Presidential elections in the Philippines
This list of presidential elections in the Philippines includes election results of both presidential and vice presidential elections since 1935 with the candidates' political party and their corresponding percentage.
This article is part of a series on the politics and government of the Philippines |
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The offices of the president and vice president are elected separately; hence a voter may split their vote. The candidate with the highest number of votes wins the position.
History
During the Philippine Revolution, several leadership elections for the Katipunan were later on described as precursors of presidential elections. One example of this is the Tejeros Convention of 1897, where Emilio Aguinaldo successfully removed erstwhile Katipunan leader Andres Bonifacio. From that point on, it was Aguinaldo who would lead the revolution, declare independence from Spain, and convened the Malolos Congress. The Malolos Congress elected Aguinaldo as president on January 1, 1899, passed a constitution on January 22, and Aguinaldo and the First Republic was inaugurated on January 23, 1899. The First Republic existed until Aguinaldo's capture by the Americans on March 23, 1901.
The first presidential election by popular vote was on September 15, 1935, after the ratification of the 1935 Constitution of the Philippines; Manuel Quezon of the Nacionalista Party emerged as the victor, defeating previous president Emilio Aguinaldo (Aguinaldo was elected president by the Malolos Congress). As a commonwealth then of the United States, the constitution decreed that the president shall have one term of six years without reelection. In 1940, it was amended to allow one reelection, but with the term shortened to four years; this setup was first used in the second election in 1941 with Quezon being reelected.
However, World War II intervened and thus suspended the elections of 1945. The Empire of Japan set up the Second Philippine Republic that elected José P. Laurel as president by the National Assembly in 1943. After the Japanese were defeated, Congress rescheduled the much-delayed election in 1946. Manuel Roxas of the newly formed Liberal Party won the election a few weeks prior to the granting of independence by the United States. In 1949, the first election for the newly independent republic was held with President Elpidio Quirino winning; Quirino succeeded Roxas, who died while in office. Thereafter, elections were held every four years every second Tuesday of November of the election year, with the winning president and vice president inaugurated on December 30 succeeding the election. The alternation between the Nacionalistas and the Liberals characterized an apparent two-party system of the Third Republic.
In the operation of the 1935 constitution, there were nine presidential elections; excluding the first election where there were no incumbents, the incumbent was beaten four times (1946, 1953, 1961, 1965), the incumbent won upon ascending to the presidency from a vacancy twice (1949, 1957), and two incumbents won a second term after being elected to a first term as president (1941, 1969).
In 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law and ruled by decree. At this time, a new constitution was ratified in 1973 in which the office of the vice president being abolished. and that the president shall be elected by the National Assembly amongst themselves, although once elected, the president will cease to be a member of the National Assembly and any political party (similar to the British Speaker of the House of Commons). With the members of the National Assembly having no term limits, the president may serve indefinitely. In 1977, before parliament was elected, a presidential referendum affirmed that Marcos will stay as president and prime minister even after parliament has been organized.
In 1981, via constitutional amendment, the president is again elected via popular vote, with a term of office of six years starting at the thirtieth of June of the year of the election. In the succeeding election on June 16, 1981 (third Monday of June); Marcos was again elected, with much of the opposition boycotting the election. In addition, the amendment also renamed the National Assembly into its Filipino translation as "Batasang Pambansa." In 1984, another amendment reinstated the office of the vice president. The election of the vice president is similar to the United States presidential election, in which a vote for the president is also a vote for the vice president, although this was later changed to a separate vote for each position. Marcos' Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (New Society Movement or KBL) won every presidential election of the Fourth Republic until 1986.
