Rijeka

Rijeka (/riˈɛkə, riˈeɪkə/ ree-EH-kə ree-AY-kə, also US: /riˈjɛkə/ ree-YEH-kə,[2][3] Croatian: [rijěːka] (listen); Hungarian: Fiume, Italian: Fiume [ˈfjuːme]; Slovene: Reka; German: Sankt Veit am Flaum) is the principal seaport and the third-largest city in Croatia (after Zagreb and Split). It is located in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County on Kvarner Bay, an inlet of the Adriatic Sea and in 2011 had a population of 128,624 inhabitants.[1] Historically, because of its strategic position and its excellent deep-water port, the city was fiercely contested, especially among Italy, Hungary (serving as the Kingdom of Hungary's largest and most important port), and Croatia, changing hands and demographics many times over centuries. According to the 2011 census data, the majority of its citizens are Croats, along with a large minority of Serbs, and smaller numbers of Bosniaks and Italians.

"Fiume" redirects here. For other uses, see Fiume (disambiguation).
This article is about the city in Croatia. For other uses, see Rijeka (disambiguation).

Rijeka
City
Grad Rijeka
City of Rijeka
Clockwise, from top: Riva waterfront; Palace Modello; Sablićevo Beach; view of Rijeka and Učka mountain; Croatian National Theatre Ivan pl. Zajc; main street Korzo
Flag
Coat of arms
Rijeka
Location of Rijeka within Croatia
Coordinates: 45°19′37.434″N 14°26′31.834″E
Country Croatia
CountyPrimorje-Gorski Kotar
Government
 • MayorVojko Obersnel (SDP)
 • City Council
Area
 • City44 km2 (17 sq mi)
 • Urban
825 km2 (319 sq mi)
 • Metro
3,200 km2 (843 sq mi)
Elevation
0–499 m (0 – 1,561 ft)
Population
 (2011)[1]
 • City128,624
 • Urban
213,666
 • Metro
245,054
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
51000
Area code(s)051
Vehicle registrationRI
Patron saintsSt. Vitus
Websitewww.rijeka.hr/en/

Rijeka is the main city and county seat of the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County. The city's economy largely depends on shipbuilding (shipyards "3. Maj" and "Viktor Lenac Shipyard") and maritime transport. Rijeka hosts the Croatian National Theatre Ivan pl. Zajc, first built in 1765, as well as the University of Rijeka, founded in 1973 but with roots dating back to 1632 School of Theology.[4]

Apart from Croatian and Italian, linguistically the city is home to its own unique dialect of the Venetian language, Fiuman, with an estimated 20,000 speakers among the autochthonous Italians, Croats and other minorities. Historically Fiuman served as the main lingua franca between the many ethnicities inhabiting the multi-ethnic port town. In certain suburbs of the modern extended municipality the autochthonous population still speaks Chakavian, a dialect of the Croatian language.

In 2016, Rijeka was selected as the European Capital of Culture for 2020, alongside Galway, Ireland.[5]

Name

Historically, Rijeka was also called Tharsatica, Vitopolis (lit. 'City of [Saint] Vitus'), or Flumen (lit. 'River') in Latin. The city is called Rijeka in Croatian, Reka in Slovene, and Reka or Rika in the local dialects of the Chakavian language. It is called Fiume ([ˈfjuːme]) in Italian. All these names mean "river" in their respective languages.[6][7] Meanwhile, Hungarian has adopted the Italian name while in German the city has been called Sankt Veit am Flaum—St-Vitus-on-the-Flaum—or Pflaum ([pflaʊm]).

Geography
Rijeka Bay

Rijeka is located in western Croatia, 131 kilometres (81 miles) south-west of the capital, Zagreb, on the coast of Kvarner Gulf, in the northern part of the Adriatic Sea. Geographically, Rijeka is roughly equidistant from Milan (485 km [301 mi]), Budapest (502 km [312 mi]), Munich (516 km [321 mi]), Vienna (516 km [321 mi]) and Belgrade (550 km [340 mi]). Other major regional centers such as Trieste (76 km [47 mi]), Venice (240 km [150 mi]) and Ljubljana (115 km [71 mi]) are all relatively close and easily accessible. The Bay of Rijeka, which is bordered by Vela Vrata (between Istria and the island of Cres), Srednja Vrata (between Cres and Krk Island) and Mala Vrata (between Krk and the mainland) is connected to the Kvarner Gulf and is deep enough (about fifty metres or 160 feet) to accommodate large commercial ships. The City of Rijeka lies at the mouth of river Rječina and in the Vinodol micro-region of the Croatian coast. From three sides Rijeka is surrounded by mountains. To the west, the 1,396-metre (4,580 ft) Učka range is prominent. To the north/north-east there are the Snežnik plateau and 1,528 m (5,013 ft) Risnjak massif with the national park. To the east/south-east there is the 1,533-metre (5,030 ft) Velika Kapela range. This type of terrain configuration prevented Rijeka from developing further inland (to the north) and the city mostly lies on a long and relatively narrow strip along the coast. Two important inland transport routes start in Rijeka. The first route runs north-east to the Pannonian Basin. This route takes advantage of Rijeka's location close to the point where the Dinaric Alps are the narrowest (about fifty kilometres or 31 miles) and easiest to traverse, making it the optimal route from the Hungarian plain to the sea. It also makes Rijeka the natural harbour for the Pannonian Basin (especially Hungary). The other route runs north-west across the Postojna Gate connecting Rijeka with Slovenia and further through the Ljubljana Gap with Austria and beyond. A third more coastal route runs east-west connecting Rijeka (and—by extension—the Adriatic coastal cities to the south) with Trieste and northern Italy.

History
Main articles: History of Rijeka and Timeline of Rijeka

Ancient and Medieval times
The Roman arch (Rimski luk), the oldest architectural monument in Rijeka and an entrance to the old town
Trsat Castle lies at the exact spot of an ancient Illyrian and Roman fortress.

Though traces of Neolithic settlements can be found in the region, the earliest modern settlements on the site were Celtic Tharsatica (modern Trsat, now part of Rijeka) on the hill, and the tribe of mariners, the Liburni, in the natural harbour below. The city long retained its dual character. Rijeka was first mentioned in the 1st century AD by Pliny the Elder as Tarsatica in his Natural History (iii.140).[8]

In the time of Augustus, the Romans rebuilt Tharsatica as a municipium Flumen (MacMullen 2000), situated on the right bank of small river Rječina (whose name means "the big river"). It became a city within the Roman Province of Dalmatia until the 6th century.

