Philippine English

Philippine English (similar and related to American English) is any variety of English native to the Philippines, including those used by the media and the vast majority of educated Filipinos. English is taught in schools as one of the two official languages of the country, the other being Filipino (Tagalog). Due to the highly multilingual nature of the Philippines, code-switching such as Taglish (Tagalog-infused English) and Bislish (English infused with any of the Visayan languages) is prevalent across domains from casual settings to formal situations.[3][4][5][6][7][8]

Philippine English
Native to	Philippines
Region	Southeast Asia
Native speakers	~28,700 L1 speakers (2005 UNSD) ~40 million L2 speakers (Crystal 2003a)[1]
Language family	Indo-European Germanic West Germanic Ingvaeonic Anglo-Frisian Anglic English American English Philippine English
Early forms	Old English Middle English Early Modern English
Official status
Official language in	Philippines
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	None
IETF	en-PH[2]

History

Filipinos were first introduced to English when the British invaded Manila and Cavite in 1762, but this occupation had no lasting effect on English in the country. A national variety called Philippine English evolved eventually, as a result of the American colonization, and was arguably one of the fastest to develop in the postcolonial world. Its origins as an English language spoken by a large segment of the Philippine population can be traced to the American introduction of public education, taught in the English medium of instruction. This was marked by the arrival of the Thomasites in 1901, immediately during re-colonization after the Philippine Revolution in the late 19th century up to the early 1900. After a tumultuous period of colonial transition, Filipino leaders and elites, and the American colonial government alike begun discussing the formation of a Philippine national language. The retained high ethnolinguistic diversity of the new colony was due to low penetration of Spanish under Spain's rule. Spanish was limited to a medium of instruction for the landed elites and gentry. At the end of Spanish colonization, only 3-5% of the colonial population could speak Spanish.[9][10] The lingering effects of Spanish amongst the general population nevertheless had notable effects on the lexical development of many Philippine languages, and even Philippine English, in the form of hispanisms.[11] Tagalog was selected to be the basis for a national language in 1937,[12] and has since remained so. It was re-labelled as Pilipino in 1959,[13] and Filipino in 1987. With the successful establishment of American-style public education having English as a consequential medium, more than 20% of the Philippine population were reported to be able to understand and speak English just before the turn of mid-20th century.[10] This meteoric growth was sustained post-World War II, much further through Philippine mass media (e.g. newsprint, radio, television) where English also became the dominant language,[14] and by the ratification into the current Philippine Constitution in 1987, both Filipino and English were declared co-official languages.

Today a certain Philippine English, as formally called based on the World Englishes framework of renowned linguist Braj Kachru, is a recognized variety of English with its distinct lexical, phonological, and grammatical features (with considerable variations across socioeconomic groups and level of education being predictors of English proficiency in the Philippines). As English language became highly embedded in Philippine society, it was only a matter of time before the language was indigenized to the point that it became differentiated from English varieties found in the United States, United Kingdom, or elsewhere. This, along with the formal introduction of the World Englishes (WE) framework to English language scholars in the Philippines opened the floodgates to research on this new emerging English, which has since been branded as such as Philippine English.[15]

Philippine English in the services sector

The abundant supply of English speakers and competitive labor costs have enabled the Philippines to become a choice destination for foreign companies wishing to establish call centers and other outsourcing.[16][17][18] English proficiency sustains a major call center industry and in 2005, America Online had 1,000 people in what used to be the US Air Force's Clark Air Base in Angeles City answering ninety percent of their global e-mail inquiries. Citibank does its global ATM programming in the country, and Procter & Gamble has over 400 employees in Makati, a central Manila neighborhood, doing back office work for their Asian operations including finance, accounting, Human Resources and payments processing.