In 1986, Marcos called for an early or "snap" election (the next scheduled election was in 1987) and was, including his running mate Arturo Tolentino, declared the winners. The People Power Revolution erupted that drove Marcos out of power, and Corazon Aquino, the runner-up, assumed the presidency. A new constitution was ratified in 1987 that was essentially identical with the provisions of the amended 1973 constitution as long as the election of the president and vice president is concerned, with the presidential election occurring at the second Monday of May and the inauguration every June 30 of the election year. The 1992 election was the first election under the new constitution and elections are held every six years thereafter. Fidel V. Ramos won the 1992 election with just 23% of the vote, the lowest plurality in history; it also ushered in the multi-party system of the Fifth Republic. Thereafter, no winner has won via a majority, although each has had an increasing percentage of votes with every succeeding election. Joseph Estrada won in 1998 in what was described as landslide, getting just under 40% of the votes, while second place Jose de Venecia getting 16%. President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, who succeeded Estrada at the outcome of the 2001 EDSA Revolution, was the first sitting president to run since 2006 and defeated Fernando Poe, Jr. in the closest margin in history. Benigno Aquino III won in 2010 with 42% of the vote in what was also called as a landslide, defeating Estrada who had 26% of the vote, and seven others. Rodrigo Duterte won with just under 40% of the vote, but with a 14% margin of victory from second-placer Mar Roxas in 2016.
In the operation of the 1987 constitution, incumbents who have in office for more than four years are barred to defend their seats, but all but one (1992) candidate endorsed by the incumbent lost, and one defended the seat after ascending to the presidency (2004).
Summary
Manner of election | Constitution | Term of service | Reelection | Election day | Inauguration | Elections implemented | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
President | Vice president | ||||||
Majority of the members of the Malolos Congress | none | Malolos Constitution | Four years | None | January 1 | January 23 | 1899 |
Popular vote | Same as president | 1935 Constitution | Six years | No | Second Tuesday of November | December 30 | 1935 |
Popular vote | Popular vote | 1935 Constitution as amended | Four years | Once | Second Tuesday of November | December 30 | 1941, 1946, 1949, 1953, 1957, 1961, 1965, 1969 |
Majority of the members of the National Assembly | none | 1943 Constitution | Six years | No | varies | December 30 | 1943 |
Majority of the members of the National Assembly | none | 1973 Constitution | Six years | Unlimited | varies | "Not be later than three days after his proclamation by the National Assembly, nor in any case earlier than the expiration of the term of his predecessor" | None |
Popular vote | none | 1973 Constitution as amended | Six years | Unlimited | Second Tuesday of June | June 30 | 1981 |
Popular vote | Together with the president | 1973 Constitution as amended | Six years | Unlimited | As provided by law | June 30 | None |
Popular vote | Popular vote | 1973 Constitution as amended | Six years | Unlimited | As provided by law | June 30 | 1986 |
Popular vote | Popular vote | 1987 Constitution | Six years | No for the incumbent president | Second Monday of May | June 30 | 1992, 1998, 2004, 2010, 2016 |
Incumbent president running for re-election
Starting in 1941:
Year | Eligible to run? | Ran for president? | Ran for another position? | Won? |
---|---|---|---|---|
1941 | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
1946 | Yes | Yes | No | No |
1949 | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
1953 | Yes | Yes | No | No |
1957 | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
1961 | Yes | Yes | No | No |
1965 | Yes | Yes | No | No |
1969 | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
1981 | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
1986 | Yes | Yes | No | Disputed |
1992 | Yes | No | No | N/A |
1998 | No | N/A | No | N/A |
2004 | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
2010 | No | N/A | Yes, congresswoman | Yes |
2016 | No | N/A | No | N/A |
2022 | No | N/A | To be determined | To be determined |
Every president who is eligible to run for president ran again, except in 1992 where Corazon Aquino did not run.
Vice presidents who became president upon vacancy of the latter office ran four times, and won as presidents in their own right in 1949, 1957 and 2004, and lost In 1946.
