New London, Connecticut

New London is a seaport city and a port of entry on the northeast coast of the United States, located at the mouth of the Thames River in New London County, Connecticut. It was one of the world's three busiest whaling ports for several decades beginning in the early 19th century, along with Nantucket and New Bedford, Massachusetts. The wealth that whaling brought into the city furnished the capital to fund much of the city's present architecture. The city subsequently became home to other shipping and manufacturing industries, but it has gradually lost most of its industrial heart.

For the county, see New London County, Connecticut.

City of New London
City
New London skyline from Fort Griswold
Seal
Nickname(s): 
The Whaling City
Motto(s): 
Mare Liberum
New London
Location in the United States and Connecticut
New London
New London (Connecticut)
Coordinates: 41°21′20″N 72°05′58″W
State Connecticut
CountyNew London
Metropolitan areaNew London
Settle1646 (Pequot Plantation)
Named1658 (New London)
Incorporated (city)1784
Government
 • TypeMayor–council
 • MayorMichael E. Passero
Area
 • City10.61 sq mi (27.47 km2)
 • Land5.62 sq mi (14.56 km2)
 • Water4.99 sq mi (12.91 km2)
 • Urban
123.03 sq mi (318.66 km2)
Elevation
56 ft (17 m)
Population
 (2010)
 • City27,620
 • Estimate 
(2019)[4]
26,858
 • Density4,778.15/sq mi (1,844.88/km2)
 • Metro
274,055
Time zoneUTC−5 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
ZIP code
06320
Area code(s)860
FIPS code09-52280
GNIS feature ID0209237
AirportGroton–New London Airport
Major highways
Commuter Rail
WebsiteCity of New London

New London is home to the United States Coast Guard Academy, Connecticut College, Mitchell College, and The Williams School. The Coast Guard Station New London and New London Harbor is home port to the Coast Guard Cutter Chinook and the Coast Guard's tall ship Eagle. The city had a population of 27,620 at the 2010 census. The Norwich–New London metropolitan area includes 21 towns and 274,055 people.

History
Fort Trumbull, originally built on this site in 1777. The present structure was built between 1839 and 1852.
New London in 1813
The Parade in 1883, with a railroad station built in 1864 at right (replaced by New London Union Station in 1887) and ferryboats in the river

Colonial era

The area was called Nameaug by the Pequot Indians. John Winthrop, Jr. founded the first English settlement here in 1646, making it about the 13th town settled in Connecticut. Inhabitants informally referred to it as Nameaug or as Pequot after the tribe. In the 1650s, the colonists wanted to give the town the official name of London after London, England, but the Connecticut General Assembly wanted to name it Faire Harbour. The citizens protested, declaring that they would prefer it to be called Nameaug if it couldn't be officially named London.[5][6] The legislature relented, and the town was officially named New London on March 10, 1658.

American Revolution

The harbor was considered to be the best deep water harbor on Long Island Sound,[7] and consequently New London became a base of American naval operations during the American Revolutionary War and privateers where it has been said no port took more prizes than New London with between 400-800 being credited to New London privateers including the 1781 taking of supply ship Hannah, the largest prize taken during the war. Famous New Londoners during the American Revolution include Nathan Hale, William Coit, Richard Douglass, Thomas and Nathaniel Shaw, Gen. Samuel Parsons, printer Timothy Green, and Bishop Samuel Seabury.

New London was raided and much of it burned to the ground on September 6, 1781 in the Battle of Groton Heights by Norwich native Benedict Arnold in an attempt to destroy the Revolutionary privateer fleet and supplies of goods and naval stores within the city. It is often noted that this raid on New London and Groton was intended to divert General George Washington and the French Army under Rochambeau from their march on Yorktown, Virginia. The main defensive fort for New London was Fort Griswold, located across the Thames River in Groton. It was well known to Arnold, who sold its secrets to the British fleet so that they could avoid its artillery fire. The British overran New London's Fort Trumbull, while other soldiers moved in to attack Ft. Griswold across the river, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel William Ledyard. The British suffered great casualties at Ft. Griswold before the Americans were finally forced to surrender—whereupon the British stormed into and slaughtered most of the militia who defended it, including Colonel Ledyard. All told, more than 52 British soldiers and 83 defenders were killed, and more than 142 British and 39 defenders were wounded, many mortally. New London suffered over 6 defenders killed and 24 wounded, while Arnold and the British and Hessian raiding party suffered an equal amount.[8]

Connecticut's independent legislature made New London one of the first two cities brought from de facto to formalized incorporations in its January session of 1784, along with New Haven.