An influx of foreign students, principally from South Korea, has also led to growth in the number of English language learning centers,[19] especially in Metro Manila, Baguio, Metro Cebu and Metro Bacolod.[20]

Orthography and grammar

Philippine laws and court decisions, with extremely rare exceptions, are written solely in English. English is also used in higher education, religious affairs, print and broadcast media, and business. Most educated Filipinos are bilinguals and speak English as one of their languages. For highly technical subjects such as nursing, medicine, computing and calculus, English is the preferred medium for textbooks, communication, etc. Very few would prefer highly technical books in either Filipino or the regional language.[21][22] Movies and TV shows in English are usually not dubbed in most cable channels[23] except a few such as Tagalized Movie Channel.[24]

Because English is part of the curricula from primary to secondary education, many Filipinos write and speak in fluent Philippine English, although there might be differences in pronunciation.[25] Most schools in the Philippines, however, are staffed by teachers who are speakers of Philippine English and hence notable differences from the American English from which it was derived are observable.

Philippine English traditionally follows American English spelling and grammar (with little to no similarity to Commonwealth English) except when it comes to punctuation as well as date notations. For example, a comma almost never precedes the final item in an enumeration (much like the AP Stylebook and other style guides in English-language journalism generally). Except for some very fluent speakers (like news anchors), even in English-language media, dates are also often read with a cardinal instead of an ordinal number (e.g. "January one" rather than "January first" or "January the first") even if the written form is the same. This is mostly because educated Filipinos were taught to count English numbers cardinally, thus it carried over to their style of reading dates. In reading the day-month-year date notation used by some areas in the government (e.g. 1 January), it may be pronounced as "one January" rather than "the first of January" or rearranged to the month-first reading "January one". Foreign nationals of Filipino descent, however, may have continued to read dates in English based on the conventions of their birth countries.

Tautologies like redundancy and pleonasm are common despite the emphasis on avoiding them, stressing brevity and simplicity in making sentences; they are common to many speakers, especially among the older generations. The possible explanation is that the English language teachers who came to the Philippines were taught old-fashioned grammar, thus they spread that style to the students they served. Examples are "At this point in time" and ".. will be the one ..." (or "... will be the one who will ...") instead of "now" and "... will ..." respectively - e.g., "I will be the one who will go ...", rather than "I will go ...".[26]

Levels of primary pupils and secondary students are usually referred to as grade one, grade two, and so on, similar to Canadian English, rather than American first grade, second grade, etc.

Vocabulary

As a historical colony of the United States, the Philippine English lexicon shares most of its vocabulary from American English, but also has loanwords from native languages and Spanish, as well as some usages, coinages, and slang peculiar to the Philippines. Due to the influence of the Spanish languages, Philippine English also contains Spanish-derived terms, including Anglicizations, some resulting in false friends, such as "salvage". Philippine English also borrowed words from Philippine languages, especially native plant and animal names (e.g. "ampalaya", balimbing"), and cultural concepts with no exact English equivalents (e.g. kilig); some borrowings from Philippine languages have entered mainstream English, such as abaca and ylang-ylang.

Some terms are only used in some regions. Examples are bringhouse (bringing food home from fiestas), which is only used in the Visayas, and haggard (police on motorcycles), which is used only in Visayas and Mindanao.