Incumbent vice president running for president
Starting in 1941:
Year | Ran for president? | Ran for vice president? | Ran for another position? | Did not pursue office? | Incumbent won election? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1941 | No | Yes | No | No | Yes |
1946 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
1949 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
1953 | No | No | Yes, senator | No | Yes |
1957 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
1961 | Yes | No | No | No | Yes |
1965 | No | No | Yes, congressman | No | Yes |
1969 | No | Yes | No | No | Yes |
1981 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
1986 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
1992 | Yes | No | No | No | No |
1998 | Yes | No | No | No | Yes |
2004 | No | No | No | Yes | N/A |
2010 | No | No | No | Yes | N/A |
2016 | Yes | No | No | No | No |
2022 |
- 1946, 1949, 1957: Erstwhile vice president became president after death of the previous president
- 1981: Office of the vice president did not exist at time of election
- 1986: No incumbent prior to election
Four vice presidents ran for the presidency after their vice presidential term ended. Two of them won, in 1961, beating the incumbent president, and in 1998. Two of them, in 1992 and in 2016, lost
Two vice presidents ran for another office after their vice presidential term ended; both won: in 1953, the vice president ran and won for senator, finishing first, and in 1965 where the vice president ran for a seat in the House of Representatives.
Two vice presidents defended the seat, with both succeeding in 1941 and 1969.
Two vice presidents did not pursue other office after their vice presidential term ended.
Regional trends
Regional corridors
Political strategists have divided the country into several "corridors" that replicate or combine administrative regions, which in turn are mostly based from the main ethnic groups. In 1992, prior to the 1992 election, Luis Villafuerte outlined several "corridors" throughout the country, from north to south:[1]
Corridor | Region/Province | Voters as of 2016 | % | Map | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Solid North | Ilocos Region (minus Pangasinan), Cagayan Valley and Cordillera Administrative Region | 4,072,629 | 7.49% | ||
Lingayen-Lucena corridor | Pangasinan (part of Ilocos Region), Central Luzon, Metro Manila and Calabarzon | 21,634,173 | 39.80% | ||
Bicol corridor | Bicol Region | 3,121,662 | 5.74% | ||
Panay corridor | Western Visayas | 2,578,661 | 4.74% | ||
Negros corridor | Negros Island | 2,449,204 | 4.51% | ||
Cebu-Bohol corridor | Central Visayas | 3,590,044 | 6.60% | ||
Samar-Leyte corridor | Eastern Visayas | 2,698,880 | 4.97% | ||
Northern Mindanao corridor | Northern Mindanao and Caraga | 4,088,424 | 7.52% | ||
Zamboanga corridor | Zamboanga Peninsula | 1,931,795 | 3.56% | ||
Davao corridor | Davao Region | 2,659,704 | 4.89% | ||
Cotabato corridor | Soccsksargen and Maguindanao (part of ARMM) | 2,720,435 | 5.00% | ||
Not mentioned by Villafuerte | Mimaropa and the rest of ARMM | 2,818,233 | 5.18% |
Metro Manila as an opposition stronghold
Manila, and by extension, Metro Manila, has voted for the opposition candidate (or the opponent(s) of the incumbent's party) in the election.
Election | Party of incumbent | Winner in Metro Manila | National winner | Opposition won at Metro Manila? | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1941 | Nacionalista | Nacionalista | Nacionalista | No | |||
1946 | Nacionalista | Liberal | Liberal | Yes | |||
1949 | Liberal | Nacionalista | Liberal | Yes | |||
1953 | Liberal | Nacionalista | Nacionalista | Yes | |||
1957 | Nacionalista | Liberal | Nacionalista | Yes | |||
1961 | Nacionalista | Liberal | Liberal | Yes | |||
1965 | Liberal | Nacionalista | Nacionalista | Yes | |||
1969 | Nacionalista | Nacionalista | Nacionalista | No | |||
1981 | KBL | KBL | KBL | No | |||
1986 | KBL | UNIDO | Disputed; UNIDO candidate assumed presidency. | Yes | |||
1992 | Incumbent supported Lakas candidate | PRP | Lakas | Yes | |||
1998 | Lakas | LAMMP | LAMMP | Yes | |||
2004 | Lakas | Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino | Lakas | Yes | |||
2010 | Lakas | Liberal | Liberal | Yes | |||
2016 | Liberal | PDP–Laban | PDP–Laban | Yes |
Bellwether provinces
Since the creation of the province of Basilan, the province has always had the provincial winner be elected President. The national winner has always been the winner in Negros Oriental except in 1961 and 2016.
