National Mall

The National Mall is a landscaped park within the National Mall and Memorial Parks, an official unit of the United States National Park System. It is located near the downtown area of Washington, D.C., the capital city of the United States, and is administered by the National Park Service (NPS) of the United States Department of the Interior.[4]

National Mall
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
The National Mall in March 2010, facing east from above the Potomac River
Location	Between Independence and Constitution Avenues from the Capitol to the Lincoln Memorial
Coordinates	38°53′24″N 77°1′25″W
Architect	Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant; McMillan Commission
Website	National Mall and Memorial Parks
NRHP reference No.	66000031[1] (original) 16000805[2][3] (increase)
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	October 15, 1966
Boundary increase	December 8, 2016

The term National Mall commonly includes areas that are also officially part of neighboring West Potomac Park to the south and west and Constitution Gardens to the west. The term is often taken to refer to the entire area between the Lincoln Memorial on the west and east to the United States Capitol grounds, with the Washington Monument dividing the area slightly west of its midpoint.[5] A smaller designation sometimes referred to as the National Mall (proper) excludes both the Capitol grounds and the Washington Monument grounds, applying only to an area between them.[6]

The National Mall contains and borders a number of museums of the Smithsonian Institution, art galleries, cultural institutions, and various memorials, sculptures, and statues. The park receives approximately 24 million visitors each year.[7]

History

L'Enfant City Plan

In his 1791 plan for the future city of Washington, D.C., Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant envisioned a garden-lined "grand avenue" approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) in length and 400 feet (120 m) wide, in an area that would lie between the Congress House (now the United States Capitol) and an equestrian statue of George Washington. The statue would be placed directly south of the President's House (now the White House) and directly west of the Congress House (see L'Enfant Plan).[8][9][10] The National Mall (proper) occupies the site of this planned "grand avenue", which was never constructed.

Mathew Carey's 1802 map is reported to be the first to name the area west of the United States Capitol as the "Mall".[11] The name is derived from that of The Mall in London, which during the 1700s was a fashionable promenade near Buckingham Palace upon which the city's elite strolled.[12]

The Lockkeeper's House in 2018

Route of the Washington City Canal, showing the Mall (1851)

The Washington City Canal, completed in 1815 in accordance with the L'Enfant Plan, travelled along the former course of Tiber Creek to the Potomac River along B Street, NW (now Constitution Avenue, NW) and south along the base of a hill containing the Congress House, thus defining the northern and eastern boundaries of the Mall.[13][14][15] Being shallow and often obstructed by silt, the canal served only a limited role and became an open sewer that poured sediment and waste into the Potomac River's flats and shipping channel.[13][16] The portion of the canal that traveled near the Mall was covered over in 1871 for sanitary reasons.[13]

The Smithsonian Institution Building ("The Castle") in 2007.

Some consider a lockkeeper's house constructed in 1837 near the western end of the Washington City Canal for an eastward extension of the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal to be the oldest building still standing on the National Mall.[17] The structure, which is located near the southwestern corner of 17th Street, NW and Constitution Avenue, NW, is west of the National Mall (proper).[15][18]

The Smithsonian Institution Building ("The Castle"), constructed from 1847 to 1855, is the oldest building now present on the National Mall (proper).[19] The Washington Monument, whose construction began in 1848 and reached completion in 1888, stands near the planned site of its namesake's equestrian statue.[20] The Jefferson Pier marks the planned site of the statue itself.[21]

Downing Plan

• 
  1863 photograph of the National Mall and vicinity during the Civil War, looking west towards the U.S. Botanical Garden, Washington City Canal, Gas Works, railroad tracks, Washington Armory and Armory Square Hospital buildings. The Smithsonian Institution Building, the uncompleted Washington Monument (behind the Smithsonian's building) and the Potomac River are in the background.
• 
  Looking east from the top of the Washington Monument towards the United States Capitol in the summer of 1901. The Mall exhibited the Victorian-era landscape of winding paths and random plantings that Andrew Jackson Downing designed in the 1850s

Map of the Mall in 1893 showing the Monument Grounds, Agricultural Grounds, Smithsonian Grounds, Armory Square, Public Grounds and Botanical Garden, as well as parts of the recently created "Tidal Reservoir" and "Proposed Park"[22]

During the early 1850s, architect and horticulturist Andrew Jackson Downing designed a landscape plan for the Mall.[9][23][24] Over the next half century, federal agencies developed several naturalistic parks within the Mall in accordance with Downing's plan.[9][23] Two such areas were Henry Park and Seaton Park.[25]

During that period, the Mall was subdivided into several areas along B Street NW:

• The Monument Grounds between 17th and 14th Street NW
• The Agricultural Grounds between 14th and 12th Street NW
• The Smithsonian Grounds between 12th and 7th Street NW
• The Armory Square between 7th and 6th Street NW
• The Public Grounds between 6th and 2nd Street NW[26]

In 1856, the Armory (No. 27 on the 1893 map of the Mall) was built at the intersection of B Street SW and 6th Street SW on the Armory Grounds. In 1862, during the American Civil War, the building was converted to a military hospital known as Armory Square Hospital to house Union Army casualties. After the war ended, the Armory building became the home of the United States Fish Commission.[27]

The United States Congress established the United States Department of Agriculture in 1862 during the Civil War.[28] Designed by Adolf Cluss and Joseph von Kammerhueber, the United States Department of Agriculture Building (No. 25 on the map), was constructed in 1867–1868 on a 35-acre site on the Mall.[29]

After the Civil War ended, the Department of Agriculture started growing experimental crops and demonstration gardens on the Mall. These gardens extended from the Department's building on the south side of the Mall to B Street NW (the northern boundary of the Mall). The building was razed in 1930.[28] In addition, greenhouses belonging to the U.S. Botanical Garden (No. 16 on the map) appeared near the east end of the Mall between the Washington City Canal and the Capitol (later between 1st and 3rd Streets).[23]

Originating during the early 1800s as a collection of market stalls immediately north of the Washington City Canal and the Mall, the Center Market (No. 19 on the map), which Adolf Cluss also designed, opened in 1872 soon after the canal closed. Located on the north side of Constitution Avenue NW (formerly B Street NW), the National Archives now occupies the Market's site.[30][31]

During that period, railroad tracks crossed the Mall on 6th Street, west of the Capitol.[9] Near the tracks, several structures were built over the years. The Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station (B on the map) rose in 1873 on the north side of the Mall at the southwest corner of 6th Street and B Street NW (now the site of the west building of the National Gallery of Art).[32]

In 1887, the Army Medical Museum and Library, which Adolf Cluss designed in 1885, opened on the Mall at northwest corner of B Street SW (now Independence Avenue SW) and 7th Street SW.[33][34] The Smithsonian Institution's Hirshhorn Museum now occupies the site of the building, which was demolished in 1968.[34]

Meanwhile, in order to clean up the Potomac Flats and to make the Potomac River more navigable, in 1882 Congress authorized the Army Corps of Engineers to dredge the river. The Corps used the sediment removed from the shipping channel to fill in the flats. The work started in 1882 and continued until 1911, creating 628 new acres of land. Part of the new land, which become West Potomac Park, expanded the Mall southward and westward (see 1893 map above).[16][35]

• 
  Department of Agriculture Building (circa 1895)
• 
  The Armory as a hospital during the Civil War
• 
  Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station
• 
  Center Market
  Circa 1875
• 
  Center Market between 1910 and 1930
• 
  Army Medical Museum and Library

McMillan Plan

The National Mall was the centerpiece of the 1902 McMillan Plan. A central open vista traversed the length of the Mall.