Words with meanings differing from standard English

Word/phrase	Philippine English	Standard English	Notes
Advanced	of a clock ahead of standard time	state-of-the-art
Artist	actor/actress
Birdie	penis	little bird; golf score of one under par	Childish slang, popularized by the Parokya ni Edgar song "Don't Touch My Birdie".
Bold	(adjective) implying or associated with pornography (as in bold film, and bold star); (noun) pornography	(adjective) courageous; brave
Brownout	blackout; power outage	sudden drop in voltage	Also used in Commonwealth English varieties.[27][28]
Cabaret	strip club	live entertainment in a restaurant or nightclub	Also see nightclub below.
Calling card	business card	name card
Certain	(particle) emphasis marker suggesting ambiguity or anonymity[29]	known, but not specifically named
Close	switch off (a light)		In standard English, to close a switch is to enable the flow of electricity through the switch
Comedy	practical joke	humorous act
Commute	to travel by public transportation	to travel between home and work
Course	college or university degree program	individual subject of a learning program
Crocodile	corrupt politician	genus of reptile	Originally referred to Philippine Constabulary officers, after the brown color of their uniform.
Dialect	languages of the Philippines other than Filipino	regional variety of a language	From an erroneous redefinition of the term coined by the Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino after declaring regional languages in the country as "dialects" to Filipino.[30] Considered inaccurate and derogatory, and "regional language" is considered the correct and proper usage in linguistic discourse.
Drive-in	motel; motor inn	type of outdoor cinema; type of drive-thru restaurant where food is served by a carhop
Duster	simple sun dress	cleaning tool
Elimination round	group stage or regular season	single-elimination tournament or two-legged tie	Especially in basketball competitions. Preliminary round also used in football and volleyball.
Entertain	to help or assist (in a corporate context e.g. "How can I entertain you?" for "How can I help you)	to amuse
Fiscal	public prosecutor; solicitor; attorney general	public official responsible for control of public revenue in some countries	Calque of Spanish fiscal.
Gimmick	unplanned night out with friends	trick; ploy
Go up	get on a vehicle	get on (the bus/jeep)
Inhibition	(law) recusal	fear or embarrassment that prevents natural behavior; stoppage or retardation of a chemical reaction
Junk shop	scrap dealer	store selling mostly used goods at cheap prices	Scrap dealer is also used as well.
Life imprisonment	reclusion perpetua	life sentence
Malicious	implying sexually perverted behaviour	having bad or evil intent
Maniac	pervert	someone suffering from manic behavior	From "sex maniac".
Middle name	maternal surname/last name or maiden name	second given name	From the adaptation of Filipino names using Spanish naming customs to the Western system of first name-middle name-last name.
Motel	love hotel; no-tell motel; sex hotel	motorist's hotel	Also simply called or used in conjunction with "short-time".
Nightclub	strip club	public or private establishment open at night to offer entertainment, food, drink, music, and dancing
Open	switch on (a light)		In standard English, to open a switch is to interrupt the flow of electricity through the switch
Rotunda	roundabout; traffic circle	circular building	From Spanish rotonda, via the Philippine languages.
Rugby	contact cement; rubber cement	ball sport	Genericized trademark from the wood glue brand by Bostik.
Sala	living room or courtroom	large hall or reception hall	Borrowed from Spanish via Philippine languages.
Salvage	(noun) summary execution involving a person being killed by a gang in some locations and the cadaver thrown onto a large space such as a river, roadside or vacant land; (verb) to kill a person in a similar fashion	(noun) act of rescuing or retrieved	False friend from Spanish "salvaje" ("wild", via the form "salbahe" in Philippine languages), after the manner the victims are killed.
Scandal	amateur pornography	controversy	Originally referred to celebrity sex tapes.
Slang	(adjective) indicative of a foreign or strong English accent	(noun) extremely informal language
Spandrel	soffit	A triangular space between the top of an arch and a rectangular frame	Termed by the local construction industry to describe usually metal or corrugated plastic types of roof soffit.
Subdivision	gated community or named residential area with a distinct flavor	parcel of land subdivided into lots
Tissue	paper napkin or toilet paper	absorbent paper; usually refers to facial tissue
Toga	graduation gown	ancient Roman garment; see also toga party
Tomboy	lesbian	boyish girl
Tricycle	auto rickshaw using a motorcycle and sidecar rig	cycle with three wheels	In the Visayas, also used for pedicabs.
Trip	vibe	journey
Trolley	makeshift handcar	(UK) cart; (US) streetcar	Also called skate in Bicol Region.
Undersecretary	deputy or assistant secretary	deputy to assistant secretary
Village	gated community	small settlement

