Lille

Lille (/liːl/ LEEL, French: [lil] (listen); Dutch: Rijsel [ˈrɛisəl]; Picard: Lile; West Flemish: Rysel) is a city at the northern part of France, in French Flanders. On the Deûle River, near France's border with Belgium, it is the capital of the Hauts-de-France region, the prefecture of the Nord department, and the main city of the Métropole Européenne de Lille.

For other uses, see Lille (disambiguation).

Lille

Lile  (Picard)
Rysel  (West Flemish)
Prefecture and commune
From top to bottom, left to right: the Lille Tower, some towers of Euralille, the Rue de la Clef in Old Lille, the Place du Général-de-Gaulle, the Shangri-La tulip sculpture for Lille 2004, the Porte de Paris with the belfry of the City Hall and Lille-Flandres train station
Flag
Coat of arms
Location of Lille
Lille
Lille
Coordinates: 50°37′40″N 3°03′30″E
CountryFrance
RegionHauts-de-France
DepartmentNord
ArrondissementLille
CantonLille-1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6
IntercommunalityMétropole Européenne de Lille
Government
 • Mayor (2020-2026) Martine Aubry (PS)
Area
1
34.8 km2 (13.4 sq mi)
 • Urban
 (2017)
925.7 km2 (357.4 sq mi)
 • Metro
 (2007)
7,200 km2 (2,800 sq mi)
Population
 (2017-01-01)[1]
232,787
 • Rank10th in France
 • Density6,700/km2 (17,000/sq mi)
 • Urban
 (2017[2])
1,191,117
 • Urban density1,300/km2 (3,300/sq mi)
 • Metro
 (2007[3])
3,800,000
 • Metro density530/km2 (1,400/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
INSEE/Postal code
59350 /59000, 59800
Websitewww.lille.fr
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

As of 2017, Lille had a population of 232,787 within its administrative limits,[2][4][5] and Lille is the first city of the Métropole Européenne de Lille with a population of 1,146,320, making it the fourth-largest urban area in France after Paris, Lyon, and Marseille. More broadly, it belongs to a vast conurbation formed with the Belgian cities of Mouscron, Kortrijk, Tournai and Menin, which gave birth in January 2008 to the Eurometropole Lille-Kortrijk-Tournai, the first European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation (EGTC), which has more than 2.1 million inhabitants.

Nicknamed in France the "Capital of Flanders", Lille and its surroundings belong to the historical region of Romance Flanders, a former territory of the county of Flanders that is not part of the linguistic area of West Flanders. A garrison town (as evidenced by its Citadel), Lille has had an eventful history from the Middle Ages to the French Revolution. Very often besieged during its history, it belonged successively to the Kingdom of France, the Burgundian State, the Holy Roman Empire of Germany and the Spanish Netherlands before being definitively attached to the France of Louis XIV following the War of Spanish Succession along with the entire territory making up the historic province of French Flanders. Lille was again under siege in 1792 during the Franco-Austrian War, and in 1914 and 1940. It was severely tested by the two world wars of the 20th century during which it was occupied and suffered destruction.

A merchant city since its origins and a manufacturing city since the 16th century, the Industrial Revolution made it a great industrial capital, mainly around the textile and mechanical industries. Their decline, from the 1960s onwards, led to a long period of crisis and it was not until the 1990s that the conversion to the tertiary sector and the rehabilitation of the disaster-stricken districts gave the city a different face. Today, the historic center, Old Lille, is characterized by its 17th century red brick town houses, its paved pedestrian streets and its central Grand'Place. The belfry is one of the 23 belfries in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Somme regions that were classified as UNESCO World Heritage Sites in July 2005.

The construction of the new Euralille business district in 1988 (now the third largest in France) and the arrival of the TGV and then the Eurostar in 1994 put Lille at the heart of the major European capitals. The development of its international airport, annual events such as the Braderie de Lille in early September (attracting three million visitors), the development of a student and university center (with more than 110,000 students, the third largest in France behind Paris and Lyon), its ranking as City of Art and History since in 2004 and the events of Lille 2004 (European Capital of Culture) and Lille 3000 are the main symbols of this revival. In 2020, the European metropolis of Lille will be "world capital of design".

History
See also: Timeline of Lille

Origins

Archeological digs seem to show the area as inhabited by as early as 2000 BC, most notably in the modern quartiers of Fives, Wazemmes and Vieux Lille. The original inhabitants of the region were the Gauls, such as the Menapians, the Morins, the Atrebates and the Nervians, who were followed by Germanic peoples: the Saxons, the Frisians and the Franks.