In 1902, the McMillan Commission's plan, which was partially inspired by the City Beautiful Movement and which purportedly extended L'Enfant's plan, called for a radical redesign of the Mall that would replace its greenhouses, gardens, trees, and commercial/industrial facilities with an open space.[9][23][36] The plan differed from L'Enfant's by replacing the 400 feet (120 m) wide "grand avenue" with a 300 feet (91 m) wide vista containing a long and broad expanse of grass.

Four rows of American elm trees (Ulmus americana) planted fifty feet apart between two paths or streets would line each side of the vista. Buildings housing cultural and educational institutions constructed in the Beaux-Arts style would line each outer path or street, on the opposite side of the path or street from the elms.[9][23][36][37][38][39]

In subsequent years, the vision of the McMillan plan was generally followed with the planting of American elms and the layout of four boulevards down the Mall, two on either side of a wide lawn.[37][40] In accordance with a plan that it completed in 1976, the NPS converted the two innermost boulevards (Washington and Adams Drives) into gravel walking paths.[37] The two outermost boulevards (Jefferson Drive Southwest (SW) and Madison Drive Northwest (NW)) remain paved and open to vehicular traffic.[37]

Main Navy and Munition Buildings, looking about west from the top of the Washington Monument (c. 1918).

In 1918 contractors for the United States Navy's Bureau of Yards and Docks constructed the "Main Navy" and "Munitions" Buildings along nearly a third of a mile of the south side of Constitution Avenue (then known as B Street), from 17th Street NW to 21st Street NW.[41][42][43] Although the Navy intended the buildings to provide temporary quarters for the United States military during World War I, the reinforced concrete structures remained in place until 1970.[41][42] Much of the buildings' area then became Constitution Gardens, which was dedicated in 1976.[42][44]

On October 15, 1966, the NPS listed the National Mall on the National Register of Historic Places.[45] In 1981, the NPS prepared a National Register nomination form that documented the Mall's boundaries, features and historical significance.[6]

Uncle Beazley on the National Mall between 1980 and 1994

National Park Service map showing the National Mall's designated reserve area referenced in the 2003 Commemorative Works Clarification and Revision Act

Barricade blocking walkway adjacent to the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool during the 2013 federal government shutdown, looking east toward the Washington Monument undergoing repair

Aerial view of the Mall facing west between 1980 and 2006

Looking east from the top of the Washington Monument towards the National Mall and the United States Capitol in December 1999

From the 1970s to 1994, a fiberglass model of a triceratops named "Uncle Beazley" stood on the Mall in front of the National Museum of Natural History. The life-size statue, which is now located at the National Zoological Park (the National Zoo) in Northwest Washington, D.C., was donated to the Smithsonian Institution by the Sinclair Oil Corporation. The statue, which Louis Paul Jonas created for Sinclair's DinoLand pavilion at the 1964 New York World's Fair, was named after a dinosaur in Oliver Butterworth's 1956 children's book, The Enormous Egg, and the 1968 televised movie adaptation in which the statue appeared.[46]

In 2003, the 108th United States Congress enacted the Commemorative Works Clarification and Revision Act. This Act prohibits the siting of new commemorative works and visitor centers in a designated reserve area within the cross-axis of the Mall.[47]

In October 2013, a two-week federal government shutdown closed the National Mall and its museums and monuments.[48] However, when a group of elderly veterans tried to enter the National World War II Memorial during the shutdown's first day, the memorial's barricades were removed.[49] The NPS subsequently announced that the veterans had a legal right to be in the memorial and would not be barred in the future.[50] During the shutdown's second week, the NPS permitted a controversial immigration rally and concert to take place on the Mall.[51]

On December 8, 2016, the NPS listed on the National Register of Historic Places an increase in the National Mall Historic District's boundary to encompass an area bounded by 3rd Street, NW/SW, Independence Avenue, SW, Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW, the CSX Railroad, the Potomac River, Constitution Ave., NW, 17th Street, NW, the White House Grounds and 15th Street, NW. The listing's registration form, which contained 232 pages, described and illustrated the history and features of the historic district's proposed expanded area.[2]

Measurements

Dimensions

• Between the Capitol steps and the Lincoln Memorial, the Mall spans 1.9 miles (3.0 km).
• Between the Capitol steps and the Washington Monument, the Mall spans 1.2 miles (1.8 km).
• Between the Ulysses S. Grant Memorial and the Lincoln Memorial, the Mall covers 309.2 acres (125.13 ha).
• Between Constitution Avenue NW and Independence Avenue SW at 7th Street, the width of the Mall is 1,586 feet (483 m).
• Between Madison Drive NW and Jefferson Drive SW at 7th Street, the width of the Mall's open space is 656 feet (200 m).
• Between the innermost rows of trees near 7th Street, the width of the Mall's vista is 300 feet (91 m).