The Baroque city clock tower above the arched gateway linking the Korzo to the inner city, designed by Filbert Bazarig in 1876
Main street Korzo

After the 4th century Rijeka was rededicated to St. Vitus, the city's patron saint, as Terra Fluminis sancti Sancti Viti or in German Sankt Veit am Pflaum. From the 5th century onwards, the town was ruled successively by the Ostrogoths, the Byzantines, the Lombards, and the Avars. Croats settled the city starting in the 7th century giving it the Croatian name, Rika svetoga Vida ("the river of Saint Vitus"). At the time, Rijeka was a feudal stronghold surrounded by a wall. At the center of the city, its highest point, was a fortress.

In 799 Rijeka was attacked by the Frankish troops of Charlemagne. Their Siege of Trsat was at first repulsed, during which the Frankish commander Duke Eric of Friuli was killed. However, the Frankish forces finally occupied and devastated the castle, while the Duchy of Croatia passed under the overlordship of the Carolingian Empire. From about 925, the town was part of the Kingdom of Croatia, from 1102 in personal union with Hungary. Trsat Castle and the town was rebuilt under the rule of the House of Frankopan. In 1288 the Rijeka citizens signed the Law codex of Vinodol, one of the oldest codes of law in Europe.

Rijeka even rivalled with Venice when it was purchased by the Habsburg emperor Frederick III, Archduke of Austria in 1466. It would remain under Habsburg overlordship for over 450 years, except for French rule between 1805 and 1813, until its occupation by Croatian and subsequently Italian irregulars at the end of World War I.[9]

Under Habsburg sovereignty
Rijeka and Trsat
Tram in Rijeka
River Rječina in city center

After coming under Habsburg rule in 1466, the town was attacked and plundered by Venetian forces in 1509. While Ottoman forces attacked the town several times, they never occupied it. From the 16th century onwards, Rijeka was largely rebuilt in its present Renaissance and Baroque style. Emperor Charles VI declared the Port of Rijeka a free port (together with the Port of Trieste) in 1719 and had the trade route to Vienna expanded in 1725.

By order of Empress Maria Theresa in 1779, the city was annexed to the Kingdom of Hungary and governed as corpus separatum directly from Budapest by an appointed governor, as Hungary's only international port. From 1804, Rijeka was part of the Austrian Empire (Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia after the Compromise of 1867), in the Croatia-Slavonia province.[10]

In the early 19th century, the prominent economical and cultural leader of the city was Andrija Ljudevit Adamić. Fiume also had a significant naval base, and in the mid-19th century it became the site of the Austro-Hungarian Naval Academy (K.u.K. Marine-Akademie), where the Austro-Hungarian Navy trained its officers.

Giovanni de Ciotta (mayor from 1872 to 1896) proved to be an authoritative local political leader. Under his leadership, an impressive phase of expansion of the city started, marked by major port development, fuelled by the general expansion of international trade and the city's connection (1873) to the Austro-Hungarian railway network. Modern industrial and commercial enterprises such as the Royal Hungarian Sea Navigation Company "Adria", and the paper mill, situated in the Rječina canyon, producing cigarette paper sold around the world, became trademarks of the city.

The second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century (up to World War I) was a period of rapid economic growth and technological dynamism for Rijeka. The industrial development of the city included the first industrial scale oil refinery in Europe in 1882[11] and the first torpedo factory in the world in 1866, after Robert Whitehead, manager of the "Stabilimento Tecnico Fiumano" (an Austrian engineering company engaged in providing engines for the Austro-Hungarian Navy), designed and successfully tested the world's first torpedo.

Rijeka also became a pioneering centre for high-speed photography. The Austrian physicist Peter Salcher working in Rijeka's Austro-Hungarian Marine Academy took the first photograph of a bullet flying at supersonic speed in 1886, devising a technique that was later used by Ernst Mach in his studies of supersonic motion.[12]

Casa Veneziana in Rijeka
Leaning Tower
Saint Vitus cathedral

Rijeka's port underwent tremendous development fuelled by generous Hungarian investments, becoming the main maritime outlet for Hungary and the eastern part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the fifth port in the Mediterranean, after Marseilles, Genoa, Naples and Trieste. The population grew rapidly from only 21,000 in 1880 to 50,000 in 1910. Major civic buildings constructed at this time include the Governor's Palace, designed by the Hungarian architect Alajos Hauszmann. There was an ongoing competition between Rijeka and Trieste, the main maritime outlet for Austria—reflecting the rivalry between the two components of the Dual Monarchy. The Austro-Hungarian Navy sought to keep the balance by ordering new warships from the shipyards of both cities.

Apart from the rapid economic growth, the period encompassing the second half of the 19th century and up to World War I also saw a shift in the ethnic composition of the city. The Kingdom of Hungary, which administered the city during that period, favoured the Hungarian element in the city and encouraged immigration from all lands of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In this period the city became a melting pot encompassing most of the main ethnicities and cultures in the empire, being also a main departure port for emigration to the New World. The mixed ethnic composition would open the doors to the controversial "Fiume Question" in the years following World War I and the demise of the Habsburg Empire. At the last Austro-Hungarian census in 1911, the corpus separatum had a population of 49,608 people and was composed of the following linguistic communities:[13]

Languages in 191149,608 inhabitants(100%)
Italian23,283(46.9%)
Croatian15,731(31.7%)
Slovenian3,937(7.9%)
Hungarian3,619(7.3%)
German2,476(5.0%)
English202(0.4%)
Czech183(0.3%)
Serbian70(0.14%)
French40(0.08%)
Polish36(0.07%)
Romanian29(0.06%)

The "Fiume Question" and the Italian-Yugoslav dispute
Main article: Fiume Question
Residents of Fiume cheering D'Annunzio and his Legionari, September 1919. At the time, Fiume had 22,283 Italians (46.9% of the total population of 49,608 inhabitants).[13]
Trsat castle, south

Habsburg-ruled Austria-Hungary's disintegration in October 1918 during the closing weeks of World War I led to the establishment of rival Croatian-Serbian and Italian administrations in the city; both Italy and the founders of the new Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) claimed sovereignty based on their "irredentist" ("unredeemed") ethnic populations.