Words, expressions, or usages peculiar to Philippine English

Word/phrase	English definition or equivalents understood in most English varieties	Notes
American or Americano	white or Caucasian person	The shortened term "kano" is more commonly used, from Americano
Apartelle	budget hotel based on an apartment	See also condotel
Banana cue	skewered cooking bananas, sprinkled with sugar, grilled and served hot[31]
Bed-space	to rent a bedroom at a private home, where the rent for it is paid by a lodger or boarder"[32]
Boodle fight	gathering where food (usually pansit, or steamed rice and sardines) is served on old newspapers or banana leaves spread over a table and eaten with bare hands by a group of people	Devised by PMA cadets, and does not represent authentic Philippine culture, but instead symbolizes fraternity and equality among PMA members by their sharing the same food without regard to rank. From West Point slang meaning "any party at which boodle (candy, cake, ice cream, etc.) is served."[33]
Cadette	female cadet
Carnapping[34]	carjacking; motor vehicle theft	Blend of car and kidnapping.
Chancing	sexual advance with suggestive body contact	Often associated with Silent Generation and baby boomer Filipinos.[32]
Civilian clothes	casual clothes	Usually in a context where one is not required to wear a uniform. From police terminology, referring to plainclothes officers.
Comfort room/C.R.	public toilet; Restroom
Community quarantine	A cordon sanitaire or stay-at-home order	Devised by the IATF-EID to distinguish a series of lockdowns due to the COVID-19 pandemic from military lockdowns resulting from civil disorder or armed conflict, the latter being associated with Martial law.[35] Compare with Malaysian English movement control order or Singaporean circuit breaker measure.
Computer shop	Internet café	From incorrect translation of kompyuteran.
Condotel/Condo	budget hotel based on a condominium	See also apartelle above
Coupon bond	bond paper
Cutex	nail polish	Genericized trademark
Dine-in	eat-in
Disco	nightclub	Also disco club, or simply club.
Dirty ice cream	generic ice cream sold by street vendors
Dirty kitchen	kitchen dedicated to household workers	Also found in West Asian households.
Eat-all-you-can	all-you-can-eat	Common, but not necessarily peculiar to Philippine English.
Estafa	fraud
Extra service	orgasm as part of erotic massage done by a masseur; happy ending
Filipino time/Pinoy time	habitual lateness of Filipinos	Stereotypical, but often used humorously. See also Juan time below
Government-owned and controlled corporation	state-owned enterprise	Often abbreviated to GOCC.
Green joke	off-color humor; ribaldry	Calque of Spanish chiste verde. See also green-minded below
Green-minded	dirty-minded; having sexual thoughts
Grotto	garden or roadside shrine simulating a cave and containing a statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary (mostly Our Lady of Lourdes), and sometimes paired with a water feature	From the holy cave in Lourdes, France.
Hand-carry	carry-on; hand luggage
High-blood	heavily angered
Hold-departure order	criminal travel injunction
Holdupper[36]	hold-up robber; stick-up man
Hollow block	cement, concrete, or foundation block
Informal settler	squatter	Also in informal settler's area (slum or shanty town).
Jeepney	purpose-built public transportation vehicles, originally made from used US military jeeps
Jogging pants	sweatpants or track pants	Often part of the physical education uniform of most schools in the Philippines
Juan time	habit of being on time	After Juan dela Cruz.
Kidnapable	person who is a likely target for kidnap for ransom for their wealth and social status	Slang, often used tongue-in-cheek.
Kikay kit	container where a woman's make-up and toiletries are kept
Load	(noun) prepaid credits; (verb) top up
Macho dancer	male stripper in a gay bar
McDo	McD's	Clipping of McDonald's. Also found in French.
Minor subject	An elective; optional subject	Usually contrasts to a major subject, which are required core subjects.
Necrological service	obituary or pre-burial event consisting of eulogies and songs, especially over a deceased celebrity or public figure	Used by funeral homes. Outside that context, first noted in writing in the Taglish elegy of Filipino poet V.I.S. de Veyra for English-language Filipino poet Ophelia Alcantara Dimalanta titled Requiem Para Kay Ophie (Dimalanta)---Makata, Kritiko ng Wika which mentions "necrological service" among other Philippine English words and phrases.[37] The phrase is also understood to mean "memorial service".
Number two	mistress
Nosebleed	to "have a nosebleed" is to have serious difficulty conversing in English with a fluent or native English speaker. It can also refer to anxiety brought on by a stressful event such as an examination, job interview or being afraid to be judged by others for not using proper grammar	Slang, often used to avoid conversing with English speakers.
Officemate	co-worker
Parlor	hair/beauty salon
Pekpek shorts	short shorts	From Tagalog vulgar slang for vagina.
Pension house	family-owned guest house
Pentel pen	marker	Genericized trademark
Person deprived of liberty[38]	prisoner	Shortened to PDL.[38]
Pisonet	Internet café with coin-operated computers that can be used for 5 to 15 minutes after dropping a Philippine peso coin	Genericized trademark
Polo	dress shirt	From polo shirt.
Practicumer	intern	From practicum.
Presidentiable	presidential candidate
Recollection	retreat
Red egg	salted eggs with shells dyed magenta	Translated from the Tagalog itlog na pula.
Ref	fridge	Shortened from refrigerator.
Remembrance	souvenir
Revival	cover
Rubber shoes	sneakers, athletic shoes, trainers
Sando	sleeveless shirt, tank-top, wifebeater, vest or singlet	May be traced to the Bengali word sando-genji.
Sari-sari store	small, neighborhood convenience store or booth	From the Tagalog sari-sari ("mixed" or "sundry").
Scotch tape	transparent adhesive tape	Genericized trademark, from the brand by 3M.
Senatoriable	Senate candidate
Sign pen	a technical pen used for signing documents	Genericized trademark by Pentel.
Sounds	music played in a radio, audio or speaker
Stolen shot	candid photography	Slang
Top-down	convertible
Transient [home]	homestay
Unli	unlimited	E.g. in unli-text[39] or unli-rice.
Vetsin	monosodium glutamate	Genericized trademark from Tien Chun Ve-Tsin.
Videoke	karaoke	Coined in the 1990s, blend of video and karaoke.
Washday	day where an employee or student can wear casual clothes, as uniforms are usually laundered that day