Boundaries

In its 1981 National Register of Historic Places nomination form, the NPS defined the boundaries of the National Mall (proper) as Constitution and Pennsylvania Avenues on the north, 1st Street NW on the east, Independence and Maryland Avenues on the south, and 14th Street NW on the west, with the exception of the section of land bordered by Jefferson Drive on the north, Independence Avenue on the south, and by 12th and 14th Streets respectively on the east and west, which the U.S. Department of Agriculture administers and which contains the Jamie L. Whitten Building (U.S. Department of Agriculture Administration Building).[6][52] A 2012-2016 NPS National Parks index describes the National Mall as being a landscaped park that extends from the Capitol to the Washington Monument, defined as a principal axis in the L'Enfant Plan for the city of Washington.[4]

However, a 2010 NPS plan for the Mall contains maps that show the Mall's general area to be larger.[53][54] A document within the plan describes this area as "the grounds of the U.S. Capitol west to the Potomac River, and from the Thomas Jefferson Memorial north to Constitution Avenue".[5] A map within the plan entitled "National Mall Areas" illustrates "The Mall" as being the green space bounded on the east by 3rd Street, on the west by 14th Street, on the north by Jefferson Drive, NW, and on the south by Madison Drive, SW.[55] A Central Intelligence Agency map shows the Mall as occupying the space between the Lincoln Memorial and the United States Capitol.[56]

In 2011, the 112th United States Congress enacted the Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, 2012, which transferred to the Architect of the Capitol the NPS "property which is bounded on the north by Pennsylvania Avenue Northwest, on the east by First Street Northwest and First Street Southwest, on the south by Maryland Avenue Southwest, and on the west by Third Street Southwest and Third Street Northwest".[57] This act removed Union Square (the area containing the Ulysses S. Grant Memorial and the Capitol Reflecting Pool) from NPS jurisdiction.[58]

Purposes

The National Park Service states that the purposes of the National Mall are to:

• Provide a monumental, dignified, and symbolic setting for the governmental structures, museums and national memorials as first delineated by the L'Enfant plan and further outlined in the McMillan plan.
• Maintain and provide for the use of the National Mall with its public promenades as a completed work of civic art, a designed historic landscape providing extraordinary vistas to symbols of the nation.
• Maintain National Mall commemorative works (memorials, monuments, statues, sites, gardens) that honor presidential legacies, distinguished public figures, ideas, events, and military and civilian sacrifices and contributions.
• Forever retain the West Potomac Park section of the National Mall as a public park for recreation and enjoyment of the people.
• Maintain the National Mall in the heart of the nation's capital as a stage for national events and a preeminent national civic space for public gatherings because it is here that the constitutional rights of speech and peaceful assembly find their fullest expression.
• Maintain the National Mall as an area free of commercial advertising while retaining the ability to recognize sponsors.[5]

Landmarks, museums, and other features

Map of the National Mall and vicinity (2008)

Features within the National Mall proper

National Mall proper and adjacent areas in March 2005. The Mall had a grassy lawn flanked on each side by unpaved paths as its central feature. (Numbers in image correspond to numbers in list of landmarks, museums and other features below.)

The National Mall proper contains the following landmarks, museums and other features (including opening year):[5][6]

2. National Museum of American History (1964)[59] 3. National Museum of Natural History (1910) 4. National Gallery of Art Sculpture Garden (1999) 5. West Building of the National Gallery of Art (1941) 6. East Building of the National Gallery of Art (1978)

10. National Museum of the American Indian (2004) 11. National Air and Space Museum (1976) 12. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden (1974) 13. Arts and Industries Building (1881)

14. Smithsonian Institution Building ("The Castle") (1849) 15. Freer Gallery of Art (1923) 16. Arthur M. Sackler Gallery (1987) 17. National Museum of African Art (1987)

Not marked on the above image:

Above the Smithsonian Institution Building

• Joseph Henry statue[60]

Below the Smithsonian Institution Building

• Andrew Jackson Downing Urn[61]

Above the Arts and Industries Building

• Smithsonian Carousel[62]

To the left of the National Museum of American History

• Site of present National Museum of African American History and Culture

June 2004 view from the United States Capitol, facing west across the National Mall

Facing east on the National Mall, as viewed near the 1300 block of Jefferson Drive, S.W. in April 2010. Rows of American elm trees line the sides of a path traversing the length of the Mall.

With the exception of the National Gallery of Art, all of the museums on the National Mall proper are part of the Smithsonian Institution. The Smithsonian Gardens maintains a number of gardens and landscapes near its museums.[63] These include:

• Common Ground: Our American Garden[64]
• Enid A. Haupt Garden[65]
• Freer Gallery of Art Courtyard Garden[66]
• Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden[67]
• Kathrine Dulin Folger Rose Garden[68]
• Mary Livingston Ripley Garden[69]
• National Air and Space Museum landscape[70]
• Native landscape at the National Museum of the American Indian[71]
• Pollinator Garden[72]
• Urban Bird Habitat[73]
• Victory Garden[74]

Features east of the National Mall proper

The Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool in July 2005

Features east of the National Mall proper include:

• United States Capitol and its grounds (no. 7 on image)
• Union Square, containing:

• Capitol Reflecting Pool (no. 8 on image)
• Ulysses S. Grant Memorial (east of no. 8 on image)

• Peace Monument (in traffic circle northeast of no. 8 in image)
• United States Botanic Garden (no. 9 on image)
• James A. Garfield Monument (in traffic circle northeast of no. 9 in image)

Features west of the National Mall proper

April 22, 2002 satellite image of National Mall (west)

1. Lincoln Memorial
2. Vietnam Veterans Memorial, The Three Soldiers statue, and Vietnam Women's Memorial
3. National World War II Memorial (shown under construction)

Not marked on the above image:

Above the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool (marked as Reflecting Pool):

• Constitution Gardens
• Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence

Upper right corner below Constitution Avenue:

• Lockkeeper's House, C & O Canal Extension

Outside of the above image:

The west side of the Jefferson Pier in April 2011, with the Washington Monument in the background.

To the right of the construction site of the National World War II Memorial:

• Washington Monument and its grounds (number 1 in image of National Mall proper and adjacent areas), including:

• Jefferson Pier
• Sylvan Theater
• German-American Friendship Garden

Below the Lincoln Memorial:

• John Ericsson National Memorial

Below the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool:

• Korean War Veterans Memorial
• District of Columbia War Memorial

Below the lower right corner:

• John Paul Jones Memorial

American elm trees

Rows of American elm trees lining a path south of the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool (November 11, 2006)

The planting of American elm trees on the National Mall in accordance with the McMillan Plan started in the 1930s between 3rd and 14th Streets at the same time that Dutch Elm Disease (DED) began to appear in the United States. Concern was expressed about the impact that DED could have on these trees. Nevertheless, the population of American elms planted on the Mall and its surrounding areas has remained intact for the past 80 years because of disease management and immediate tree replacement.[75]

DED first appeared on the Mall during the 1950s and reached a peak in the 1970s. The NPS has used a number of methods to control this fungal epidemic, including sanitation, pruning, injecting trees with fungicide and replanting with DED-resistant American elm cultivars (see Ulmus americana cultivars). The NPS cloned one such cultivar ('Jefferson') from a DED-resistant tree growing near a path on the Mall in front of the Freer Gallery of Art, near the Smithsonian Institution Building ("The Castle").[76]

The NPS has combated the disease's local insect vector, the smaller European elm bark beetle (Scolytus multistriatus), by trapping and by spraying with insecticides. Soil compaction and root damage by crowds and construction projects also adversely affect the elms.[75]

Demolished or moved structures

• Washington City Canal, covered over by Constitution Avenue NW, 3rd Street NW and SW and Canal Street SW (now Washington Street SW).
• Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station closed in 1907 when Union Station opened.
• United States Department of Agriculture Building, razed in 1930.
• Center Market replaced in 1931 by the National Archives Building.
• Armory Square Hospital/Armory replaced in 1964 by the National Air and Space Museum.
• Army Medical Museum and Library, demolished in 1968; replaced by the Hirshhorn Museum
• Temporary Main Navy and Munitions Buildings, built in 1918, demolished in 1970. Replaced by Constitution Gardens.
• Uncle Beazley moved in 1994 to the National Zoo.