19th century

During the War of 1812, torpedoes were employed in attempts to destroy British vessels and protect American harbors. In fact, a submarine-deployed torpedo was used in an unsuccessful attempt to destroy HMS Ramillies while in New London's harbor. This prompted British Capt. Hardy to warn the Americans to cease efforts with the use of any "torpedo boat" in this "cruel and unheard-of warfare", or he would "order every house near the shore to be destroyed".[9]:693

For several decades beginning in the early 19th century, New London was one of the three busiest whaling ports in the world, along with Nantucket and New Bedford, Massachusetts. The wealth that whaling brought into the city furnished the capital to fund much of the city's present architecture.

The New Haven and New London Railroad connected New London by rail to New Haven and points beyond by the 1850s. The Springfield and New London Railroad connected New London to Springfield, Massachusetts, by the 1870s.

Military presence

Several military installations have been part of New London's history, including the United States Coast Guard Academy and Coast Guard Station New London.[10] Most of these military installations have been located at Fort Trumbull. The first Fort Trumbull was an earthwork built 1775-1777 that took part in the Revolutionary War. The second Fort Trumbull was built 1839-1852 and still stands. By 1910, the fort's defensive function had been superseded by the new forts of the Endicott Program, primarily located on Fishers Island. The fort was turned over to the Revenue Cutter Service and became the Revenue Cutter Academy. The Revenue Cutter Service was merged into the United States Coast Guard in 1915, and the Academy relocated to its current site in 1932. During World War II, the Merchant Marine Officers Training School was located at Fort Trumbull. From 1950 to 1990, Fort Trumbull was the location for the Naval Underwater Sound Laboratory, which developed sonar and related systems for US Navy submarines. In 1990, the Sound Laboratory was merged with the Naval Underwater Systems Center in Newport, Rhode Island, and the New London facility was closed in 1996.[11][12]

The Naval Submarine Base New London is physically located in Groton, but submarines were stationed in New London during World War II and from 1951 to 1991. The submarine tender Fulton and Submarine Squadron 10 were based at State Pier in New London during this time. Squadron Ten was usually composed of eight to ten submarines and was the first all-nuclear submarine squadron. USS Fulton was decommissioned, after 50 years of service, in 1991 and Submarine Squadron 10 was disbanded at the same time. In the 1990s, State Pier was rebuilt as a container terminal.

During the Red Summer of 1919, there were a series of racial riots between white and black Navy men stationed in New London and Groton.[13][14][15]

Geography
49% of New London's area is water.
A statue of Nathan Hale in Williams Park

In terms of land area, New London is one of the smallest cities in Connecticut. Of the whole 10.76 square miles (27.9 km2), nearly half is water; 5.54 square miles (14.3 km2) is land.[16]

The town and city of New London are coextensive. Sections of the original town were ceded to form newer towns between 1705 and 1801. The towns of Groton, Ledyard, Montville, and Waterford, and portions of Salem and East Lyme, now occupy what had earlier been the outlying area of New London.[17]

New London is bounded on the west and north by the town of Waterford on the east by the Thames River and Groton and on the south by Long Island Sound.

Principal communities

Other minor communities and geographic features include Bates Woods Park, Fort Trumbull, Glenwood Park, Green's Harbor Beach, Mitchell's Woods, Pequot Colony, Riverside Park, Old Town Mill.