10 Fiume krone provisional banknote (1920)

After a brief military occupation by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, followed by the unilateral annexation of the former Corpus Separatum by Belgrade, an international force of British, Italian, French and American troops entered the city in November 1918. Its future came under discussion at the Paris Peace Conference during the course of 1919.[14]

Location of the Free State of Fiume (1920–1924)
Adriatic Square and Adria Palace

Italy based its claim on the fact that Italians comprised the largest single nationality within the city (46.9% of the total population). Croats made up most of the remainder and were a majority in the surrounding area.[13] Andrea Ossoinack, who had been the last delegate from Fiume to the Hungarian Parliament, was admitted to the conference as a representative of Fiume, and essentially supported the Italian claims. Nevertheless, at this point the city had had for years a strong and very active Autonomist Party seeking a special independent status among nations for the multicultural Adriatic city, and which also had its delegates at the Paris peace conference, Ruggero Gotthardi.

The Regency of Carnaro
Main article: Italian Regency of Carnaro

On 10 September 1919, the Treaty of Saint-Germain was signed, declaring the Austro-Hungarian monarchy dissolved. Negotiations over the future of the city were interrupted two days later when a force of Italian nationalist irregulars led by the poet Gabriele D'Annunzio part of the population.[15] Because the Italian government, wishing to respect its international obligations, did not want to annex Fiume, D'Annunzio and the intellectuals at his side eventually established an independent state, the Italian Regency of Carnaro, a unique social experiment for the age and a revolutionary cultural experience in which various international intellectuals of diverse walks of life took part (like Osbert Sitwell, Arturo Toscanini, Henry Furst, Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Harukichi Shimoi, Guglielmo Marconi, Alceste De Ambris, Whitney Warren and Léon Kochnitzky).[16]

Among the many political experiments that took place during this experience, D'Annunzio and his men undertook a first attempt to establish a movement of non-aligned nations in the so-called League of Fiume, an organisation antithetic to the Wilsonian League of Nations, which it saw as a means of perpetuating a corrupt and imperialist status quo. The organisation was aiming primarily at helping all oppressed nationalities in their struggle for political dignity and recognition, establishing links with many movements on various continents, but it never found the necessary external support and its main legacy remains today the Regency of Carnaro's recognition of Soviet Russia, the first state in the world to have done so.[17][18][19]

Fiume (Rijeka) in 1937

The Liberal Giovanni Giolitti became Premier of Italy again in June 1920; this signalled a hardening of official attitudes to D'Annunzio's coup. On 12 November, Italy and Yugoslavia concluded the Treaty of Rapallo, which envisaged Fiume becoming an independent state, the Free State of Fiume, under a government acceptable to both powers.[20] D'Annunzio's response was characteristically flamboyant and of doubtful judgment: his declaration of war against Italy invited the bombardment by Italian royal forces which led to his surrender of the city at the end of the year, after five days' resistance (known as Bloody Christmas). Italian troops freed the city from D'Annunzio's militias in the last days of December 1920.

The Free State of Fiume
Main article: Free State of Fiume

In a subsequent democratic election the Fiuman electorate on 24 April 1921 approved the idea of a free state of Fiume-Rijeka with a Fiuman-Italo-Yugoslav consortium ownership structure for the port, giving an overwhelming victory to the independentist candidates of the Autonomist Party. Fiume became consequently a full-fledged member of the League of Nations and the ensuing election of Rijeka's first president, Riccardo Zanella, was met with official recognition and greetings from all major powers and countries worldwide. Despite many positive developments leading to the establishment of the new state's structures, the subsequent formation of a constituent assembly for the state did not put an end to strife within the city. A brief Italian nationalist seizure of power ended with the intervention of an Italian royal commissioner, and another short-lived peace was interrupted by a local Fascist putsch in March 1922 which ended with a third Italian intervention to restore the previous order. Seven months later the Kingdom of Italy itself fell under Fascist rule and Fiume's fate was therefore set, the Italian Fascist Party being among the strongest proponents of the annexation of Fiume to Italy. The Free State of Fiume thus was to officially become the first country victim of fascist expansionism.

Capuchin Church of Our Lady of Lourdes

This period of diplomatic acrimony closed with the bilateral Treaty of Rome (27 January 1924), signed by Italy and Yugoslavia. With it the two neighbouring countries were agreeing on invading and partitioning the territory of the small state. Most of the territory of the old Corpus Separatum became part of Italy, while a few northern villages of Croatian-Slovenian language were annexed by Yugoslavia.[21] The annexation happened de facto on 16 March 1924, and it inaugurated circa twenty years of Italian government for the city proper.

The territory of Fiume part of the Kingdom of Italy

With the 1924 Treaty of Rome between the Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the two countries agreed to annex and split the territory of the Free State of Fiume between themselves.[21] The formal annexation (16 March 1924) inaugurated 19 years of Italian fascist rule and the city became the seat of the newly formed Province of Carnaro. In this period Fiume lost its commercial hinterland and thus part of its economic potential, due to it becoming a border town with little strategic importance for the Kingdom of Italy. But thanks to it retaining the Free Port status, and its iconic image in the fascist nation-building myth it gained many specific concessions from the government in Rome, a separate tax treatment from the rest of the Kingdom and a more humble than in Hungarian times, but continuous inflow of investments from the state. This could still not avoid a substantial slowing of the economic and demographic growth compared to the previous Austro-Hungarian period.

During World War II and the German Operational Zone
Rijeka under aerial bombardment by the Royal Air Force, 1944
Market

At the beginning of World War II Rijeka immediately found itself in an awkward position. The city was overwhelmingly Italian, but its immediate surroundings and the city of Sušak, just across the Rječina river (today a part of Rijeka proper) were inhabited almost exclusively by Croatians and part of a potentially hostile power—Yugoslavia. Once the Axis powers invaded Yugoslavia in April 1941, the Croatian areas surrounding the city were occupied by the Italian military, setting the stage for an intense and bloody insurgency which would last until the end of the war. Partisan activity included guerrilla-style attacks on isolated positions or supply columns, sabotage and killings of civilians believed to be connected to the Italian and (later) German authorities. This, in turn, was met by stiff reprisals from the Italian and German military. On 14 July 1942, in reprisal for the killing of four civilians of Italian origin by the Partisans (communist-led insurgents), the Italian military killed 100 men from the suburban village of Podhum, resettling the remaining 800 people to concentration camps.[22]