Other attractions nearby

2007 aerial view of Capitol Hill and the National Mall, facing west

Other attractions within walking distance of the National Mall (proper) include:

Attractions east of the Capitol:

• Library of Congress
• United States Supreme Court Building
• Folger Shakespeare Library

Attractions northeast of the National Mall (proper):

• National Postal Museum
• Union Station

Inlay of L'Enfant Plan in Freedom Plaza, looking northwest in June 2005 from the observation deck in the Old Post Office Building Clock Tower

Attractions north of the National Mall (proper):

• National Archives
• The Freedom Forum's Newseum
• Old Post Office Building and Clock Tower
• Inlay of L'Enfant's plan for the federal capital city in Freedom Plaza
• National Theatre
• Ford's Theatre

Attractions northwest of the National Mall (proper):

• White House (on a line directly north of the Washington Monument)
• The Ellipse
• Albert Einstein Memorial

Tidal Basin and Jefferson Memorial at dusk, facing south in October 2011.

Attractions south of the National Mall (proper):

• American Veterans Disabled for Life Memorial
• Museum of the Bible
• Overlook in Benjamin Banneker Park

Attractions southwest of the National Mall (proper):

• Tidal Basin
• Jefferson Memorial
• Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial
• Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial
• George Mason Memorial
• United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
• Bureau of Engraving and Printing

Usage

The National Mall, in combination with the other attractions in the Washington Metropolitan Area, makes the nation's capital city one of the most popular tourist destinations in the country. It has several other uses in addition to serving as a tourist focal point.

Protests and rallies

The 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on the National Mall facing east from the Lincoln Memorial

The National Mall's status as a wide, open expanse at the heart of the capital makes it an attractive site for protests and rallies of all types. One notable example is the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, a political rally during the Civil Rights Movement, at which Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his speech "I Have a Dream".

The largest officially recorded rally was the Vietnam War Moratorium Rally on October 15, 1969. However, in 1995, the NPS issued a crowd estimate for the Million Man March with which an organizer of the event, Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan, disagreed.[77][78] The next year, a committee of the 104th United States Congress provided no funds for NPS crowd-counting activities in Washington, D.C. when it prepared legislation making 1997 appropriations for the U.S. Department of the Interior.[77][79]

As a result, the NPS has not provided any official crowd size estimates for Mall events since 1995.[77][78][80] The absence of such an official estimate fueled a political controversy following the presidential inauguration of Donald Trump in 2017 (see: Inauguration of Donald Trump crowd size).[81]

On April 25, 2004, the March for Women's Lives filled the Mall.[82] On January 27, 2007, tens of thousands of protesters opposed to the Iraq War converged on the Mall (see: January 27, 2007 anti-war protest), drawing comparisons by participants to the Vietnam War protest.[83][84]

On July 16, 2016, speakers and musicians participated in a gathering of thousands of evangelicals during the Together 2016 rally on the Mall.[85][86] Although the event was originally scheduled to conclude at 9 p.m., it ended at 4 p.m. due to excessive heat. Officers reportedly responded to 350 medical calls for heat-related injuries. The large number of people who lost consciousness because of heat syncope overwhelmed emergency medical technicians.[85][87]

On June 12, 2018, the National Hockey League's Washington Capitals staged a rally on the Mall after parading through the city to celebrate the franchise's first Stanley Cup championship victory. Tens of thousands of fans reportedly joined the beer-soaked event.[88]

Presidential inaugurations

The first inauguration of Barack Obama on January 20, 2009, facing west from the Capitol

During presidential inaugurations, people without official tickets gather at the National Mall. Normally, the Mall between 7th and 14th Streets NW is used as a staging ground for the parade.[89] On December 4, 2008, the Presidential Inaugural Committee (see: United States presidential inauguration organizers) announced, "for the first time, the entire length of the National Mall will be opened to the public so that more people than ever before will be able to witness the swearing-in of the president from a vantage point in sight of the Capitol."[90] The Committee made this arrangement because of the massive attendance – projected to be as many as 2 million people – that it expected for the first inauguration of Barack Obama on January 20, 2009.

Despite the arrangement, a throng of people seeking access to the event climbed and then removed temporary protective fences around the Smithsonian's Mary Livingston Ripley Garden, six blocks from the site at which Obama took his inaugural oath. Hordes then trampled the garden's vegetation and elevated plant beds when entering and leaving the event.[91] Others could not find a way to enter the Mall in time to view the ceremony.

More than a thousand people with tickets missed the event while being stranded in the I-395 Third Street Tunnel beneath the Mall after police directed them there (see Purple Tunnel of Doom).[92] The Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies subsequently announced that ticket holders that were not admitted would receive copies of the swearing-in invitation and program, photos of Obama and Vice President Joe Biden, and a color print of the ceremony.[93]

Other events and recreational activities

The National Mall has long served as a spot for jogging, picnics, and light recreation for the Washington population. The Smithsonian Carousel, located on the Mall in front of the Arts and Industry Building, is a popular attraction that operates seasonally.[94] The carousel was built by the Allan Herschell Company and arrived at Gwynn Oak Park near Baltimore, Maryland, in 1947. It was moved to the Mall in 1981.[62]

Annual events

A number of large free events recur annually on the Mall.[95] A kite festival, formerly named the "Smithsonian Kite Festival" and now named the "Blossom Kite Festival", usually takes place each year on the Washington Monument grounds during the last weekend of March as part of the National Cherry Blossom Festival. The event's organizers cancelled the 2020 kite festival, which they had earlier scheduled to take place on the Washington Monument grounds on Saturday, March 28, because of concerns related the ongoing coronavirus pandemic.[96]

An Earth Day celebration often takes place on the Mall around April 22.[97] A week-long series of rallies, exhibits, observances and performances occurred on the Mall from April 17 to April 25, 2010 to commemorate Earth Day's 40th anniversary.[98] The final day's events featured performances by Sting, Mavis Staples, The Roots, John Legend and others.[99]