Abbreviations

Abbreviations are often punctuated in Philippine English when they are usually not, and some abbreviations are unique to Philippine usage.

Phonology

Philippine English is a rhotic accent mainly due to the influence of Philippine languages, which are the first language of most of its speakers. Another influence is the rhotic characteristic of General American English, which became the longstanding standard in the archipelago since Americans introduced the language in public education.[40][41][42] This is contrary to most Commonwealth English variants spoken in neighboring countries such as Malaysia or Singapore. The only exception to this rule is the word Marlboro, which is frequently read as Malboro. Therefore, /r/ phonemes are pronounced in all positions.[43] However, some children of Overseas Filipinos who are educated in Commonwealth countries (such as Australia, New Zealand or the United Kingdom) may speak in a non-rhotic accent unless taught otherwise. Native and well-educated speakers (also called acrolectal speakers[40]) may also feature flapping and vowel sounds resembling the California vowel shift due to the influence of Hollywood movies and call center culture mostly pegged towards the American market.[44]

For non-native speakers, Philippine English phonological features are heavily dependent on the speaker's mother tongue, although foreign languages such as Spanish also influenced many Filipinos on the way of pronouncing English words. This is why approximations are very common and so are hypercorrections and hyperforeignisms. The most distinguishable feature is the lack of fricative consonants, particularly /f/, /v/ and /z/. Another feature is the general absence of the schwa /ə/, and therefore pronounced by its respective full equivalent vowel although the r-colored variant [ɚ] is increasingly popular in recent years.