Election | National winner | Winner in Basilan | Basilan winner won nationally? | Negros Oriental winner | Negros Oriental winner won nationally? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1935 | Manuel L. Quezon | N/A | Manuel L. Quezon | Yes | |
1941 | Manuel L. Quezon | Manuel L. Quezon | Yes | ||
1946 | Manuel Roxas | Manuel Roxas | Yes | ||
1949 | Elpidio Quirino | Elpidio Quirino | Yes | ||
1953 | Ramon Magsaysay | Ramon Magsaysay | Yes | ||
1957 | Carlos P. Garcia | Carlos P. Garcia | Yes | ||
1961 | Diosdado Macapagal | Carlos P. Garcia | No | ||
1965 | Ferdinand Marcos | Ferdinand Marcos | Yes | ||
1969 | Ferdinand Marcos | Ferdinand Marcos | Yes | ||
1981 | Ferdinand Marcos | Ferdinand Marcos | Yes | Ferdinand Marcos | Yes |
1986 | Corazon Aquino assumed presidency | Corazon Aquino | Yes | Corazon Aquino | Yes |
1992 | Fidel V. Ramos | Fidel V. Ramos | Yes | Fidel V. Ramos | Yes |
1998 | Joseph Estrada | Joseph Estrada | Yes | Joseph Estrada | Yes |
2004 | Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo | Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo | Yes | Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo | Yes |
2010 | Benigno Aquino III | Benigno Aquino III | Yes | Benigno Aquino III | Yes |
2016 | Rodrigo Duterte | Rodrigo Duterte | Yes | Mar Roxas | No |
After the losing candidate won in Negros Oriental, the longest streak belongs to Agusan del Norte and Lanao del Sur, which both had its provincial winners follow the national winner since the 1969 election.
Home province as a stronghold
Candidates usually win their home provinces. and by extension, region, except when the province has two or more candidates as residents.
President
Bolded name indicates the national winner.
Vice-President
Election | Home province of the national winner | Winner at the home province of the national winner | National winner | National winner won at home province? |
---|---|---|---|---|
1935 | Cebu | Sergio Osmeña | Sergio Osmeña | Yes |
1941 | Cebu | Sergio Osmeña | Sergio Osmeña | Yes |
1946 | Ilocos Sur | Elpidio Quirino | Elpidio Quirino | Yes |
1949 | Iloilo | Fernando Lopez | Fernando Lopez | Yes |
1953 | Bohol | Carlos P. Garcia | Carlos P. Garcia | Yes |
1957 | Pampanga | Diosdado Macapagal | Diosdado Macapagal | Yes |
1961 | Misamis Oriental | Gil Puyat | Emmanuel Pelaez | No |
1965 | Iloilo | Fernando Lopez | Fernando Lopez | Yes |
1969 | Iloilo | Fernando Lopez | Fernando Lopez | Yes |
1986 | Batangas | Salvador Laurel | Salvador Laurel | Yes |
1992 | San Juan | Joseph Estrada | Joseph Estrada | Yes |