After the surrender of Italy to the Allies in September 1943, Rijeka and the surrounding territories were occupied by Germany, becoming part of the Adriatic Littoral Zone. The partisan activity continued and intensified. On 30 April 1944, in the nearby village of Lipa, German troops killed 263 civilians in reprisal for the killing of several soldiers during a partisan attack.[23]

Transadria building

Because of its industries (oil refinery, torpedo factory, shipyards) and its port facilities, the city was also a target of more than 30 Anglo-American air attacks,[24] which caused widespread destruction and hundreds of civilian deaths. Some of the heaviest bombardments happened on 12 January 1944 (attack on the refinery, part of the oil campaign),[25] on 3–6 November 1944, when a series of attacks resulted in at least 125 deaths and between 15 and 25 February 1945 (200 dead, 300 wounded).[26]

The area of Rijeka was heavily fortified even before World War II (the remains of these fortifications can be seen today on the outskirts of the city). This was the fortified border between Italy and Yugoslavia which, at that time, cut across the city area and its surroundings. As Yugoslav troops approached the city in April 1945, one of the fiercest and largest battles in this area of Europe ensued. The 27,000 German and additional RSI troops fought tenaciously from behind these fortifications (renamed "Ingridstellung"—Ingrid Line—by the Germans). Under the command of the German general Ludwig Kübler they inflicted thousands of casualties on the attacking Yugoslav Partisans, which were forced by their superiors to charge uphill against well-fortified positions to the north and east of the city. The Yugoslav leaders were afriad of possible English plans to disembark in Rijeka and Istria and cut them off of the Easternmost territories of the Kingdom of Italy, which were in their plans for annexation in the war's aftermath. After an extremely bloody battle and heavy losses on the attackers side, the Germans were forced to retreat. Before leaving the city, in an act of wanton destruction (the war being almost over), the German troops destroyed much of the harbour area and other important infrastructure with explosive charges. However, the German attempt to break out of the partisan encirclement north-west of the city was unsuccessful. Of the approximately 27,000 German and other troops retreating from the city, 11,000 were killed or executed after surrendering, while the remaining 16,000 were taken as prisoners. Yugoslav troops entered Rijeka on 3 May 1945.[27][28] The city had suffered extensive damage in the war. The economic infrastructure was almost completely destroyed, and of the 5,400 buildings in the city at the time, 2,890 (53%) were either completely destroyed or heavily damaged.[29]

Aftermath of World War II
Main article: Istrian-Dalmatian exodus
The Governor's Palace, Maritime and History Museum of the Croatian Littoral
Highest residential skyscrapers in Croatia

The city's fate was once again solved by a combination of force and diplomacy. Despite the insisting requests by the Fiuman government in exile collaboration with the partisans and calls to respect the city-state's internationally recognized sovereignty, and despite the generous initial promises of full independence and later of extensive autonomy for the city-state by the Yugoslav authorities (the locals were promised various degrees of autonomy at different moments during the war,most notably the possibility to be a state of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia), the city was annexed by Yugoslavia and incorporated as part of the federal state of Croatia. All the many voices of dissent within the population were silenced in the 12 months following the end of the war. The situation created by the Yugoslav forces on the ground was eventually formalised by the Paris peace treaty between Italy and the Allies on 10 February 1947, despite the complaints by the last democratically-elected government and its president-in-exile Riccardo Zanella, and the attempts by experienced Italian foreign minister Carlo Sforza to uphold the previous Wilsonian plans for a multicultural Free State solution, with a local headquarters for the newly created United Nations. Once the change to Yugoslav sovereignty was formalised, and in particular in the years leading to the Trieste Crisis of 1954, fifty-eight thousand of the 66,000 inhabitants of the city were gradually pushed to either emigrate (they became known in Italian as esuli or the exiled ones from Istria, Fiume and Dalmatia) or endure a harsh oppression by the new Yugoslav Communist regime during the first decades of its existence. The Yugoslav communist party opted for a very Stalinist approach in solving the local ethnic question, in particular after the Autonomist-sympathisers gained massive support in the first local elections held on the city's territory between 1945 and 1946.

The discrimination and persecution that many inhabitants experienced at the hands of the Yugoslav officials, in the last days of World War II and the first years of peace, still remain painful memories for the locals and the esuli, and somewhat of a taboo topic for Rijeka's political milieu, which is still largely denying the events.[30] Summary executions of alleged Fascists (often well-known anti-fascists or openly apolitical), aimed at hitting the local intellectual class, the Autonomists, the commercial classes, the former Italian public servants, the military officials and often also ordinary civilians (at least 650 executions of Italians took place after the end of the war[31]) eventually forced most Italophones (of various ethnicities) to leave Rijeka/Fiume in order to avoid becoming victims of a harsher retaliation. The removal was a meticulously planned operation, aimed at convincing the hardly assimilable Italian part of the autochthonous population to leave the country, as testified decades later by representatives of the Yugoslav leadership.[32]

Swimming pool complex in Kantrida
Astronomical Centre Rijeka

The most notable victims of the political and ethnic repression of locals in this period was the Fiume Autonomists purge hitting all the autonomist figures still living in the city, and now associated in the Liburnian Autonomist Movement. The Autonomists actively helped the Yugoslav partisans in liberating the region from Fascist and Nazi occupation, and, despite receiving various promises of large political autonomy for the city, they were eventually all assissinated by the Yugoslav secret police OZNA in the days leading to and following the Yugoslav army's victorious march into city. In subsequent years, the Yugoslav authorities joined the municipalities of Fiume and Sušak and, after 1954, less than one third of the original population of the now united municipalities (mostly what was previously the Croat minority in Fiume and the majority in Sušak) remained in the city, because the old municipality of Fiume lost in these years more than 85% of the original population. The Yugoslav plans for a more obedient demographical situation in RIjeka culminated in 1954 during the Trieste crisis, when the Yugoslav Communist Party rallied many local members to ruin or destroy the most notable vestiges of the Italian/Venetian language and all bilingual inscriptions in the city (which was legally granted a fully bilingual status after the occupation in 1945), eventually also 'de facto' (but not 'de jure') deleting the bilinguilism, except in a handful of selected bilingual schools and inside the Italian Community's own building.