Consonants

The following consonant changes apply for most non-native speakers of the language:[43]

• The rhotic consonant /r/ may vary between a trill [r], a flap [ɾ] and an approximant [ɹ]. The English approximant [ɹ] is pronounced by many speakers in the final letters of the word or before consonants, while the standard dialect prefers to pronounce the approximant in all positions of /r/.
• The fricatives /f/ and /v/ are approximated into the stop consonants [p] and [b], respectively.
• Th-stopping: The dental fricatives /θ/ and /ð/ become the alveolar stop consonants /t/ and /d/, respectively. This can be also observed from speakers of Hiberno-English dialects and a number of American English speakers. Thus, Anthony is pronounced with a T like in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Conversely, Thomas and Thai(land) are often pronounced with a hyperforeign /θ/.
• Yod-coalescence: Like most Commonwealth English variants outside Canada and sometimes in Irish English, the /dj/, /tj/ and /sj/ clusters become [dʒ], [tʃ] and [ʃ] respectively. This makes the words dew, tune and pharmaceutical are pronounced as /ˈdʒuː/, /ˈtʃuːn/ and [pärmɐˈʃuːtikäl], respectively. Yod-coalescence also occurs in some other words where other English variants either resist it or do not call for it, e.g. calcium and Celsius are respectively [ˈkälʃʊm] and [ˈsɛlʃʊs]. For these reasons, the use of yod-coalescence is another case of approximation for aspirated consonants which Philippine languages lack in general in words such as twelve.
• Yod-retention is usually practiced selectively, similar to the historical mid-Atlantic accent in the U.S., Irish or British and Commonwealth English, and to a lesser extent, some speakers of English in Canada, in certain words such as new(s) but not student. For that reason, maneuver is mainly pronounced also with a yod, somewhat in a hyperforeign manner, whereas all other accents drop it intrisically. However, yod-dropping is often common due to influence of modern General American. The yod as retained in many words is sometimes coalesced; see "Yod-coalescence" above.
• The fricative [ʒ] may be devoiced into [ʃ] in words such as measure or affricated into [dʒ] in words such as beige.
• The /z/ phoneme is devoiced into an /s/. This also includes intervocalic /s/ which is usually pronounced as a [z] in most other accents of English.
• Older speakers tend to add an i or e sound to the clusters sl, sm, sn, sp and st- due to Spanish influence, so the words star and lipstick sounds like (i/e)star and lipistick respectively.
• Like most non-native speakers of English elsewhere, the "dark l" ([ɫ]) is merged into the usual "light" /l/ equivalent.
• The compound ⟨ll⟩ is pronounced as a palatal lateral approximant [ʎ] in between vowels (e.g. gorilla), especially to those who were exposed to Spanish orthography. This is negligible among younger well-educated speakers.
• The letter "z" is usually pronounced (and sometimes spelled) as a "zey" /zeɪ/ like in Jamaican English. However, in standard Philippine English, it is pronounced as the American "zee".

Vowels

Vowels in Philippine English are pronounced according to the letter representing each, so that ⟨a, e, i, o, u⟩ are generally pronounced as [a, ɛ, i, o, u], respectively.[41][43] The schwa /ə/—although a phonological feature across numerous Philippine languages such as Kinaray-a, Meranao, or the Abagatan (Southern) dialect of Ilokano—is absent.[42][45]

• The following are the various approximations of the schwa:
  • Words that end in -le that succeeds a consonant (such as Google) are generally pronounced with an [ɛl], except for words that end -ple, -fle or -ble (apple, waffle and humble), which are pronounced with an [ol].
  • The /ɪ/ in words such as knowledge or college, it is pronounced as a diphthong /eɪ/, making it rhyme with age.
  • The rhotic vowels /ər/ and /ɜːr/ may be pronounced as an [ɛr] (commander), [ir] (circle) or an [or] (doctor), usually by non-native speakers outside urban areas or the elderly.
• The ⟨a⟩ pronunciations /æ, ʌ, ɑ/ are pronounced as central vowels [ä] and [ɐ]. In the standard dialect, the open front [a] may be pronounced as an allophone of /æ/.
  • The first ⟨a⟩ in some words such as patronage, patriot(ic/ism), (ex/re)patriate(d/s), and (ex/re)patriation usually have the sound of either [æ], like in British/non-Canadian Commonwealth or Irish English, or sometimes [ä], rather than [eɪ] in the United States and Canada.
• The /ɪ/ phoneme may be merged or replaced by the longer /i/ for some speakers. The words peel and pill might sound the same, mostly like in Australian English.
• The /ɒ/ may be enunciated as an [o] (color or even tomorrow, sorry, sorrow, etc. like in Canada) or an [ɐ] (not).
• The u sound from the digraph qu may be dropped before e and i in some words such as tranquilize(r) and colloquial.
• The /ʌ/ in namely couple and double may also be enunciated as an [o] or, rarely, as an [a].
• The /ʌ/ in namely culture and ultimate is sometimes enunciated as an [ʊ], partly similar to accents in England and Wales without the foot–strut split.