The 2012 Earth Day rally, which featured music, entertainment, celebrity speakers and environmental activities, took place on the Mall during a rainy day on Sunday, April 22. Cheap Trick, Dave Mason, Kicking Daisies, Sting, John Legend, Joss Stone, The Roots, Mavis Staples, Jimmy Cliff, Bob Weir and The Explorers Club performed and Congressmen John Dingell and Edward Markey spoke.[100] In 2013, an "Earth Month" at Washington's Union Station replaced the Mall's Earth Day event.[101] On April 19, 2015, a "Global Citizen" Earth Day concert featured performances on the Washington Monument grounds by Usher, My Morning Jacket, Mary J. Blige, Train and No Doubt.[102]

Independence Day fireworks display between the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial, July 4, 1986

The National Symphony Orchestra presents each year its National Memorial Day Concert on the west lawn of the United States Capitol during the evening of the Sunday before Memorial Day (the last Monday of May).[103] The National Gallery of Art hosts a Jazz in the Garden series each year in the museum's Sculpture Garden on Friday evenings from late May through August.[104]

Components of the United States Navy Band, the United States Air Force Band, the United States Marine Band and the United States Army Band perform on the west steps of the United States Capitol on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday and Friday evenings, respectively, during June, July and August.[105][106] The Marine Band repeats each Wednesday Capitol performance on the following evening (Thursday) at the Sylvan Theater on the grounds of the Washington Monument.[106] Components of U.S. military bands also provide evening concerts at the World War II Memorial from May through August.[107]

The Smithsonian Folklife Festival takes place on the Mall each year for two weeks around Independence Day (July 4).[108][109] On that holiday, the A Capitol Fourth concert takes place in the late afternoon and early evening on the west lawn of the Capitol.[110] This and other Independence Day celebrations on and near the Mall end after sunset with a fireworks display between the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial.[111]

The National Symphony Orchestra presents each year its Labor Day Capitol Concert on the west lawn of the United States Capitol during the evening of the Sunday before Labor Day (the first Monday of September).[112]

Other events

The April 9, 1939, concert by Marian Anderson, facing east from the Lincoln Memorial

On April 9, 1939, singer Marian Anderson gave an Easter Sunday concert at the Lincoln Memorial after the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) denied a request by Howard University for her to give an Easter performance at the DAR's nearby racially segregated Constitution Hall (see: Marian Anderson's 1939 Lincoln Memorial concert). The event, which 75,000 people attended, occurred after President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave his assent for the performance.[113][114]

The 1976 United States Bicentennial celebration provided the motivation for planning to accommodate large numbers of expected visitors to the National Mall. A number of major memorials were added to the Mall throughout that period.[115] On May 21, 1976, Constitution Gardens was dedicated.[116] On July 1, the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum opened.[117] On July 4, the Bicentennial fireworks display on the Mall attracted one million viewers, making it second only to the 1965 presidential inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson as the largest event in the Mall's history up to that time.[118]

On Sunday, October 9, 1979, Pope John Paul II celebrated Mass on the National Mall during a visit to Washington.[119] The celebration took place after an appellate court denied a motion for an injunction that atheists Madalyn Murray O'Hair and Jon Garth Murray had filed to prevent the event from occurring.[120]

From 1980 through 1982, The Beach Boys and The Grass Roots performed Independence Day concerts on the Mall, attracting large crowds.[121][122][123] However, in April 1983, Secretary of the Interior James G. Watt, banned Independence Day concerts on the Mall by such groups.

Watt said that "rock bands" that had performed on the Mall on Independence Day in 1981 and 1982 had encouraged drug use and alcoholism and had attracted "the wrong element", who would mug individuals and families attending any similar events in the future.[122] Watt then announced that Las Vegas crooner Wayne Newton, a friend and supporter of President Reagan and a contributor to Republican Party political campaigns, would perform at the Mall's 1983 Independence Day celebration.[122][124]

During the ensuing uproar, Rob Grill, lead singer of The Grass Roots, stated that he felt "highly insulted" by Watt's remarks, which he called "nothing but un-American".[122] The Beach Boys stated that the Soviet Union, which had invited them to perform in Leningrad in 1978, "obviously .... did not feel that the group attracted the wrong element".[122] Vice President George H. W. Bush said of The Beach Boys, "They're my friends and I like their music".[122]

On July 3, 1983, thousands attended a heavily policed "Rock Against Reagan" concert that the hardcore punk rock band, Dead Kennedys, performed on the Mall in response to Watt's action.[125] When Newton entered an Independence Day stage on the Mall on July 4, members of his audience booed.[126][127] Watt apologized to The Beach Boys, First Lady Nancy Reagan apologized for Watt, and in 1984 The Beach Boys gave an Independence Day concert on the Mall to an audience of 750,000 people.[126][128]

Britney Spears performs during the "NFL Kickoff Live from the National Mall Presented by Pepsi Vanilla" concert, September 4, 2003

On September 4, 2003, Britney Spears, Mary J. Blige, Aretha Franklin, Aerosmith and others performed in a nationally televised "NFL Kickoff Live from the National Mall Presented by Pepsi Vanilla" (see: Pre-game concerts for National Football League kickoff game).[129] Preceded by a three-day National Football League "interactive Super Bowl theme park", the event had primarily commercial purposes, unlike earlier major activities on the Mall. Three weeks later, the United States Senate overwhelmingly passed legislation that, when enacted into law, limited displays of commercial sponsorship on the Mall.[130]

On July 7, 2007, one leg of Live Earth was held outdoors at the National Museum of the American Indian on the Mall. Former vice president Al Gore presented, and artists such as Garth Brooks and Trisha Yearwood performed.[131]

Occurring once every two to three years on the Mall in the early fall from 2002 to 2009,[132] the U.S. Department of Energy Solar Decathlon displayed solar-powered houses that competitive collegiate teams designed, constructed and operated.[133][134] Igniting a controversy, the Department of Energy (DOE) decided to move the 2011 Decathlon off the Mall, claiming that this would support an effort to protect, improve and restore the park.[135] Federal officials stated that heavy equipment that had placed two-story houses on the Mall during earlier Decathlons had cracked walkways and killed grass to a greater extent than had most other Mall events.[136]

On February 4, 2011, a Washington Post editorial criticized attempts to have President Obama restore the Decathlon to the Mall.[137] Nevertheless, by February 12, 2011, at least thirteen U.S. senators had signed a letter asking the DOE to reconsider its decision.[136] On February 23, 2011, the DOE and the Department of the Interior announced that the 2011 Solar Decathlon would take place along Ohio Drive southeast of the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial in West Potomac Park.[138] The event took place in the Park from September 23 through October 2, 2011.[134][139] The 2013 Decathlon took place in California instead of Washington.[140]