Towns created from New London

New London originally had a larger land area when it was established. Towns set off since include:

Climate

New London has a humid warm temperate (or humid subtropical) Cfa climate possibly bordering on Oceanic Cfb within the Köppen climate classification (using the more liberal -3° C temperate/continental threshold for mean temperature of the coldest month). The city has long, warm-to-hot and humid summers, and cool to arguably cold (though not frigid) winters with modest snowfall. The city averages 2,300 hours of sunshine annually (higher than the USA average). New London lies in the broad transition zone between continental climates (Köppen climate classification: Dfb/a) to the north, and subtropical climates (Köppen climate classification: Cfa) to the south, much like the rest of the coastal northeastern United States south of Boston through New Jersey.

Though under a more conservative interpretation of the Köppen climate classification system (0° C temperate/continental threshold) the city may technically experience a "continental" climate more often than not, unlike the interior of the United States at a similar latitude—such as northern Illinois—the winter polar air-masses in New London are frequently punctuated by brief mild spells such that there isn't nearly as long nor as severe (as "continental") of a duration of subfreezing weather when it does occur. Humid, mild southerly air-flows can bring temperatures as high as the 60's F at times in the wake of warm fronts during winter. Most light to moderate snowfalls that occur in winter typically melt within days. Even under the more conservative climate classification within the Köppen framework, five of the past twenty years—three in the latter decade of those years—have statistically fallen within the criteria of Köppen's Warm Temperate (C) climate group definition (though not necessarily consistently Cfa, owing to fluctuating precipitation and summer temperature patterns). By the end of the 21st century, most of the state will likely fall comfortably within even the more conservative definition of Köppen's humid subtropical according to modeled outcomes.[18]

From May to late September, the southerly flow from the Bermuda High creates hot and humid tropical weather conditions. Daytime heating produces occasional thunderstorms with heavy but brief downpours. Daytime highs in summer are normally near 80° F, with occasional heat waves bringing high temperatures into the 90's F. Spring and Fall are mild in New London, with daytime highs in the 55° to 70° F range and lows in the 40° to 50° F range. The seaside location of the city creates a long growing season compared to areas inland. The first frost in the New London area is normally not until late October or early November, almost three weeks later than parts of northern Connecticut. Winters are cool with a mix of rainfall and snowfall, or mixed precipitation. New London normally sees fewer than 25 days annually with snow cover. In mid-winter, there can be large differences in low temperatures between areas along the coastline and areas well inland, sometimes as much as 15° F.

Tropical cyclones (hurricanes/tropical storms) have struck Connecticut and the New London metropolitan area, although infrequently. Hurricane landfalls have occurred along the Connecticut coast in 1903, 1938, 1944, 1954 (Carol), 1960 (Donna), 1985 (Gloria). Tropical Storm Irene (2011) also caused moderate damage along the Connecticut coast, as did Hurricane Sandy (which made landfall in New Jersey) in 2012.

Mature Magnolia grandiflora on the north side of Bank Street (intersection with Montauk Avenue) in New London, Connecticut.

The Connecticut shoreline (including New London) lies within the broad transition zone where so-called "subtropical indicator" plants and other broadleaf evergreens can successfully be cultivated. New London averages about 90 days annually with freeze, about the same as Baltimore, Maryland. As such, many varieties of Southern Magnolia, Needle Palms, Loblolly and Longleaf Pines, Crape Myrtles, Aucuba japonica, Camellia, trunking Yucca, hardy bananas, Monkey Puzzle, copious types of evergreen Hollies, many East Asian (non-holly) broadleaf evergreen trees and shrubs, and certain varieties of figs may be grown in private and public gardens. For New England standards, growing season is quite long in New London. Like much of coastal Connecticut and Long Island, NY, it averages over 190 days in recent history.

