Phitsanulok

Phitsanulok (Thai: พิษณุโลก, pronounced [pʰít.sā.nú.lôːk] listen ) is an important, historic city in lower northern Thailand and is the capital of Phitsanulok Province. Phitsanulok is home to Naresuan University and Pibulsongkram Rajabhat University, as well as to a major Royal Thai Army base. As of 2017, the population of the city was 68,086. [1]

This article is about the city of Phitsanulok. For other uses, see Phitsanulok (disambiguation).
Phitsanulok

พิษณุโลก
City Municipality
City of Phitsanulok
เทศบาลนครพิษณุโลก
Phitsanulok skyline from the Grand Riverside Hotel
Seal
Nickname(s): 
Song Khwae (The two rivers)
Phitsanulok
Location in Thailand
Coordinates: 16°48′57″N 100°15′49″E
CountryThailand
ProvincePhitsanulok
DistrictMueang Phitsanulok
Government
 • TypeCity Municipality
 • MayorBoonsong Tanthani
Area
 • City Municipality18.26 km2 (7.05 sq mi)
 • Metro
751 km2 (290 sq mi)
Elevation
51 m (167 ft)
Population
 • City Municipality68,086 [1]
 • Metro
291,311
 • Metro density390/km2 (1,000/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+7 (ICT)
Postcode
65000
Area code(+66) 55
Geocode650101
Chief roadwayRoute 12
Chief watercourseNan River
Chief airportPhitsanulok Airport

Etymology
Wat Phra Sri Rattana Mahathat
  • Song Khwae: The first element, song, means the number 'two'. The second element, khwae, means 'tributary', hence 'two rivers'.
  • Phitsanulok: The first element, Phitsanu (Thai: พิษณุ; Sanskrit: viṣṇu विष्णु "Vishnu"), is a cognate of 'Vishnu', a Hindu god (see, e.g., Witnu, Thai: วิษณุ). Lack of a v sound in the Thai language accounts for the two forms. The second element, lok (Thai: โลก; Sanskrit: loka लोक 'world') means 'globe' or 'world'. A loose translation of the entire name would be 'Vishnu's heaven'.

History

Phitsanulok is one of the oldest cities in Thailand, founded over 600 years ago. Phitsanulok was also a provincial center of the Khmer Empire during the Angkorian period.[2]

Phitsanulok was originally named "Song Khwae" (lit. "Two Rivers") as it used to situate between the Nan and Khwae Noi Rivers, although the Khwae Noi River now drains into Nan River at ten kilometers to the north of Phitsanulok. The Northern Chronicles credited the foundation of Song Khwae to "King Srithampidok" or King Thammaracha I of Sukhothai, on the east bank of Nan River. King Thammaracha I also constructed the Wat Phra Si Rattana Mahathat and casted famous Buddha images of Phra Buddha Chinnarat and Phra Buddha Chinnasri. Song Khwae eclipsed Sukhothai in importance, becoming the royal seat of Sukhothai Kingdom in 1378. After the demise of the last King of Sukhothai at Song Khwae in 1438, Prince Ramesuan of Ayutthaya came to rule Song Khwae. When Prince Ramesuan was crowned as King Trailokanat of Ayutthaya in 1448, Song Khwae and the Sukhothai Kingdom were incorporated into the Ayutthaya Kingdom.

During the Ayutthaya-Lanna War, King Trailokanat moved his residence to Song Khwae in 1464 and renamed the city "Phitsanulok" (from Sanskrit Vishnu and Loka "world"). He expanded the city westward[3] to the west bank of Nan River. In the sixteenth century, Phitsanulok was the seat of Uparaja or heir presumptive to Ayutthaya throne who took residence in the Chantana Palace on the west bank. In 1548, King Maha Chakkraphat appointed his supporter Phra Pirenthorathep as "King Thammaracha" of Phitsanulok as a tributary ruler. During the Burmese-Siamese Wars, Phitsanulok and the Sukhothai region became battlegrounds between Burma and Siam. When King Bayinnaung invaded Phitsanulok in 1563, King Thammaracha of Phitsanulok submitted to the Burmese.