The city was then resettled by immigrants from various parts of Yugoslavia, changing heavily the city's demographics and its linguistic structure. These years coincided also with a period of general reconstruction and new industrialization after the destruction of the war. During the period of the Yugoslav Communist administration between the 1950s and the 1980s, the city became the main port of the Federal Republic and started to grow once again, both demographically and economically, taking advantage of the newly re-established hinterland which it lacked during the Italian period, as well as the rebuilding of its traditional manufacturing industries after the war, its maritime economy and its port potential. This, paired with its rich commercial history, allowed the city to soon become the second richest (GDP per capita) district within Yugoslavia. Many of these industries and companies, being partly influenced by a socialist-planned economy and the unique Yugoslav co-operative model, and due to an often fraudulent privatisation process within the newly founded Republic of Croatia, were not able to survive the move to a full market-oriented model in the early 1990s.

As Yugoslavia broke up in 1991, the Federal State of Croatia became independent and, in the Croatian War of Independence that ensued, Rijeka became part of the newly independent Croatia. Since then, the city has stagnated economically and its demography has plunged heavily. Some of its largest industries and employers went out of business - the most prominent among them being the internationally-renowned Jugolinija shipping company, the torpedo factory, the paper mill and many other medium or small manufacturing and commercial companies, often in the midst of big corruption scandals and a badly planned privatization by the Croatian government. Other companies struggled to remain economically viable (like the city's landmark 3. Maj shipyards). The number of workers in working in production dropped from more than 80,000 in 1990 to only 5,000 two decades later. A difficult and uncertain transition of the city's economy away from manufacturing and towards the service and tourism industries is still in progress nowadays.

In 2018, it was announced that, 65 years after the abolition of Italian as the official language of the city, new Croatian-Italian bilingual signs will be placed back in the Fiume's part of the modern united municipality.[33]

In 2020, Rijeka was voted the European Capital of Culture alongside Galway,[34] with a planned programme including more than 600 events of cultural and social importance.

City government building

Rijeka's International Carnival
Main article: Rijeka Carnival

The Rijeka Carnival Croatian: Riječki karneval) is held each year before Lent (between late January and early March) in Rijeka, Croatia. Established in 1982, it has become the biggest carnival in Croatia. Every year there are numerous events preceding the carnival itself. First the mayor of Rijeka gives the symbolic key of the city to Meštar Toni, who is "the maestro" of the carnival, and he becomes the mayor of the city during the carnival, although this is only figuratively. Same day, there is an election of the carnival queen. As all the cities around Rijeka have their own events during the carnival time, Queen and Meštar Toni are attending most of them.

Rijeka Carnival

Also, every year the Carnival charity ball is held in the Governor's palace in Rijeka. It is attended by politicians, people from sport and media life, as well as a number of ambassadors.

The weekend before the main event there are two other events held. One is Rally Paris–Bakar (after the Dakar Rally). The start is a part of Rijeka called Paris after the restaurant located there, and the end is in city of Bakar, located about 20 kilometres (12 miles) south-east. All of the participants of the rally wear masks, and the cars are mostly modified old cars. The other event is the children's carnival, held, like the main one, on Rijeka's main walkway Korzo. The groups that participate are mostly from kindergartens and elementary schools, including groups from other parts of Croatia and neighboring countries. In 1982 there were only three masked groups on Rijeka's main walkway Korzo. In recent years, the international carnival has attracted around 15,000 participants from all over the world organized in over 200 carnival groups, with crowds of over 100,000.[35]

Demographics
Historical populations
of the City of Rijeka
YearPop.±%
1880 37,904—    
1890 48,959+29.2%
1900 61,419+25.4%
1910 76,042+23.8%
1921 61,157−19.6%
1931 72,111+17.9%
1948 67,088−7.0%
1953 73,718+9.9%
1961 98,759+34.0%
1971 129,173+30.8%
1981 158,226+22.5%
1991 165,904+4.9%
2001 144,043−13.2%
2011 128,624−10.7%
Source: Naselja i stanovništvo Republike Hrvatske 1857–2001, DZS, Zagreb, 2005

In the census of 2011, the city proper had a population of 128,624, which included:[36]

Croats106,136(82.52%)
Serbs8,446(6.57%)
Bosniaks2,650(2.06%)
Italians2,445(1.90%)

Other groups, including Slovenes and Hungarians, formed less than 1% each.

The Croatian census recognized two settlements within the city of Rijeka - the city itself with a population of 128,624, and Bakar (population 240),[37] which is separate from the neighboring municipality of Bakar.

The following tables list the city's population, along with the population of ex-municipality (disbanded in 1995), the urban and the metropolitan area.

YearCity properMunicipalityUrbanMetro
1981158,226193,044222,318251,768
1991165,904206,229236,028268,016
2001144,043191,647220,538252,933
2011128,624185,125213,666245,054
Population Area (km2) Density
City proper 128,624 44 2,923
Ex-municipality 56,501 473 119
Subtotal 185,125 517 358
Urban area 28,541 308 93
Subtotal 213,666 825 259
Metro area 31,388 840 37
Total 245,054 1,665 147

Panoramas
View of Rijeka harbor from Opatija
View of Rijeka and Učka
View of Rijeka Bay at night
View of Governor's palace

Notable people from Rijeka

Scientists, professors and inventors

Arts and culture

Politics and institutions

Economists and entrepreneurs

  • Andrea Lodovico Adamich, Aristocratic trader from Fiume, builder, one of the most prominent supporters of economical and cultural development of the City
  • Robert Whitehead, English serial entrepreneur, known for developing the first effective self-propelled naval torpedo, in collaboration with Giovanni Luppis in Fiume.
  • Luigi Ossoinack, serial entrepreneur and businessman, one of the main drivers in Fiume's economic boom during the second half of the 19th century

Sportsmen

Musicians

  • Ivan Zajc, Fiuman-Croatian composer, conductor, director and teacher
  • Dino Ciani, Fiuman-Italian pianist
  • Damir Urban, Croatian musician best known for his work as a singer-songwriter for the band Laufer and for his solo work with his band "4"