1998 | Pampanga | Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo | Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo | Yes |
2004 | Oriental Mindoro | Noli de Castro | Noli de Castro | Yes |
2010 | Makati | Jejomar Binay | Jejomar Binay | Yes |
2016 | Camarines Sur | Leni Robredo | Leni Robredo | Yes |
Results summary
- Boldface: Incumbent
- Italics: Nominee of the ruling party, or supported by the incumbent
Year | President-elect | Losing candidates* | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Candidate | Votes | % | Candidate | Votes | % | Candidate(s) | Votes | % | |
1935 | Manuel L. Quezon | 695,332 | 67.99% | Emilio Aguinaldo | 179,349 | 17.54% | |||
1941 | Manuel L. Quezon | 812,352 | 86.91% | Juan Sumulong | 70,899 | 7.58% | |||
1946 | Manuel Roxas | 1,333,392 | 55.78% | Sergio Osmeña | 1,051,243 | 43.98% | |||
1949 | Elpidio Quirino | 1,803,808 | 50.93% | Jose P. Laurel | 1,318,330 | 37.22% | |||
1953 | Ramon Magsaysay | 2,912,992 | 68.90% | Elpidio Quirino | 1,313,991 | 31.08% | |||
1957 | Carlos P. Garcia | 2,072,257 | 41.28% | José Yulo | 1,386,829 | 27.62% | Manuel Manahan | 1,049,420 | 20.90% |
1961 | Diosdado Macapagal | 3,554,840 | 55.05% | Carlos P. Garcia | 2,902,996 | 44.95% | |||
1965 | Ferdinand Marcos | 3,861,324 | 51.94% | Diosdado Macapagal | 3,187,752 | 42.88% | |||
1969 | Ferdinand Marcos | 5,017,343 | 61.47% | Sergio Osmeña Jr. | 3,143,122 | 38.51% | |||
1977 referendum | Ferdinand Marcos ("yes") | 20,062,782 | 89.27% | "No" | 2,104,209 | 9.37% | |||
1981 | Ferdinand Marcos | 18,309,360 | 88.02% | Alejo Santos | 1,716,449 | 8.25% | |||
1986 | Ferdinand Marcos | 10,807,197 | 53.62% | Corazon Aquino | 9,291,761 | 46.10% | |||
1992 | Fidel V. Ramos | 5,342,521 | 23.58% | Miriam Defensor Santiago | 4,468,173 | 19.72% | Eduardo Cojuangco, Jr. Ramon Mitra, Jr. Imelda Marcos Jovito Salonga | 4,116,376 3,316,661 2,338,294 2,302,124 | 18.17% 14.64% 10.32% 10.16% |
1998 | Joseph Estrada | 10,722,295 | 39.86% | Jose de Venecia Jr. | 4,258,483 | 15.87% | |||
2004 | Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo | 12,905,808 | 39.99% | Fernando Poe Jr. | 11,782,232 | 36.51% | Panfilo Lacson Raul Roco Eddie Villanueva | 3,510,080 2,082,762 1,988,218 | 10.88% 6.45% 6.16% |
2010 | Benigno Aquino III | 15,208,678 | 42.08% | Joseph Estrada | 9,487,837 | 26.25% | |||
2016 | Rodrigo Duterte | 16,601,997 | 39.01% | Mar Roxas | 9,978,175 | 23.45% | Grace Poe | 9,100,991 | 21.39% |
- Only candidates from third parties whose votes surpassed the margin between the winner and the best loser are included.