King Naresuan

King Thammaracha, now reigned at Ayutthaya, appointed his son Prince Naresuan as the Uparaja of Phitsanulok in 1570. In 1584, Prince Naresuan ordered the evacuation of all cities in the Sukhothai region including Phitsanulok down south in preparations against Burmese invasions. Phitsanulok was abandoned until it was later restored in 1593 not as a Uparaja seat but as a Muang Ek or first-level city held by a governor, becoming the center of Siamese administrations in northern regions. The governors of Phitsanulok held the title "Chao Phraya Surasi". After the Second Fall of Ayutthaya in 1767, Phitsanulok came under the rule of Chao Phra Fang, a monk who declared himself a local lord based on the town of Fang (modern Uttaradit). King Taksin of Thonburi sent forces to capture Phitsanulok in 1768 and appointed Boonma (later Prince Maha Sura Singhanat) as Chao Phraya Surasi the governor of Phitsanulok.

The Burmese General Maha Thiha Thura laid siege on Phitsanulok in 1775. Chao Phraya Chakri (future King Rama I) and his brother Chao Phraya Surasi Boonma held the city for four months until the city finally fell to the Burmese. Phitsanulok was utterly destroyed on the occasion. The Burmese invaded again in 1785 and Phitsanulok was abandoned temporarily because the manpower shortage left the city defenseless. After warfare, Phitsanulok was in ruins and depopulated through the nineteenth century. The Phra Buddha Chinnasri image was moved to Wat Baworn Niwet in Bangkok in 1829. In 1834, the Phuan people were deported from Muang Phuan in Laos[4] to re-populate Phitsanulok and surrounding cities. Phitsanulok slowly recovered to be an urban center.

As a part of reforms of King Chulalongkorn, Phitsanulok became the administrative seat of the Monthon Phitsanulok in 1894. When the Monthons were abolished in 1932, Phitsanulok became the capital of Phitsanulok Province.

  • The Phitsanulok fire of 1957 destroyed much of the older portion of the city, which at the time consisted mostly of wooden buildings.
  • On 28 November 1961, the King Naresuan Shrine was completed at Chandra Palace.
  • On 25 January 1967, the Phitsanulok campus of what is now Naresuan University was established as the northern branch of the degree level College of Education. In 1974, the College of Education was upgraded as Srinakharinwirot University, with Phitsanulok as one of the six campuses. In 1990, the regional campuses became independent universities, and the Phitsanuloke campus was named after Phitsanulok-born King Naresuan the Great.
  • Naresuan Dam was constructed from 1976 to 1985 on the Nan River as part of the Phitsanulok Irrigation Project.[5] The dam was designed to help prevent flooding of the city.
  • On 8 March 1999 Phitsanulok was upgraded to city municipality (thesaban nakhon).[6]

Geography
Nan River

Phitsanulok is in the north of Thailand. Phitsanulok is about 377 kilometres north of Bangkok by road. Phitsanulok covers some 10,815 square kilometres, or 6.4% of area in the north of Thailand and 2.1% of the area of Thailand. Phitsanulok borders on the north and the north-east of Thailand. The north is adjacent to Uttaradit and Laos. The south is adjacent to Phichit. The east is adjacent to Loei and Phetchabun. The west is adjacent to Kamphaeng Phet Province and Sukhothai.

Phitsanulok has many waterfalls, forests and caves. In the north is central area. In the north-west is a highland. It's the important recreational area such as Kaeng Sopha waterfall, Phu Hin Rong Kla and Phu Soi Dow. In the south plains along the Yom River and the Nan River is the most important agricultural district of Phitsanulok.

Climate

Phitsanulok has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw). Winters are dry and very warm. Temperatures rise until April, which is very hot with the average daily maximum at 37.4 °C (99.3 °F). The monsoon season runs from May through October, with heavy rain and somewhat cooler temperatures during the day, although nights remain warm.