New London lies at the cusp of USDA hardiness zones 6 and 7 (6b and 7a), with the southern quarter or so of land area in the city being in zone 7 according to the latest released hardiness zone map, making it similar in expected extreme minimum annual temperature to places like Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, Trenton, New Jersey, the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, much of north-central Tennessee and the Ozarks of northern Arkansas. By the mid-to-late 21st century, the area is expected to fall within USDA zone 8 according to some models.[19][20][21]

Due to climate change, certain low-lying areas such as Ocean Beach in the southern part of the city are susceptible to rising sea levels and increasingly powerful fall/winter noreasters and summer/fall hurricanes.

Climate data for Groton–New London Airport (GON) (1981–2010), snow data from Norwich, Connecticut (1981–2010).
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 65
(18)		 67
(19)		 78
(26)		 88
(31)		 91
(33)		 95
(35)		 101
(38)		 99
(37)		 93
(34)		 83
(28)		 75
(24)		 69
(21)		 101
(38)
Average high °F (°C) 37.5
(3.1)		 40
(4)		 46.5
(8.1)		 55.4
(13.0)		 64.5
(18.1)		 73.3
(22.9)		 78.2
(25.7)		 78.4
(25.8)		 72.3
(22.4)		 61.5
(16.4)		 53
(12)		 42.4
(5.8)		 58.6
(14.8)
Daily mean °F (°C) 29.5
(−1.4)		 32
(0)		 37.8
(3.2)		 47
(8)		 56
(13)		 65.4
(18.6)		 70.6
(21.4)		 70.4
(21.3)		 63.7
(17.6)		 52.7
(11.5)		 44.5
(6.9)		 34.7
(1.5)		 50.4
(10.1)
Average low °F (°C) 21.6
(−5.8)		 23.9
(−4.5)		 29.1
(−1.6)		 38.7
(3.7)		 47.6
(8.7)		 57.6
(14.2)		 62.9
(17.2)		 62.3
(16.8)		 55.1
(12.8)		 43.9
(6.6)		 35.9
(2.2)		 27
(−3)		 42.1
(5.6)
Record low °F (°C) −14
(−26)		 −12
(−24)		 0
(−18)		 14
(−10)		 30
(−1)		 38
(3)		 47
(8)		 41
(5)		 29
(−2)		 22
(−6)		 8
(−13)		 −10
(−23)		 −14
(−26)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.27
(83)		 2.86
(73)		 4.16
(106)		 4.41
(112)		 3.85
(98)		 4.11
(104)		 3.77
(96)		 4.16
(106)		 4
(100)		 3.86
(98)		 4.31
(109)		 3.73
(95)		 46.49
(1,180)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 8.8
(22)		 8.0
(20)		 3.6
(9.1)		 0.8
(2.0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0.2
(0.51)		 6.6
(17)		 28
(70.61)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.05) 6 5 6 7 8 8 6 6 6 7 7 7 79
Average snowy days (≥ 0.05) 3 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 10
Source: [22][23]

Demographics
See also: List of Connecticut locations by per capita income
Historical population
CensusPop.%±
18005,150—
18103,238−37.1%
18203,3302.8%
18304,33530.2%
18405,51927.3%
18508,99162.9%
186010,11512.5%
18709,576−5.3%
188010,53710.0%
189013,75730.6%
190017,54827.6%
191019,65912.0%
192025,68830.7%
193029,64015.4%
194030,4562.8%
195030,5510.3%
196034,18211.9%
197031,630−7.5%
198028,842−8.8%
199028,540−1.0%
200025,671−10.1%
201027,6207.6%
2019 (est.)26,858[4]−2.8%
U.S. Decennial Census
Population since 1810

Recent estimates on demographics and economic status

According to the 2006–2008 American Community Survey, non-Hispanic whites made up 54.6% of New London's population. Non-Hispanic blacks made up 14.0% of the population. Asians of non-Hispanic origin made up 4.6% of the city's population. Multiracial individuals of non-Hispanic origin made up 4.3% of the population; people of mixed black and white ancestry made up 1.7% of the population. In addition, people of mixed black and Native American ancestry made up 1.0% of the population. People of mixed white and Native American ancestry made up 0.7% of the population; those of mixed white and Asian ancestry made up 0.4% of the populace. Hispanics and Latinos made up 21.9% of the population, of which 13.8% were Puerto Rican.[24]

The top five largest European ancestry groups were Italian (10.5%), Irish (9.7%), German (7.4%), English (6.8%) and Polish (5.0%)

According to the survey, 74.4% of people over the age of 5 spoke only English at home. Approximately 16.0% of the population spoke Spanish at home.[25]

In 2012, the population reached 27,700. The median household income was $44,100, with 20% of the population below the poverty line.