From 2003 to 2013, the National Book Festival took place on the Mall each year in late September or early October.[141] However, the event moved to the Walter E. Washington Convention Center in 2014 because the NPS became concerned about the damage that pedestrians had inflicted on the Mall's lawn during previous Festivals.[142]

A four-day exhibition took place each year on the Mall during Public Service Recognition Week (the first full week of May) until 2010. Government agencies participating in the event sponsored exhibits that displayed the works of public employees and that enabled visitors to learn about government programs and initiatives, discuss employee benefits, and interact with agency representatives.[143] However, the 2011 United States federal budget (Public Law 112-10), which was belatedly enacted on April 15, 2011, contained no funding for that year's event, forcing the event's cancellation.[144] The event did not take place in 2012.[145]

On June 12, 2010, Tareq and Michaele Salahi, a couple under investigation for allegedly crashing a White House state dinner for the prime minister of India in November 2009 (see: 2009 U.S. state dinner security breaches), hosted an America's Polo Cup match between the United States and India on the Mall. The advertised ticket price for this event was $95 per person.[146] Reports of the event stated that the players who represented India were actually of Pakistani origin and were from Florida.[147]

A spokesman for the Embassy of India stated that neither the Embassy nor the government of India had any association with the event.[146] The event's website reportedly identified an Indian company, Kingfisher Beer, as a sponsor. However, Kingfishers' chief executive denied that the company had sponsored the event.[146] Yashpal Singh, the president and chief executive of Mendocino Brewing Company, Kingfisher's parent company, stated, "We are not sponsoring this event and have informed the people managing this event of that, .... We have sent legal notices to this effect, and he keeps on advertising us as a sponsor. I don't know what world he's living in."[146]

The Concert for Valor on the National Mall on November 11, 2014, looking west from the United States Capitol grounds

The inaugural USA Science and Engineering Festival Expo took place on the National Mall and surrounding areas on October 23 and 24, 2010. More than 1,500 free interactive exhibits reportedly drew about 500,000 people to the event,[148] which had over 75 performances.[149] The second Expo took place on April 28–29, 2012, in the Walter E. Washington Convention Center.[150]

On Veterans Day, November 11, 2014, Bruce Springsteen, Eminem, Rihanna, Metallica, Carrie Underwood, Dave Grohl, the Zac Brown Band and other pop entertainers performed on the Mall during a free evening Concert for Valor honoring veterans and their families. Attendance was in the hundreds of thousands, making it one of the biggest events on the Mall for the year.[151]

The annual Screen on the Green movie festival took place on the Mall on Monday nights during July and August for 17 years until 2015. Free classic movies were projected on large portable screens and typically drew crowds of thousands of people. Organizers cancelled the event in 2016 when the event's sponsors (HBO and Comcast) terminated their support, stating that they needed their resources for other projects.[152]

Improvements and future plans

National Mall Plan

From 2006 through 2010, the NPS conducted a public process that created a plan for the future of the National Mall.[53] On July 13, 2010, the NPS issued in the Federal Register a notice of availability of a final environmental impact statement (EIS) for the National Mall Plan.[153] The two-volume final EIS responded to comments and incorporated changes to a draft EIS for the Plan.[154]

On November 9, 2010, the NPS and the Department of the Interior issued a Record of Decision (ROD) that completed the planning process.[53][155][156][157] The ROD contains a summary of the selected alternative, which is the basis for the Plan, together with mitigation measures developed to minimize environmental harm; other alternatives considered; the basis for the decision in terms of planning objectives and the criteria used to develop the preferred alternative; a finding of no impairment of park resources and values; the environmentally preferable alternative; and the public and agency involvement.[158][159]

The Plan proposed a number of changes to the Mall. The NPS would construct at the east end of the Mall a wide expanse of paved surface in Union Square to accommodate demonstrations and other events by reducing the size of the Capitol Reflecting Pool or by replacing the pool with a fountain or other small water feature. Additional proposed changes included the replacement of the Sylvan Theater on the Washington Monument grounds with a facility containing offices, restaurants and restrooms, as well as the replacement of an open space near the east end of Constitution Gardens with a multipurpose visitor facility containing food service, retail, and restrooms.[53][155][156][157]

On December 2, 2010, the National Capital Planning Commission (NCPC) unanimously approved the final National Mall Plan at a public hearing.[160] The NCPC's approval allowed the NPS to move forward with implementation of the Plan's recommendations.[53][157][158][160]

On March 1, 2012, the NCPC discussed a proposal that, when implemented, reduced the Mall's green space by widening and paving most of the north-south walkways that cross the Mall between Seventh and Fourteenth Streets. The project also replaced with gravel large areas of grass that were located near the Smithsonian Metro Station and the National Gallery of Art's Sculpture Garden.[161]

On September 8, 2011, the Trust for the National Mall[162] and the NPS announced an open competition for a redesign of the spaces on the National Mall that Union Square, the Sylvan Theater grounds and the Constitution Gardens lake now occupy.[163] Former first lady of the United States Laura Bush agreed to be the honorary co-chair of a drive to raise funds for the three projects.[163]

On April 9, 2012, the Trust for the National Mall announced the ideas for the redesign of Union Square, the Sylvan Theater grounds and Constitution Gardens lake area that finalists in the competition had submitted. The Trust asked the public to submit online comments that the competition jury would consider when evaluating each design.[164] The Trust announced the winners of the competition on May 2, 2012. Groundbreaking for the first project was expected to take place by 2014, with the first ribbon-cutting ceremony by 2016.[165]

On October 1, 2015, the NCPC approved preliminary and final site and building plans that the NPS had submitted for the first phase rehabilitation of Constitution Gardens. Plans included the relocation and rehabilitation of the Lockkeeper's House, C & O Canal Extension, a new entry plaza at the corner of Constitution Avenue and 17th Street, NW, landscaping, a meadow and pollinator habitat and a new perimeter garden wall. A temporary path would connect to an existing plaza located at the eastern end of Constitution Garden's lake.[166]

The NPS began to implement the first phase rehabilitation of Constitution Gardens in 2017. A Park Service contractor moved the Lockkeeper's House, C & O Canal Extension, southward and westward away from Constitution Avenue, NW and 17th Street, NW while retaining the structure's east-west orientation.[18][167] The NPS restored the building's exterior to the conditions that had existed before the building was modified during 1915 and earlier years. The NPS also replaced the structure's brick chimneys, thus restoring the building to its original 1800s appearance. The building reopened temporarily in late August 2018 and permanently on September 13 of that year.[17][18][168] The structure now serves in its new location as an NPS education center.[17][18]