Climate data for Phitsanulok (1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 36.3
(97.3)		 38.4
(101.1)		 40.0
(104.0)		 41.8
(107.2)		 41.5
(106.7)		 39.4
(102.9)		 37.6
(99.7)		 36.7
(98.1)		 35.7
(96.3)		 35.7
(96.3)		 36.4
(97.5)		 35.3
(95.5)		 41.8
(107.2)
Average high °C (°F) 31.6
(88.9)		 33.8
(92.8)		 35.8
(96.4)		 37.2
(99.0)		 35.6
(96.1)		 34.0
(93.2)		 33.2
(91.8)		 32.5
(90.5)		 32.5
(90.5)		 32.4
(90.3)		 31.7
(89.1)		 30.7
(87.3)		 33.4
(92.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 24.8
(76.6)		 26.9
(80.4)		 29.2
(84.6)		 30.8
(87.4)		 29.9
(85.8)		 29.0
(84.2)		 28.5
(83.3)		 28.1
(82.6)		 28.1
(82.6)		 27.8
(82.0)		 26.5
(79.7)		 24.3
(75.7)		 27.8
(82.0)
Average low °C (°F) 18.7
(65.7)		 21.0
(69.8)		 23.6
(74.5)		 25.4
(77.7)		 25.2
(77.4)		 25.0
(77.0)		 24.8
(76.6)		 24.7
(76.5)		 24.7
(76.5)		 24.1
(75.4)		 21.7
(71.1)		 18.6
(65.5)		 23.1
(73.6)
Record low °C (°F) 10.4
(50.7)		 13.0
(55.4)		 12.7
(54.9)		 19.6
(67.3)		 20.4
(68.7)		 21.0
(69.8)		 21.5
(70.7)		 21.4
(70.5)		 21.7
(71.1)		 17.1
(62.8)		 12.1
(53.8)		 8.9
(48.0)		 8.9
(48.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 3.9
(0.15)		 13.5
(0.53)		 26.7
(1.05)		 55.7
(2.19)		 170.9
(6.73)		 165.7
(6.52)		 179.4
(7.06)		 247.6
(9.75)		 246.6
(9.71)		 162.5
(6.40)		 33.4
(1.31)		 11.1
(0.44)		 1,317
(51.85)
Average rainy days 1.3 2.2 3.3 5.6 13.7 16.2 18.1 20.4 18.7 13.3 3.5 1.0 117.3
Average relative humidity (%) 67 64 62 63 71 76 78 80 81 78 72 67 72
Mean monthly sunshine hours 257.3 243.0 275.9 243.0 198.4 117.0 120.9 117.8 108.0 179.8 219.0 257.3 2,337.4
Mean daily sunshine hours 8.3 8.6 8.9 8.1 6.4 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.6 5.8 7.3 8.3 6.6
Source 1: Thai Meteorological Department[7]
Source 2: Office of Water Management and Hydrology, Royal Irrigation Department (sun and humidity)[8]

Topography

Phitsanulok lies primarily on flatland with some hills.[9] The eastern portion of the city has some wooded area.[9] The city is in the Nan Basin, which is part of the Chao Phraya watershed.[10] Phitsanulok is sometimes called Song Kwae, the city of two rivers, a name dating to a time centuries ago when the Nan and Khwae Noi Rivers met near the city. Today, only the Nan River flows through Phitsanulok.

Government

The chief executive of the city is the mayor.

Royal Thai Army

Phitsanulok is home to the Third Army Region of the Royal Thai Army, responsible for the northern and north-western parts of the kingdom.

Media

The main channels for communication in the city are television and radio. The following public television and radio stations[11] are broadcast from Phitsanulok:

  • Sathaanii Witthayu Krajaisiang Thahaan Aakaat (Air Force Radio Station), 954 AM and 95.75, in the City of Phitsanulok
  • Witthayu Kong Phon Thahaan Raap Thii Sii (4th Infantry Division), 1377 AM, at Fort Somdet Phra Naresuan Maharat
  • Sathaanii Witthayu Phitaksantiraat (Communications Division, Royal Thai Police), 1422 AM, in Phitsanulok City
  • ARMY-5 (television channel 5, owned and operated by the Royal Thai Army)[12]
  • PRD-11 (television channel 11, owned and operated by the Government Public Relations Department)[12]

Demographics

Ethnic diversity

The majority ethnicity in the city is Thai. Others in the city consider themselves of Mon descent.