Other

Tower center Rijeka

Main sights
Italian high school
Turkish house located on the market
Palace Modello in Rijeka
  • Tvornica "Torpedo" (the Torpedo factory). The first European prototypes of a self-propelled torpedo, created by Giovanni Luppis, a retired naval engineer from Rijeka. The remains of this factory still exist, including a well-preserved launch ramp used for testing self-propelled torpedoes on which in 1866 the first torpedo was tested.
  • The Croatian National Theatre building. Officially opened in October 1885, the grand theatre building includes work by the famous Venetian sculptor August Benvenuti and ceiling artist Franz Matsch, who collaborated with Ernst and Gustav Klimt.
  • Svetište Majke Božje Trsatske – the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Trsat. Built 135 m (443 ft) above sea level on the Trsat hill during the late Middle Ages, it represents the Guardian of Travellers, especially seamen, who bring offerings to her so she will guard them or help them in time of trouble or illness. It is home to the Gothic sculpture of the Madonna of Slunj and to works by the Baroque painter C. Tasce.
  • Trsat Castle, a 13th-century fortress, which offers magnificent vistas from its bastions and ramparts, looking down the Rječina river valley to the docks and the Kvarner Gulf.
  • Petar Kružić staircase (or Trsat stairway), which links downtown Rijeka to Trsat. The stairway consists of 561 stone steps and was built for the pilgrims as the way to reach the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Trsat.
  • Old gate or Roman arch. At first it was thought that this was a Roman Triumphal Arch built by the Roman Emperor Claudius Gothicus but later it was discovered to be just a portal to the pretorium, the army command in late antiquity.
  • Rijeka Cathedral, dedicated to St. Vitus.
  • Palace Modello designed by Buro Fellner & Helmer and built in 1885.
  • Stadion Kantrida, was included on CNN's list of the world's most iconic and unusual football stadiums in 2011.[38]

Climate
Sablićevo Beach
Platak ski resort, north of Rijeka

Rijeka has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa by the Köppen climate classification) with warm summers and relatively mild and rainy winters.[39] The terrain configuration, with mountains rising steeply just a few kilometres inland from the shores of the Adriatic, provides for some striking climatic and landscape contrasts within a small geographic area. Beaches can be enjoyed throughout summer in a typically Mediterranean setting along the coastal areas of the city to the east (Pećine, Kostrena) and west (Kantrida, Preluk). At the same time, the ski resort of Platak, located only about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the city, offers alpine skiing and abundant snow during winter months (at times until early May). The Kvarner Bay and its islands are visible from the ski slopes.[40] Unlike typical mediterranean locations, Rijeka does generally not see a summer drought. Snow is rare (usually three days per year, almost always occurring in patches). There are 20 days a year with a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) or higher, while on one day a year the temperature does not exceed 0 °C (32 °F).[41] Fog appears in about four days per year, mainly in winter.[41] The climate is also characterized by frequent rainfall. Cold (bora) winds are common in wintertime.

Climate data for Rijeka (1971–2000, extremes 1948–2014)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 20.0
(68.0)		 21.4
(70.5)		 24.0
(75.2)		 28.9
(84.0)		 33.7
(92.7)		 36.7
(98.1)		 40.0
(104.0)		 39.2
(102.6)		 34.8
(94.6)		 28.8
(83.8)		 25.5
(77.9)		 20.4
(68.7)		 40.0
(104.0)
Average high °C (°F) 9.1
(48.4)		 9.9
(49.8)		 12.6
(54.7)		 15.9
(60.6)		 21.1
(70.0)		 24.6
(76.3)		 27.9
(82.2)		 28.1
(82.6)		 23.5
(74.3)		 18.5
(65.3)		 13.2
(55.8)		 10.1
(50.2)		 17.9
(64.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 5.8
(42.4)		 6.3
(43.3)		 8.8
(47.8)		 12.0
(53.6)		 16.8
(62.2)		 20.3
(68.5)		 23.1
(73.6)		 23.1
(73.6)		 18.8
(65.8)		 14.2
(57.6)		 9.6
(49.3)		 6.8
(44.2)		 13.8
(56.8)
Average low °C (°F) 2.9
(37.2)		 3.2
(37.8)		 5.5
(41.9)		 8.4
(47.1)		 12.8
(55.0)		 16.0
(60.8)		 18.6
(65.5)		 18.6
(65.5)		 14.9
(58.8)		 10.9
(51.6)		 6.6
(43.9)		 4.0
(39.2)		 10.2
(50.4)
Record low °C (°F) −11.4
(11.5)		 −12.8
(9.0)		 −7.7
(18.1)		 −0.2
(31.6)		 2.1
(35.8)		 7.4
(45.3)		 10.4
(50.7)		 9.1
(48.4)		 4.8
(40.6)		 −1.2
(29.8)		 −4.5
(23.9)		 −8.9
(16.0)		 −12.8
(9.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 128.7
(5.07)		 104.1
(4.10)		 113.0
(4.45)		 113.8
(4.48)		 103.3
(4.07)		 119.9
(4.72)		 70.1
(2.76)		 101.5
(4.00)		 156.5
(6.16)		 203.9
(8.03)		 181.9
(7.16)		 155.6
(6.13)		 1,552.4
(61.12)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 10.7 8.5 10.3 12.6 12.5 12.3 8.8 9.0 10.6 12.1 11.7 11.2 130.1
Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm) 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.4
Average relative humidity (%) 65.1 60.3 60.4 62.6 63.7 62.4 56.4 56.0 63.7 67.4 67.3 66.4 62.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours 111.6 135.6 155.0 171.0 232.5 249.0 297.6 279.0 201.0 161.2 111.0 99.2 2,203.7
Percent possible sunshine 41 50 47 47 57 61 71 71 58 51 42 40 55
Source: Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service[41][42]
Climate data for Rijeka
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average sea temperature °C (°F) 11.4
(52.5)		 10.6
(51.1)		 11.2
(52.2)		 13.5
(56.3)		 17.9
(64.2)		 22.6
(72.7)		 24.7
(76.5)		 24.9
(76.8)		 23.5
(74.3)		 19.5
(67.1)		 16.9
(62.4)		 14.2
(57.6)		 17.6
(63.6)
Mean daily daylight hours 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 15.0 14.0 13.0 11.0 10.0 9.0 12.3
Average Ultraviolet index 1 2 3 5 7 8 8 7 5 3 2 1 4.3
Source: Weather Atlas[43]

Transport
See also: Port of Rijeka and Rijeka Airport
Rijeka international Airport
Railway in Rijeka
Ferry in Rijeka harbour

The Port of Rijeka is the largest port in Croatia, with a cargo throughput in 2017 of 12.6 million tonnes, mostly crude oil and refined petroleum products, general cargo and bulk cargo, and 260,337 twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs).[44] The port is managed by the Port of Rijeka Authority. The first record of a port in Rijeka date back to 1281, and in 1719, the Port of Rijeka was granted a charter as a free port. There are ferry connections between Rijeka and the surrounding islands and cities, but no direct international passenger ship connections. There are coastal lines to Split and onward to Dubrovnik, which operate twice weekly and have international connections.