2000 census

As of the census[26] of 2000, there were 25,671 people, 10,181 households, and 5,385 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,635.5 per square mile (1,789.8/km2). There were 11,560 housing units at an average density of 2,087.4 per square mile (805.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 63.5% White, 19.7% Hispanic or Latino of any race, 18.6% African American, 0.9% Native American, 2.1% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 9.1% from other races, and 5.7% from two or more races.

There were 10,181 households, out of which 27.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 30.4% were married couples living together, 17.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 47.1% were non-families. 37.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 3.00.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.8% under the age of 18, 17.6% from 18 to 24, 29.6% from 25 to 44, 17.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.8 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $33,809, and the median income for a family was $38,942. Males had a median income of $31,405 versus $25,426 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,437. About 13.4% of families and 15.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.5% of those under age 18 and 11.4% of those age 65 or over.

Arts and culture

Eugene O'Neill
The Monte Cristo Cottage, boyhood home of Eugene O'Neill

The family of Nobel laureate and Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright Eugene O'Neill (1888–1953) were intimately connected to New London. He lived here for years and wrote several plays in the city. A major O'Neill archive is located at Connecticut College, and the family home "Monte Cristo Cottage"[27] in New London is a museum and registered national historic landmark operated by the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center. Dutch's Tavern on Green Street was a favorite watering hole of Eugene O'Neill and still stands today.

Music
The United States Coast Guard Band in 2013

Notable artists and ensembles include:

Sites of interest
See also: National Register of Historic Places listings in New London County, Connecticut
The Garde Arts Center in 2013

Government
Municipal Building on State Street in New London

In 2010, New London changed their form of government from council-manager to strong mayor-council after a charter revision.[38] Distinct town and city government structures formerly existed and technically continue; however, they now govern exactly the same territory and have elections on the same ballot on Election Day in November.

Fort Trumbull controversy
Main article: Kelo v. City of New London
One of the few remaining houses in the Fort Trumbull neighborhood, June 10, 2007

The neighborhood of Fort Trumbull once consisted of nearly two-dozen homes, but they were seized by the City of New London using eminent domain. This measure was supported in the 2005 5-4 Supreme Court ruling of Kelo v. City of New London, and the homes were ultimately demolished by the city as part of an economic development plan. The site was slated to be redeveloped under this plan, but the chosen developer was not able to get financing and the project failed. The empty landscape of the Fort Trumbull area has been characterized by some as an example of government overreach and inefficiency.[39][40][41][42]

Jordan v. New London

In May 1997, Robert Jordan filed a lawsuit against the city, alleging violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the United States and Connecticut constitutions in a case that was referred to as "Too Smart To Be A Cop". In the fall of 1996, the City Manager told Jordan that he was ineligible to be a police officer in New London because he scored too high on the written portion of the Wonderlic test intended to evaluate cognitive ability.

New London had decided to consider only applicants who scored between 20 and 27 on the written examination. Jordan scored a 33 on the exam, the equivalent of having an IQ of 125. He filed suit in the District Court, where his case was dismissed by Judge Peter C. Dorsey, who noted: "The guarantee of equal protection under the Fifth Amendment is not a source of substantive rights or liberties, but rather a right to be free from invidious discrimination in statutory classifications and other governmental activity. It is well settled that, where a statutory classification does not itself impinge on a right or liberty protected by the Constitution, the validity of the classification must be sustained unless the classification rests on grounds wholly irrelevant to the achievement of [any legitimate government] objective…. [Jordan] may have been disqualified unwisely but he was not denied equal protection." The dismissal was upheld on appeal to the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.