For president
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2016 |
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For vice president
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1935 |
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1986 |
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1992 |
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1998 |
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Results by popular vote margin
For president
For vice president
Year | Winner | % of vote | % margin | Votes | Vote margin | Second place |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1965 | Fernando Lopez | 48.48% | 0.37% | 3,531,550 | 26,724 | Gerardo Roxas |
2016 | Leni Robredo | 35.11% | 0.61% | 14,418,817 | 263,473 | Bongbong Marcos |
2010 | Jejomar Binay | 41.65% | 2.07% | 14,645,574 | 727,084 | Mar Roxas |
2004 | Noli de Castro | 49.80% | 2.91% | 15,100,431 | 881,722 | Loren Legarda |
1961 | Emmanuel Pelaez | 37.57% | 3.20% | 2,394,400 | 203,976 | Sergio Osmeña, Jr. |
1986 | Arturo Tolentino | 50.65% | 4.80% | 10,134,130 | 961,025 | Salvador Laurel |
1946 | Elpidio Quirino | 52.36% | 4.98% | 1,161,725 | 110,482 | Eulogio Rodriguez |
1949 | Fernando Lopez | 52.19% | 6.11% | 1,341,284 | 157,069 | Manuel Briones |
1957 | Diosdado Macapagal | 46.55% | 8.64% | 2,189,197 | 406,185 | José Laurel, Jr. |
1992 | Joseph Estrada | 33.00% | 11.27% | 6,739,738 | 2,301,244 | Marcelo Fernan |
1969 | Fernando Lopez | 62.76% | 25.51% | 5,001,737 | 2,033,211 | Genaro Magsaysay |
1953 | Carlos P. Garcia | 62.90% | 25.79% | 2,515,265 | 1,031,463 | José Yulo |
1998 | Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo | 49.56% | 27.45% | 12,667,252 | 7,015,184 | Edgardo Angara |
1935 | Sergio Osmeña | 86.91% | 82.86% | 812,352 | 741,453 | Raymundo Melliza |
1941 | Sergio Osmeña | 92.10% | 84.20% | 1,445,897 | 1,321,862 | Emilio Javier |
Results per election
1899
Emilio Aguinaldo was elected president unopposed by the Malolos Congress on January 1, 1899.
1935
For President
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For Vice President
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1941
For President
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For Vice President
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1943
Jose P. Laurel was elected president unopposed by the National Assembly on September 25, 1943.
1946
For President
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For Vice President
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1949
For President
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For Vice President
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1953
For President
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For Vice President
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1957
For President
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For Vice President
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1961
For President
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For Vice President
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1965
For President
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For Vice President
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1969
For President
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For Vice President
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1977 presidential referendum
Choice | Votes | % |
---|---|---|
Yes | 20,062,782 | 89.27 |
No | 2,104,209 | 9.37 |
Abstain | 1,927,236 | 1.33 |
Total votes | 24,094,227 | 100.00 |
1981
Candidate | Party | Votes | % | |
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Ferdinand Marcos | Kilusang Bagong Lipunan | 18,309,360 | 88.02 | |
Alejo Santos | Nacionalista Party (Roy wing) | 1,716,449 | 8.25 | |
Bartolome Cabangbang | Federal Party | 749,845 | 3.60 | |
Delfin Manapaz | Independent | 6,499 | 0.03 | |
Ursula Dajao | Independent | 4,955 | 0.02 | |
Benito Valdez | Independent | 4,224 | 0.02 | |
Lope Rimando | Independent | 1,954 | 0.01 | |
Lucio Hinigpit | Sovereign Citizen Party | 1,945 | 0.01 | |
Pacifico Morelos | Independent | 1,740 | 0.01 | |
Jose Igtobay | Independent | 1,421 | 0.01 | |
Simeon del Rosario | Independent | 1,234 | 0.01 | |
Salvador Enage | Independent | 1,185 | 0.01 | |
Florencio Tipano | Independent | 592 | 0.00 | |
Total | 20,801,403 | 100.00 | ||
Valid votes | 20,801,403 | 95.23 | ||
Invalid/blank votes | 1,042,426 | 4.77 | ||
Total votes | 21,843,829 | 100.00 | ||
Registered voters/turnout | 26,986,451 | 80.94 | ||
Source: Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos. Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific. |
1986
For President
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For Vice President
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1992
1998
For President
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For Vice President
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2004
For President
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For Vice President
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2010
For President
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For Vice President
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2016
For President
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For Vice President
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References
- Felipe B. Miranda and Alex Magno (co-discussants) (1992-02-21). "Strategies and Statistics: The Presidential Battle for Ballots". University of the Philippines Diliman.