The city is difficult to get to by air outside of the tourist season. The city's own international airport, Rijeka Airport is located on the nearby island of Krk across the tolled Krk Bridge. Buses, with a journey time of approximately 45 minutes, operate from Rijeka city center and nearby Opatija, with a schedule based on the planned arrival and departure times of flights. Handling 200,841 passengers in 2019, the facility is more of a charter airport than a serious transport hub, although various scheduled airlines have begun to service it with a comparatively large number of flights coming from airports in Germany. Most of these flights only operate during the tourist season between approximately May and October. Alternative nearby airports include Pula (around 90 minutes drive from Rijeka), Trieste (around 90 minutes), Ljubljana (around 2 hours), Zagreb (around 2 hours) and Venice (around 3 hours).

Rijeka has efficient road connections to other parts of Croatia and neighbouring countries. The A6 motorway connects Rijeka to Zagreb via the A1, while the A7 motorway, completed in 2004, links Rijeka with Ljubljana, Slovenia, via Ilirska Bistrica and with Trieste, Italy. The A7 acts as the Rijeka bypass motorway and facilitates access to the A8 motorway of the Istrian Y network starting with the Učka Tunnel, and linking Rijeka with Istria. As of August 2011, the bypass is being extended eastwards to the Krk Bridge area and new feeder roads are under construction.

Rijeka is integrated into the Croatian railway network and international rail lines. A fully electrified railway connects Rijeka to Zagreb and beyond towards Koprivnica and the Hungarian border as part of Pan-European corridor Vb. Rijeka is also connected to Trieste and Ljubljana by a separate electrified line that extends northwards from the city. Rijeka has direct connections by daily trains to Vienna, Munich, and Salzburg, and night trains running through Rijeka. Construction of a new high performance railway between Rijeka and Zagreb, extending to Budapest is planned, as well as rail links connecting Rijeka to the island of Krk and between Rijeka and Pula.

Sports

The history of Rijeka's organised sports started between 1885 and 1888 with the foundation of the Club Alpino Fiumano in 1885, the Young American Cycle Club in 1887 (the first club of this American league to be founded in a foreign land), and the Nautico Sport Club Quarnero in 1888 by the Hungarian minority of the city. Even earlier, in 1873, following the initiative by Robert Whitehead, the first football match to be disputed in today's Republic of Croatia territory was played in Rijeka: the Hungarian Railways team and the English engineers-led team of the Stabilimento Tecnico di Fiume (later Torpedo Factory of Fiume). The first football club in Fiume was founded under the name of Fiumei Atletikai Club.

Today, HNK Rijeka are the city's main football team. They compete in the Croatian First Football League and were the champions of Croatia in 2016–17. Until July 2015, HNK Rijeka were based at the iconic Stadion Kantrida. With Kantrida awaiting reconstruction, they are based at the newly built Stadion Rujevica, their temporary home ground located in the club's new training camp. Additionally, HNK Orijent 1919 are based in Sušak and play in the Croatian Second Football League.

Rijeka's other notable sports clubs include RK Zamet and ŽRK Zamet (handball), VK Primorje EB (water polo), KK Kvarner (basketball) and ŽOK Rijeka (women's volleyball).

Rijeka hosted the 2008 European Short Course Swimming Championships. In its more than 80 years of history, LEN had never seen so many records set as the number of them set at Bazeni Kantrida (Kantrida Swimming Complex). A total of 14 European records were set of which 10 world records and even 7 world-best times. This championship also presented a record in the number of participating countries. There were more than 600 top athletes, from some 50 European countries. Swimmers from 21 nations won medals and 40 of the 51 national member Federations of LEN were present in Rijeka.

International relations
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Croatia

Twin towns – sister cities
Lantern, a gift from the Japanese city Kawasaki to the city of Rijeka

Rijeka is twinned with:

The German western Winnetou movies from the 1960s, based on Karl May novels, were in part filmed on location in the outskirts of Rijeka.[47]

Marvel's villain Purple Man originates from this city, and has been present in many of the character's stories.

The setting of the 1970s cartoon series Professor Balthazar was inspired by Rijeka.[48]

The 1980s American TV series The Winds of War was in part filmed in Rijeka and the surrounding areas.[49]

A stylised version of Fiume during the 1920s was one of the main settings in the 1992 movie Porco Rosso by world acclaimed Japanese director Hayao Miyazaki, as the town in front of which the fantastical "Hotel Adriano" is found and to which it is connected by a boat service taken by the protagonist.[50]

Bruce Sterling's November 2016 novel, written in collaboration with Warren Ellis, Pirate Utopia,[51] a dieselpunk alternative history, is set in Fiume (now Rijeka) in 1920 during the short-lived Italian Regency of Carnaro.[52]

The TV series Novine (The Paper),[53][54] which has been streaming on Netflix since April 2018, is based in Rijeka and the city was used as the main filming location.[55]

In 2019 the movie "The Hitman's Wife's Bodyguard" with was in part filmed in Rijeka.[56]

Recently Rijeka - with its historic industrial sites, unusual hilly setting, sweeping views and retro arhitecture - has become a popular location for the filming of TV-advertisements. Examples include advertisements for the Belgian internet provider Telenet, Japanese tire manufacturer Bridgestone, German retail chain DM, Japanese Honda Civic Type R cars, Ukrainian seafood restaurant chain Flagman, Slovenian soft drink brand Cockta, German car manufacturer Mercedes and others.[57][58]

See also

References

Bibliography
See also: Bibliography of the history of Rijeka
  • Cresswell, Peterjon; Atkins, Ismay; Dunn, Lily (10 July 2006). Time Out Croatia (First ed.). London, Berkeley & Toronto: Time Out Group Ltd & Ebury Publishing, Random House Ltd. 20 Vauxhall Bridge Road, London SV1V 2SA. ISBN 978-1-904978-70-1. Retrieved 10 March 2010.