Transportation
New London Union Station, designed by H.H. Richardson

Downtown New London is served by regional Southeast Area Transit buses, the Estuary Transit District public transit service between the New London transportation center and Old Saybrook, and interstate Greyhound Lines buses. Interstate 95 passes through the New London.

New London has frequent passenger rail service. New London Union Station is served by Amtrak's Northeast Regional and Acela Express regional rail services, plus Shore Line East (SLE) commuter rail service. The Providence & Worcester Railroad and the New England Central Railroad handle freight.

The city is also served by Cross Sound Ferry to Long Island, the Fishers Island Ferry District, and the Block Island Express ferry. New London is also visited by cruise ships.[43]

Royal Caribbean's Explorer of the Seas passing USCG Barque Eagle

The Groton-New London Airport, a general aviation facility, is located in Groton. Scheduled commercial flights are available at T. F. Green and the much smaller Tweed New Haven Regional Airport. The larger Bradley International Airport is 75 minutes driving time.

Mayors of New London
  • Richard Law (1784–1806)[44]
  • Jeremiah G. Brainerd (1806–1829)[44]
  • Elias Perkins (1829–1832)[44]
  • Coddington Billings (1832–1835)[44]
  • Noyes Billings (1835–1837)[44]
  • Jirah Isham (1837–1838)[44]
  • Francis Allyn (1838–1841)[44]
  • George C. Wilson (1841–July 20, 1841)[44] death
  • Caleb J. Allen (August 1841–1843)[44]
  • Andrew M. Frink (1843–1845)[44]
  • John Perkins Cushing Mather (1845–1850)[44]
  • Andrew C. Lippet (1850–1853)[44]
  • Henry P. Haven (1853–1856)[44]
  • Jonathan N. Harris (1856–1862)[44]
  • Hiram Willey (1862–1865)[44]
  • Fredrick L. Allen (1865–1871)[44]
  • Augustus Brandegee (1871–1873)[44]
  • Thomas M. Waller (1873–1879)[44]
  • Robert Coit (1879–1882)[44]
  • George E. Start (1882–1885)[44]
  • C. A. Williams (1885–1888)[44]
  • George F. Tinker (1888–1891)[44]
  • George Williams (1891) (resigned after two weeks)[44]
  • Ralph Wheeler (1891–1893)[44]
  • A. J. Bentley (1893–1894)[44]
  • James P. Johnston (1894–1897)[44]
  • Cyrus G. Beckwith (1897–1900)[44]
  • M. Wilson Dart (1900–1903)[44]
  • Bryan F. Mahan (1903–1906)[44]
  • Alton T. Miner (1905) acting mayor for five months in 1905[44]
  • Benjamin L. Armstrong (1906–1909)[44]
  • Bryan F. Mahan (1909–1915)[44]
  • Ernest E. Rogers (1915–1918)[44]
  • E. Frank Morgan (1918–1921)[44]
  • Lucius E. Whiton
  • William C. Fox
  • James A. May
  • Malcolm M. Scott
  • Cornelius D. Twomey
  • E. Frank Morgan
  • James A. May
  • Malcolm M. Scott
  • Alton T. Miner
  • Cornelius D. Twomey
  • Leo B. Reagan
  • Lewis B. Doane
  • Richard R. Morgan
  • Samuel J. Selleck
  • Fred Benvenuti
  • Thomas J. Griffin
  • Richard G. Duggan
  • Thomas G. Martin

Notable people
Lyman Allyn Art Museum, designed by Charles A. Platt
Harry Daghlian, a New London native who was the first person to die as the result of a radioactive criticality accident. A small memorial to Daghlian sits in a New London park.

