. doi:10.1111/all.13535. PMID 30393929.
  15. Smith, David G.; Martinelli, Roberta; Besra, Gurdyal S.; Illarionov, Petr A.; Szatmari, Istvan; Brazda, Peter; Allen, Mary A.; Xu, Wenqing; Wang, Xiang; Nagy, László; Dowell, Robin D.; Rook, Graham A. W.; Rosa Brunet, Laura; Lowry, Christopher A. (22 May 2019). "Identification and characterization of a novel anti-inflammatory lipid isolated from Mycobacterium vaccae, a soil-derived bacterium with immunoregulatory and stress resilience properties". Psychopharmacology. 236 (5): 1653–1670. doi:10.1007/s00213-019-05253-9. PMC 6626661. PMID 31119329.
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