Notes
  1. "Population by Age and Sex, by Settlements, 2011 Census: Rijeka". Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. December 2012.
  2. Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
  3. Roach, Peter (2011). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-15253-2.
  4. "From The Beginning..." University of Rijeka. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  5. "Croatian city Rijeka wins European Capital of Culture in 2020". Shanghai Daily]]accessdate=25 March 2016.
  6. "Dubrovnik and Croatia Dictionary and pronunciation of Croatian language". Dubrovnik-online.net. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
  7. "English Translations of Italian word "fiume"". Word Reference online dictionaries. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  8. "Pliny the Elder: the Natural History, Liber III". University of Chicago. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
  9. "Gotocroatia.com". Gotocroatia.com. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
  10. Handbook of Austria and Lombardy-Venetia Cancellations on the Postage Stamp Issues 1850–1864, by Edwin MUELLER, 1961.
  11. "History of Refineries, INA d.d". Ina.hr. 12 February 2011. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
  12. Peter Salcher und Ernst Mach, Schlierenfotografie von Überschall-Projektilen, W. Gerhard Pohl, Universität Wien, PLUS LUCIS 2/2002 – 1/2003, ISSN 1606-3015 (in German)
  13. A. J. P. Taylor: The Habsburg Monarchy, 1809–1918, University of Chicago Press, Paperback edition, 1976, ISBN 0-226-79145-9, page 269
  14. Stanislav Krakov, Dolazak srpske vojske na Rijeku i severni Jadran, Beograd: Jadranska Straza,1928/29; The Arrival of the Serbian Army in Fiume and the Northern Adriatic
  15. Ledeen, Michael A. 1977. The First Duce. D’Annunzio at Fiume, Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
  16. Ferdinando Gerra, L'impresa di Fiume, Longanesi, Milano, 1974
  17. Claudia Salaris, Alla festa della rivoluzione. Artisti e libertari con D'Annunzio a Fiume, Il Mulino, Bologna
  18. Renzo De Felice, D'Annunzio politico (1918–1928), Roma-Bari, Giuseppe Laterza e figli, 1978
  19. Enrico Galmozzi, "Il soggetto senza limite. Interpretazione del dannunzianesimo", Milano, 1994
  20. Federzoni, Luigi. Il Trattato di Rapallo, Bologna, Zanichelli, 1921.
  21. Benedetti, Giulio. La pace di Fiume, Bologna, Zanichelli, 1924.
  22. Jozo Tomasevich: War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, Stanford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8047-3615-4, page 134
  23. "Tajna Rupe: Kako je nestalo 11.000 vojnika" (in Croatian). 30 April 2006. Archived from the original on 1 February 2010. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  24. Gianfranco Miksa (30 April 2010). "Fiume 1945, piovono i ricordi – Le conseguenze dei trenta bombardamenti e la difficile ricostruzione". La Voce del Popolo. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
  25. "317th Bomb Squadron Roster". B17pbemgame.com. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
  26. KAKO JE POTOPLJEN KIEBITZ?, Slavko Suzic, Susacka Revija 54/55, 2007, see (in Croatian)
  27. "Rajko Samueli Kacic: Rijecka Bitka, SUŠACKA REVIJA, br. 49, 2005". Klub-susacana.hr. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
  28. "Rijeka operation". Vojska.net. 7 May 1945. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
  29. Yugoslav communist authorities, as mentioned in the 1947 government documentary about the reconstruction of the city, see Video on YouTube (in Croatian)
  30. Dorić: Tito je bio čelnik totalitarnog režima i ne zaslužuje riječki trg (in Croatian)
  31. Società di Studi Fiumani – Roma – Hrvatski Institut za Povijest – Zagreb,Le vittime di nazionalita italiana a Fiume e dintorni (1943–1947),Žrtve talijanske nacionalnosti u Rijeci i okolici (1939.-1947 .), Rome 2002 Archived 31 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 88-7125-239-X. Tablica ubijenima od 2. svibnja 1945. do 31. prosinca 1947: "Statistički podaci", stranice 206 i 207.
  32. "L'esodo dall'Istria, Fiume e Zara (1943–1958) e l'accoglienza in Italia]. By Marino Micich" (PDF). Retrieved 10 August 2018.
  33. "Fiume "torna" italiana: arriva la segnaletica bilingue per Rijeka". ilGiornale.it (in Italian). Retrieved 9 October 2018.
  34. "Rijeka 2020 – Europska prijestolnica kulture". rijeka2020.eu (in Croatian). Retrieved 9 October 2018.
  35. d.o.o., Multilink. "Riječki karneval - Maškare i mesopust u Rijeci". www.rijecki-karneval.hr. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
  36. "Population by Ethnicity, by Towns/Municipalities, 2011 Census: County of Primorje-Gorski kotar". Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. December 2012.
  37. "Population by Age and Sex, by Settlements, 2011 Census: Rijeka". Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. December 2012.
  38. "World's most unusual football stadiums". edition.cnn.com. CNN. 9 November 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
  39. "Kvarner Climate". climate-data.org. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
  40. "Aktivnosti". kvarner.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  41. "Rijeka Climate Normals" (PDF). Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  42. "Mjesečne vrijednosti za Rijeka u razdoblju1948−2014" (in Croatian). Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  43. "Rijeka, Croatia - Climate data". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
  44. "Portauthority.hr" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
  45. "Medmestno in mednarodno sodelovanje". Mestna občina Ljubljana (Ljubljana City) (in Slovenian). Archived from the original on 26 June 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
  46. "SISTER CITY AND FRIENDLY CITY RELATIONS OF THE CITY OF RIJEKA". Official website of the City of Rijeka. Archived from the original on 19 April 2015. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
  47. "Kroatien Winnetou Drehorte" (in German).
  48. "RIJEKA BALTAZAR GRAD" (in Croatian).
  49. "ABC-TV, Paramount Studio go with 'Winds of War'". The Town Talk from Alexandria, Louisiana. 5 February 1983. p. 30.
  50. "Hayao Miyazaki's Croatian Hideout - Croatia Times". 27 June 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
  51. Pirate Utopia
  52. Mitrovich, Matt (15 November 2016). "Book Review: Pirate Utopia by Bruce Sterling". Archived from the original on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
  53. The Paper, netflix.com.
  54. The Paper, imdb.com.
  55. Črnjar Ivančan, Iva (3 April 2018). "Uz bok najvećoj svjetskoj produkciji: Netflix otkupio seriju "Novine"". Radio Rijeka (in Croatian). Retrieved 12 April 2018.
  56. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8385148/locations?ref_=tt_dt_dt
  57. "Rijeka je totalni hit za snimanje stranih reklama" (in Croatian).
  58. "U reklami za Mercedes The Weeknd se vozi ulicama – Rijeke!" (in Croatian).
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