Emphasis

• Distinct non-native emphasis or stress is common. For example, the words ceremony and Arabic are emphasized on the second syllable (as [sɛREmoni] and [A RAbik] respectively) as another result of indirect Spanish influence.

Pronunciation

Many Filipinos often have distinct non-native English pronunciation, and many fall under different lectal variations (i.e. basilectal, mesolectal, acrolectal).[40] Some Philippine languages (e.g. Ibanag, Itawis, Surigaonon, Tausug) feature certain unique phonemes such as [dʒ], [f], [v], and [z], which are also present in English. However, Filipinos' first languages have generally different phonological repertoires (if not more simplified compared to English), and this leads to mis- or distinct pronunciations particularly among basilectal and to some extent mesolectal speakers.

Some examples of non-native pronunciation include:

• Awry = [ˈari]
• Filipino = [piliˈpino]
• Victor = [bikˈtor]
• Family = [ˈpɐmili] or [ˈpamili]
• Varnish = [ˈbarniʃ]
• Fun = [ˈpɐn] or [ˈpan]
• Vehicle = [ˈbɛhikɛl] or [ˈbɛhikol]
• Lover = [ˈlɐbɛr]
• Find = [ˈpajnd]
• Official = [oˈpisʲɐl] or [oˈpiʃɐl]
• Very = [ˈbɛri] or [ˈbejri]
• Guidon = [ɡiˈdon]
• Hamburger = [ˈhɐmburɡɛr]
• High-tech = [ˈhajtɛk]
• Hubcap = [ˈhabkab]
• Margarine = [mɐrɡɐˈrin]
• Seattle = [ˈsʲatɛl]
• Shako = [sʲaˈko] or [ʃaˈko]
• Daniel/Danielle = [ˈdejnjɛl] or [ˈdanjɛl]
• February = [(f/p)ebˈwari] or [(f/p)ebˈrari]
• Eunice = [jʊˈnis]
• Janice = [dʒaˈnis]
• January = [dʒanˈwari]
• Ombudsman = [omˈbudsman]
• Rachel/Rachelle = [ˈrejʃɛl]
• Stephen, Stephen- in Stephens, Stephenson = [(i/ɛ)ˈstifɛn] or [(i/ɛ)ˈstipɛn]
• Special (some speakers) = [(i/ɛ)ˈspejʃal] or [ˈspejʃal]; rhymes with spatial
• Twenty- (one, two, etc.) (many speakers) = [ˈtwejnti]
• -ator in some words like predator = [ˈejtor] (by analogy with -ate)
• -mentary (e.g. elementary) = [menˈtari] (hyperforeignism, from -mentaria/-mentarya)
  • Note on "Stephen" and its derivatives: The ph digraph has an F sound rather than a V, even among most speakers of standard Philippine English; i.e. irregularly spelled names like these are pronounced intuitively or according to spelling rather than like "Steven".