Reconstruction and restoration

From 2010 to 2012, NPS contractors rebuilt the aging Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool, which had first been constructed in the early 1920s and whose water had come from the pipes that supply Washington, D.C., with its drinking water. As a result of the project, the pool now receives filtered water from the Tidal Basin through a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipeline.[169]

The NPS then began a four-year restoration of the portion of the central axis of the Mall that lies between 3rd Street and 14th Street.[170] By 2016, the restoration project had completely replaced the deteriorated and weedy turf that had previously covered much of that part of the Mall with a new cover containing soil, fescue (Festuca) and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis).[171]

• 
  Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool before reconstruction (April 2010)
• 
  Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool undergoing reconstruction (June 2011)
• 
  Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool undergoing reconstruction (December 2011)
• 
  Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool after reconstruction (May 2016)
• 
  Axis of National Mall before restoration (July 2012)
• 
  Axis of National Mall undergoing restoration (October 2015)
• 
  Axis of National Mall after restoration (September 2016)

Transportation

Public transportation

The Smithsonian station on the Washington Metro in 2005

The National Mall is accessible via the Washington Metro, with the Smithsonian station located on the south side of the Mall, near the Smithsonian Institution Building between the Washington Monument and the United States Capitol.[172] The Federal Triangle, Archives, and Union Station Metro stations are also located near the Mall, to the north.[173] The L'Enfant Plaza, Federal Center Southwest and Capitol South Metro stations are located several blocks south of the Mall.[174] Metrobus and the DC Circulator make scheduled stops near the Mall.[175]

Bicycles

The NPS provides parking facilities for bicycles near each of the major memorials as well as along the National Mall.[176] From March to October, an NPS concessionaire rents out bicycles at the Thompson Boat Center, located near the intersection of Virginia Avenue NW and Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway, 1 mile (1.6 km) north of the Lincoln Memorial along the Potomac River-Rock Creek Trail.[176][177] The first two of five approved Capital Bikeshare stations opened on the National Mall on March 16, 2012, shortly before the start of the 2012 National Cherry Blossom Festival.[178]

The National Mall is the official midpoint of the East Coast Greenway, a 2,900 mile–long system of shared-use bicycle trails linking Calais, Maine, with Key West, Florida.[179]

Electric scooters and Segways

The use of an electric scooter or a Segway falls under the NPS definition of a recreational use of a self-propelled vehicle. People without identified disabilities can only use such vehicles on park roadways. NPS rules therefore prohibit people without disabilities from using electric scooters and Segways on sidewalks and paths within the National Mall and its memorials.[180][181]

Several companies rent out electric scooters within the District of Columbia. However, the National Mall is outside of those companies' service areas. Some such companies therefore charge fines for people who end their rides on the Mall. Others do not allow people to end their trips until they have left the area.[181]

Pedicabs

The NPS licenses pedicab drivers to provide transportation and tours of the National Mall through its Commercial Use Authorization program.[182]

Motor vehicle parking

General visitor parking is available along Ohio Drive SW, between the Lincoln and Thomas Jefferson Memorials. Bus parking is available primarily along Ohio Drive, SW, near the Lincoln and Thomas Jefferson Memorials and along Ohio Drive SW, in East Potomac Park. There is limited handicapped parking at the Franklin Delano Roosevelt and World War II Memorials and near the Washington Monument and the Thomas Jefferson, Lincoln, Korean War Veterans, and Vietnam Veterans Memorials; otherwise, parking is extremely scarce in and near the Mall.[183]

In April 2017, the NPS awarded a contract for the installation of parking meters on streets and in parking areas on the Mall. On June 12, 2017, the NPS and the District of Columbia Department of Public Works began to enforce metered parking on approximately 1,100 parking spaces in which motorists could previously park without charge.[183][184]

Climate

National Mall Climate chart (explanation) J F M A M J J A S O N D     82     4 −2     108     5 −1     80     15 4     125     25 10     106     28 15     133     30 20     105     30 21     128     32 23     74     29 17     149     21 10     56     14 6     125     6 1 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm Source: [185] Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     3.2     39 28     4.3     41 30     3.1     59 39     4.9     77 50     4.2     82 59     5.2     86 68     4.1     86 70     5     90 73     2.9     84 63     5.9     70 50     2.2     57 43     4.9     43 34 Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches

See also

• National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington, D.C.
• Operation Fast Forward
• Capitol Mall, a similar but smaller parkway situated in front of California State Capitol modeled on the National Mall

References

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2. "District of Columbia: National Mall Historic District (Boundary Increase and Additional Documentation), Bounded by 3rd St. NW-SW, Independence Ave. SW, Raoul Wallenberg Pl. SW, CSX RR, Potomac R., Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, 16000805, Listed 12/8/2016". National Register of Historic Places Program: Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 11/28/2016 through 12/2/2016. National Park Service. December 9, 2016. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
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4. "The National Parks: Index 2012-2016" (PDF). National Park Service. p. 44. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 26, 2017. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
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    (2) L'Enfant identified himself as "Peter Charles L'Enfant" during most of his life, while residing in the United States. He wrote this name on his "Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t(he) United States ...." (Washington, D.C.) and on other legal documents. However, during the early 1900s, a French ambassador to the United States, Jean Jules Jusserand, popularized the use of L'Enfant's birth name, "Pierre Charles L'Enfant". (See: Bowling, Kenneth R (2002). Peter Charles L'Enfant: vision, honor, and male friendship in the early American Republic. George Washington University, Washington, D.C.) The National Park Service identifies L'Enfant as Major Peter Charles L'Enfant Archived 2014-04-05 at the Wayback Machine and as Major Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant Archived 2010-02-28 at the Wayback Machine on its website. The United States Code states in 40 U.S.C. § 3309: "(a) In General.—The purposes of this chapter shall be carried out in the District of Columbia as nearly as may be practicable in harmony with the plan of Peter Charles L'Enfant."
11. (1) Portion of Mathew Carey's 1802 map of Washington City showing the Mall In Hanlon, Mary. "The Mall: The Grand Avenue, The Government, and The People". University of Virginia. Archived from the original on July 28, 1997. Retrieved July 3, 2019. Mathew Carey's 1802 map was the first one to name the stretch of land west of the Capitol as "The Mall."
    (2) Draper, I. (1802). "Washington City". Philadelphia: Mathew Carey. LCCN 88694101. Archived from the original (map) on March 12, 2012. Retrieved February 3, 2015. In "Washington Map Chronology". dcsymbols.com. Mathew Carey's 1802 map was the first one to name the stretch of land west of the Capitol as "The Mall." Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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    Previously located just inches from heavy traffic at the corner of 17th Street and Constitution Avenue NW, the house was lifted and moved about 20 feet from the road. Untouched for more than 40 years, the 180-year old structure now welcomes visitors from around the world to the National Mall.
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26. Map of the Mall in 1893 showing the Monuments Grounds, Agricultural Grounds, Smithsonian Grounds, Armory Grounds, Public Grounds and Botanical Gardens
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46. (1) "Uncle Beazley". Histories of the National Mall. Fairfax, Virginia: Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media, George Mason University. Retrieved July 1, 2016. Archived 2016-04-16 at the Wayback Machine.
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    This particular replica was used for the filming of The Enormous Egg, a movie made by the National Broadcasting Company for television, based on a children's book of the same name by Oliver Buttersworth. The movie features an enormous egg, out of which hatches a baby Tricerotops; the boy consults with the Smithsonian Institution which accepts Uncle Beasley for the National Zoo.