Language

The vast majority of residents of Phitsanulok speak central Thai.

Religion

The people of Phitsanulok are predominantly Theravada Buddhists (as are 95% of the Thai population as a whole), with a small Christian community and a few Muslim families.

Infrastructure

Educational Institutions

Naresuan University (abbreviated as Mor Nor for Mahawithayalai Naresuan) is an educational center of the lower northern region of Thailand. Now located in Tha Pho, near the city of Phitsanulok, the university was named after King Naresuan the Great, and the campus features a large statue of him. Other universities and colleges in or around the city include Phitsanulok University (private), Sirindhorn College of Public Health, Rajabhat Pibulsongkram University (formerly a teacher training college), and the Phitsanulok campus of the Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna.

Secondary (Mathayom) Institutions

Phitsanulok is home to one of the top Science and Math Secondary schools in the country. Princess Chulabhorn's College Phitsanulok (PCCPL) is a magnet boarding school that educates 750 students from lower northern Thailand that are looking to have active careers in the STEM fields.

Hospitals

There are several hospitals in the city, both public and private. The province's and the city's primary public hospital is Buddhachinaraj Phitsanulok Hospital and the regional super tertiary care hospital is Naresuan University Hospital at Naresuan University, Tha Pho.

Transportation
Phitsanulok Railway Station

Phitsanulok is approximately 75 km from the Unesco World Heritage site at Sukhothai. The city can be reached by both rail and air (Phitsanulok Airport), and is on the intersection of several major highways linking the northern, north-eastern, and central regions of Thailand: Highway 11 (Ta Khli - Chiang Mai), Highway 12 (Mae Sot - Mukdahan) and Highway 117 (Phitsanulok - Nakhon Sawan). Highway 126 is a ring road around the city, allowing through traffic to bypass the city centre.

Phitsanulok Airport

Culture

Art

Phitsanulok is home to a number of historic sculptures of the Buddha and other religious artwork including the Buddha Chinnarat, the Buddha Chinnasri, the Phra Sri Satsada.

Literature

Examples of important literary works of Phitsanulok include:

The predominant literary language (as well as the predominant spoken language) is the central Thai dialect of the Thai language, which is written in the Thai alphabet.

Sports

Dragon boat racing has historically been an important element of Phitsanulok culture. In recent times, football (soccer) has become increasingly popular. In 2005, Phitsanulok won the 2nd Northern Youth Football Championship in the U12 and U15 age groups.[13]

Traditional Thai boxing is also a major sport in the city.

Temples
Phra Buddha Chinnarat

Wat Phra Sri Rattana Mahathat
Main article: Wat Phra Sri Rattana Mahatat Woramahawihan

Phitsanulok's main tourist attraction is Wat Phra Sri Rattana Mahathat, known locally simply as Wat Yai (Thai: วัดใหญ่) (the big temple). This famous temple, built in 1357, is home to the Phra Buddha Chinnarat, which is one of the most revered Buddha figures in Thailand, and the official symbol of Phitsanulok Province. (An exact replica exists in the Marble Temple in Bangkok, and another in Wat Saranat Thammaram in Rayong.) The beautiful mother-of-pearl inlaid doors were built in 1756 by order of King Boromakot of Ayutthaya. The Buddha Chinnarat National Museum, on the temple grounds, houses a sizeable collection of Sukhothai period art. A large provincial fair is held at the temple every January.

Pagoda

Other temples
Wat Ratchaburana

The city is home to the following 15 active temples where Theravada Buddhism is practiced by city residents:

  • Wat Phra Sri Rattana Mahathat (Thai: วัดพระศรีรัตนมหาธาตุ)
  • Wat Ratchaburana (Thai: วัดราชบูรณะ)
  • Wat Aranyik (Thai: วัดอรัญญิก)
  • Wat Nang Phaya (Thai: วัดนางพญา)
  • Wat Chedi Yod Thong
  • Wat Tamajak (Thai: วัดธรรมจักร)
  • Wat Mai Opayaram (Thai: วัดใหม่อภัยาราม)
  • Wat Kuha Sawan (Thai: วัดคูหาสวรรค์)
  • Wat Nong Bua (Thai: วัดหนองบัว)
  • Wat Sri Wisut Tharam (Thai: วัดศรีวิสุทธาราม)
  • Wat Sra Gaew Pratum Thong (Thai: วัดสระแก้วปทุมทอง)
  • Wat Tha Maprang (Thai: วัดท่ามะปราง)
  • Wat Chan Tawan Tok (Thai: วัดจันทร์ตะวันตก)
  • Wat Chan Tawan Ook (Thai: วัดจันทร์ตะวันออก)
  • Wat Phan Pi (Thai: วัดพันปี)

Other attractions
  • Sergeant-Major Dr. Thawee Buranakhet Folklore Museum: Hosts a collection of folk arts, crafts, basketry, pottery and ancient kitchen utensils.[14] The museum also houses a collection of antique traps for catching snakes, birds, tigers and porcupines.
Buranathai Buddha Foundry
  • City walls: Unfortunately, most of the older portions of Phitsanulok were destroyed in a 1955 fire. Thus little else remains of the old town besides the famous temple, an ancient chedi across the road from it, and a small section of the city wall. The intact portion of the ancient city wall is accessible to visitors.[14]
  • Buranathai Buddha Foundry: Specializes in casting bronze Buddha images.[15] It is the only establishment of its kind in the province.[15] Craftspersons specialize in the reproduction of the Phra Buddha Chinnarat Buddha image.[15] Visitors are permitted to walk along the production line.[15]
  • Nan River Houseboats: Phitsanulok is known throughout Thailand for the houseboats which still line the Nan River near Wat Phra Sri Rattana Maharat, though in recent years these are becoming fewer.[14] A houseboat museum is open to visitors.
Naresuan University
  • Night Market: Each evening, vendors gather to form Phitsanulok's night market. Items sold include clothing and food, usually at reduced prices.
  • Chandra Palace: Chandra Palace was the birthplace of King Naresuan the Great, and contains a shrine to him.
  • Naresuan University Art and Culture Gallery: The gallery holds over 100 artistic artworks of culturally significant Thai artists.

Festivals and events
River houses in Phitsanulok

References
  1. รายงานสถิติจำนวนประชากรและบ้าน ประจำปี พ.ศ. 2560 ท้องถิ่นเทศบาลนครพิษณุโลก ระบบสถิติทางการทะเบียน กรมการปกครอง
  2. Thailand, A Short Story, David K. Wyatt, ISBN 0-300-03054-1
  3. เจียจันทร์พงษ์, พิเศษ (2020). เมืองในประวัติศาสตร์ยุคสุโขทัยอยุธยา พระมหาธรรมราชากษัตราธิราช. Matichon.
  4. บรรจุน, องค์ (2010). สยาม :หลากเผ่าหลายพันธุ์. Matichon Public Company Limited.
  5. Phitsanulok Irrigation Project Archived 2008-05-03 at the Wayback Machine
  6. "พระราชกฤษฎีกา จัดตั้งเทศบาลนครพิษณุโลก จังหวัดพิษณุโลก" [Royal Decree Establish of Thesaban Nakhon Phitsanulok Changwat Phitsanulok] (PDF). Royal Thai Government Gazette. 116 (14 Kor): 5–10. 8 March 1999. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
  7. "Climatological Data for the Period 1981–2010". Thai Meteorological Department. p. 5. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  8. "ปริมาณการใช้น้ำของพืชอ้างอิงโดยวิธีของ Penman Monteith (Reference Crop Evapotranspiration by Penman Monteith)" (PDF) (in Thai). Office of Water Management and Hydrology, Royal Irrigation Department. p. 32. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  9. ThaiTambon.com
  10. Basins in Thailand Archived 2008-02-22 at the Wayback Machine
  11. Radio Stations in Phitsanulok Province, Thailand
  12. Thai TV: Television Stations in Thailand on VHF and UHF
  13. Phitsanulok wins the 2nd Northern Youth Football Championship
  14. Thailand Guidebook-Phitsanulok Province
  15. Buranathai Buddha Casting Foundry
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