References
  1. "Office of the Mayor". City of New London, Connecticut. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
  2. "Council Members". City of New London, Connecticut. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
  3. "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
  4. "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
  5. Marrin, Richard B. (January 1, 2007). Abstracts from the New London Gazette Covering Southeastern Connecticut, 1763-1769. Heritage Books. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-7884-4171-4.
  6. Frances Manwaring Caulkins, History of New London, Connecticut, from the first survey of the coast in 1612 to 1860, Library of Congress, 1895.
  7. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "New London" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 515–516.
  8. "The Battle of Groton Heights & Burning of New London". Battleofgrotonheights.com. August 31, 2006. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
  9. Lossing, Benson (1868). The Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812. Harper & Brothers, Publishers. p. 692.
  10. Coast Guard Station New London official web page
  11. The History of Fort Trumbull by John Duchesneau
  12. Fort Trumbull History Site
  13. Rucker & Upton 2007, p. 554.
  14. The Greeneville Daily Sun 1919, p. 1.
  15. Voogd 2008, p. 95.
  16. "New London County, Connecticut – County Subdivision and Place". American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 16, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
  17. Archived March 14, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  18. https://sos.noaa.gov/datasets/koppen-geiger-climate-changes-1901-2100/
  19. https://e360.yale.edu/features/redrawing-the-map-how-the-worlds-climate-zones-are-shifting
  20. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301360248_Projected_changes_in_cold_hardiness_zones_and_suitable_overwinter_ranges_of_perennial_crops_over_the_United_States
  21. Parker, Lauren E.; Abatzoglou, John T. (2016). "Projected changes in cold hardiness zones and suitable overwinter ranges of perennial crops over the United States". Environmental Research Letters. 11 (3): 034001. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/3/034001.
  22. "NOWData-NOAA Online Weather Data". Applied Climate Information System. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
  23. "Historic Averages-New London, Connecticut". The Weather Company. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
  24. "New London city, Connecticut – ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2006–2008". American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 11, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
  25. "New London city, Connecticut – Selected Social Characteristics in the United States: 2006–2008". American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 11, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
  26. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  27. "Monte Cristo Cottage". theoneill.com.
  28. Ocean Beach Park
  29. New London Historical Society
  30. New London Maritime Society
  31. Fishers Island
  32. Flock Theatre
  33. Garde Arts Center
  34. Hygienic Arts
  35. Joshua Hempsted House Archived July 3, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Connecticut Landmarks
  36. Eugene O'Neill Theater Center
  37. Morrison, Betty Urban (1985). The Church on the Hill: A history of the Second Congregational Church, New London, Connecticut 1835-1985. New London, Connecticut: Second Congregational Church. p. 17.
  38. "New Face Stirs Up Historic New London Election". tribunedigital-thecourant. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
  39. Jacoby, Jeff (March 12, 2014). "Eminent disaster: Homeowners in Connecticut town were dispossessed for nothing". The Boston Globe.
  40. Allen, Charlotte (February 10, 2014). "'Kelo' Revisited". Weekly Standard. Retrieved October 23, 2014.
  41. Somin, Ilya (May 29, 2015). "The story behind Kelo v. City of New London – how an obscure takings case got to the Supreme Court and shocked the nation". The Washington Post.
  42. Downey, Kirstin (May 22, 2005). "Nation & World | Supreme Court ruling due on use of eminent domain". Seattle Times. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
  43. Howard, Lee (September 7, 2013). "Cruise ships returning to New London". The Day. Retrieved August 28, 2018.
  44. Marshall, Benjamin Tinkham (1922). A Modern History of New London County, Connecticut, Volume 1. New London, Connecticut: Lewis Historical Publishing Company. p. 238.
  45. Bio, Linda Jaivin's web site
  46. McHardie, Allan, Elizabeth, Andrew (1885). The Prodigal Continent and her Prodigal Son. London: Morgan & Scott.
  47. "Wait, John Turner". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved October 10, 2012.
  48. Keefe, Gavin (March 20, 2015). "Wheeler on Dunn: New London basketball legend talks about legend-to-be". The New London Day. Retrieved August 13, 2015.
  49. Griswold, Wick (2012). A History of the Connecticut River. The History Press. pp. 96–97. ISBN 978-1609494056. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
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