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    TRANSFER TO ARCHITECT OF THE CAPITOL
    Sec. 1202. (a) Transfer.—To the extent that the Director of the National Park Service has jurisdiction and control over any portion of the area described in subsection (b) and any monument or other facility which is located within such area, such jurisdiction and control is hereby transferred to the Architect of the Capitol as of the date of the enactment of this Act.
    (b) Area Described.—The area described in this subsection is the property which is bounded on the north by Pennsylvania Avenue Northwest, on the east by First Street Northwest and First Street Southwest, on the south by Maryland Avenue Southwest, and on the west by Third Street Southwest and Third Street Northwest.
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75. Sherald, James L (December 2009). Elms for the Monumental Core: History and Management Plan (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Center for Urban Ecology, National Capital Region, National Park Service. Natural Resource Report NPS/NCR/NRR--2009/001. Retrieved August 4, 2020. Archived December 14, 2019, at the Wayback Machine.
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77. Smith, Leef; Melillo, Wendy (October 13, 1996). "If It's Crowd Size You Want, Park Service Says Count It Out; Congress Told Agency to Stop, Official Says". The Washington Post. p. A.34. Retrieved November 29, 2010.
78. Nukols, Ben (January 18, 2017). "Inaugural crowds sure to be huge _ but how huge?". The Big Story. Associated Press. Retrieved March 16, 2017. IT STARTS WITH THE MILLION MAN MARCH ..... The agency still estimates crowd size for its own planning purposes, but does not publicly reveal the figures.
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79. Regula, Ralph, Committee on Appropriations (June 18, 1996). "House of Representatives Report 104-625: Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 1997, to accompany H.R. 3662". p. 28. Retrieved November 30, 2010. The Committee has provided no funding for crowd counting activities associated with gatherings held on federal property in Washington, D.C. If event organizers wish to have an estimate on the number of people participating in their event, then those organizers should hire a private sector firm to conduct the count.. Note: The Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 1997 (H.R. 3662), was incorporated into the "Omnibus Consolidated Appropriations Act, 1997 (Public Law 104-208, Sept. 30, 1996)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 27, 2010., at 110 STAT. 3009-181.
80. (1) Goodier, Rob (September 12, 2001). "The Curious Science of Counting a Crowd". Popular Mechanics. Archived from the original on September 5, 2016. For its part, the National Park Service tries to stay above the fray by not estimating crowd sizes. It stopped providing head counts after the organizers of the 1995 Million Man March accused the service of underestimating their crowd.
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125. (1) Smith, R.J. (February 1, 2000). "Punk Rock On Trial". Dead Kennedys News. Archived from the original on October 22, 2002. Retrieved March 4, 2015. It was surely the biggest show of Dead Kennedys' career, and Ronald Reagan made it all possible. In 1983, one of his cabinet members canceled a fourth of July Beach Boys concert on federal grounds in Washington, D.C., fearing the band would bring the wrong element to the capital. The move looked like crackbrained politics on every level – the administration appeared painfully out of touch (banning the Beach Boys?), and the official who canned the show didn't even realize that the band was publicly down with the Reagans.

     This was political theater of the absurd, and it was therefore a place where Dead Kennedys felt exceedingly at home. The San Francisco foursome took action, putting together a punk-rock festival on the Mall, the expanse of lawn stretching between the Washington Monument and the Capitol building. They were goading the government to try to stop them. Instead, thousands of punks filled the grounds that day, and skinny DK's frontman Jello Biafra greeted them by comparing the Monument to a giant hooded Klansman. As he jumped around like an insane marionette to their ornery punkability, government helicopters hovered over the stage and D.C. cops nervously patrolled the edge of the throng.

     
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Further reading

• "National Mall History". National Mall Coalition. 2015. Retrieved March 6, 2017. Archived 2015-10-01 at the Wayback Machine.
• Glazer, Nathan; Field, Cynthia R., eds. (2008). The National Mall: Rethinking Washington's Monumental Core. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8805-2. OCLC 166273738. Retrieved January 2, 2015 – via Google Books.
• Savage, Kirk (2009). Monument Wars: Washington, D.C., the National Mall, and the Transformation of the Memorial Landscape. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520256545. OCLC 566119105. Retrieved April 20, 2014 – via Google Books.

External links

• "National Mall and Memorial Parks: District of Columbia". National Park Service. August 4, 2020. Retrieved May 6, 2019. Archived May 31, 2020, at the Wayback Machine.
• "Maps of the National Mall and vicinity". National Park Service. June 17, 2017. Retrieved May 6, 2019.
• "Washington, DC: A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary: National Mall". National Park Service. Retrieved August 4, 2020. Archived June 3, 2020, at the Wayback Machine.
• "Map of the National Mall" (PDF). Trust for the National Mall. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 28, 2016. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
• "Trust for the National Mall: The Official Partner of the National Park Service". Trust for the National Mall. Retrieved March 17, 2010. Archived July 16, 2020, at the Wayback Machine.
• Steckelberg, Aaron; Kennicott, Philip; Berkowitz, Bonnie; Lu, Denise (August 23, 2016). "A 200-year transformation: How the Mall became what it is today". Lifestyle. The Washington Post. Retrieved August 4, 2020. Archived July 31, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. An interactive guide to the evolution of the National Mall.
• Hanlon, Mary. "The Mall: The Grand Avenue, The Government, and the People". University of Virginia. Retrieved August 4, 2020. Archived November 22, 2019, at the Wayback Machine.
• "The National Mall Markers series". HMdb.org: The Historical Marker Database. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved August 4, 2020.