See also

• International English
• English as a second or foreign language
• Formal written English
• List of dialects of the English language
• List of English words of Philippine origin
• Regional accents of English speakers
• Special English
• Philippine literature in English
• List of loanwords in Tagalog
• Englog (Konyo English), English-Tagalog code-switching based on English
• Taglish, Tagalog-English codeswitching based on Tagalog
• Hokaglish, Hokkien-Tagalog-English contact language in the Philippines

References

1. "Philippines". Ethnologue. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
2. "Philippines". Retrieved May 22, 2020.
3. Bautista, Ma. Lourdes (2004). "Tagalog-English code-switching as a mode of discourse" (PDF). Asia-Pacific Education Review. 5 (2): 225–233. doi:10.1007/BF03024960. S2CID 145684166.
4. Bautista, Ma. Lourdes (1998). "Tagalog-English code-switching and the lexicon of Philippine English". Asian Englishes. 1 (1): 51–67. doi:10.1080/13488678.1998.10800994.
5. Erwin-Billones, Clark (2012). Code-switching in Filipino newspapers: Expansion of language, culture and identity (PDF) (Master's). Colorado State University. Retrieved December 31, 2018.
6. Dayag, Danilo (2002). "Code-switching in Philippine print ads: A syntactic-pragmatic description". Philippine Journal of Linguistics. 33 (1): 34–52.
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12. "EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 134 : PROCLAMING THE NATIONAL LANGUAGE OF THE PHILIPPINES BASED ON THE "TAGALOG" LANGUAGE". Government of the Philippines. December 30, 1937.
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15. Kachru, Braj; Kachru, Yamuna; Nelson, Cecil (2009). The Handbook of World Englishes : Volume 48 of Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics. John Wiley & Sons. p. 240. ISBN 978-1-4051-8831-9.
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21. Author David Crystal remarks that English is used in technical contexts for intelligibility, and Taglish and Bislish are used in social contexts for identity, noting that similar situations exist in other countries (e.g., as with Singlish). See Crystal, David (2003). English as a Global Language (2, illustrated, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 189. ISBN 0-521-53032-6.
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31. Overseas Pinoy Cooking.Net accessed November 6, 2010
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37. V.I.S. de Veyra's poem "Requiem Para Kay Ophie"
38. Echeminada, Perseus (April 20, 2017). "Convicts now called 'persons deprived of liberty'". Retrieved July 29, 2020.
39. "Unli Call & Text 25 - Smart Communications". smart.com.ph.
40. Tayao, Ma. Lourdes (2004). "The evolving study of Philippine English phonology". Asian Englishes. 23 (1): 77–90. doi:10.1111/j.1467-971X.2004.00336.x.
41. Llamzon, T. A. (1997). "The phonology of Philippine English". In Bautista, Ma. Lourdes (ed.). English is an Asian Language: The Philippine Context. The Macquarie Library Pty. Ltd. pp. 41–48.
42. Bautista, Ma. Lourdes; Gonzalez, Andrew (2009). "Southeast Asian Englishes". In Kachru, Braj; Kachru, Yamuna; Nelson, Cecil (eds.). English is an Asian Language: The Philippine Context. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 130–144.
43. Tayao, Ma. Lourdes (2008). "A lectal description of the phonological features of Philippine English". In Bautista, Ma. Lourdes; Bolton, Kingsley (eds.). Philippine English: Linguistic and Literary. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 157–174.
44. Lee, Don (February 1, 2015). "The Philippines has become the call-center capital of the world". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 8, 2015.
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Further reading

• Acar, A. "Models, Norms and Goals for English as an International Language Pedagogy and Task Based Language Teaching and Learning.", The Asian EFL Journal, Volume 8. Issue 3, Article 9, (2006).
• Manarpaac, Danilo. "When I was a child I spoke as a child": Reflecting on the Limits of a Nationalist Language Policy. In: Christian Mair. The politics of English as a world language: new horizons in postcolonial cultural studies. Rodopi; 2003 [cited 18 February 2011]. ISBN 978-90-420-0876-2. p. 479–492.
• Lerner, Ted. Hey, Joe, a slice of the city - an American in Manila. Book of Dreams: Verlag, Germany. 1999.
• Bresnahan, Mary I (1979). "English in the Philippines". Journal of Communication. 29 (2): 64–?. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1979.tb02948.x – via Academia.edu.

External links

• The Language Planning Situation in the Philippines, by Andrew Gonzalez, FSC, with sections on Philippine English
• Philippine English, by Tom McArthur.
• English proficiency in Cebu
• American or Philippine English? (video)