The legend of "Lydéric and Phinaert" puts the foundation of the city of Lille at 640. In the 8th century, the language of Old Low Franconian was spoken, as attested by toponymic research. Lille's Dutch name is Rijsel, which comes from ter ijsel (at the island) from Middle Dutch ijssel (“small island, islet”), calque of Old French l'Isle (“the Island”), itself from Latin Īnsula, from īnsula (“island”).

From 830 to around 910, the Vikings invaded Flanders. After the destruction caused by Normans' and the Magyars' invasion, the eastern part of the region was ruled by various local princes.

The first mention of the town dates from 1066: apud Insulam (Latin for "at the island"). It was then controlled by the County of Flanders, as were the regional cities (the Roman cities Boulogne, Arras, Cambrai as well as the Carolingian cities Valenciennes, Saint-Omer, Ghent and Bruges). The County of Flanders thus extended to the left bank of the Scheldt, one of the richest and most prosperous regions of Europe.

Middle Ages

The Carolingian duke Évrard lived in the city in the 9th century and participated in many of the day's political and military affairs. There was an important Battle of Lille in 1054.

From the 12th century, the fame of the Lille cloth fair began to grow. In 1144 Saint-Sauveur parish was formed, which would give its name to the modern-day quartier Saint-Sauveur.

The counts of Flanders, Boulogne, and Hainaut came together with England and East Frankia and tried to regain territory taken by Philip II of France following Henry II of England's death, a war that ended with the French victory at Bouvines in 1214. Infante Ferdinand, Count of Flanders was imprisoned and the county fell into dispute: it would be his wife, Jeanne, Countess of Flanders and Constantinople, who ruled the city. She was said to be well loved by the residents of Lille, who by that time numbered 10,000.

In 1225, the street performer and juggler Bertrand Cordel, doubtlessly encouraged by local lords, tried to pass himself off as Baldwin I of Constantinople (the father of Jeanne of Flanders), who had disappeared at the battle of Adrianople. He pushed the counties of Flanders and Hainaut towards sedition against Jeanne in order to recover his land. She called her cousin, Louis VIII ("The Lion"). He unmasked the imposter, whom Countess Jeanne quickly had hanged. In 1226 the king agreed to free Infante Ferdinand, Count of Flanders. Count Ferrand died in 1233, and his daughter Marie soon after. In 1235, Jeanne granted a city charter by which city governors would be chosen each All Saint's Day by four commissioners chosen by the ruler. On 6 February 1236, she founded the Countess's Hospital (Hospice Comtesse). It was in her honour that the hospital of the Regional Medical University of Lille was named "Jeanne of Flanders Hospital" in the 20th century.

The Countess died in 1244 in the Abbey of Marquette, leaving no heirs. The rule of Flanders and Hainaut thus fell to her sister, Margaret II, Countess of Flanders, then to Margaret's son, Guy of Dampierre. Lille fell under the rule of France from 1304 to 1369, after the Franco-Flemish War (1297-1305).

The county of Flanders fell to the Duchy of Burgundy next, after the 1369 marriage of Margaret III, Countess of Flanders, and Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. Lille thus became one of the three capitals of said Duchy, along with Brussels and Dijon. By 1445, Lille counted some 25,000 residents. Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, was even more powerful than the King of France, and made Lille an administrative and financial capital.

On 17 February 1454, one year after the taking of Constantinople by the Turks, Philip the Good organised a Pantagruelian banquet at his Lille palace, the still-celebrated "Feast of the Pheasant". There the Duke and his court undertook an oath to Christianity.

In 1477, at the death of the last duke of Burgundy, Charles the Bold, Mary of Burgundy married Maximilian of Austria, who thus became Count of Flanders.

1641 map of Lille in Flandria Illustrata by Anton Sander

Early modern era
The 'Vieille Bourse' on the 'Grand Place'

The 16th and the 17th centuries were marked by a boom in the regional textile industry, the Protestant revolts and outbreaks of the plague.

Lille came under the rule of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1519. The Low Countries fell to his eldest son, Philip II of Spain, in 1555. The city remained under Spanish Habsburg rule until 1668. Calvinism first appeared in the area in 1542, and by 1555, the authorities were taking steps to suppress that form of Protestantism. In 1566, the countryside around Lille was affected by the Iconoclastic Fury.[6] In 1578, the Hurlus, a group of Protestant rebels, stormed the castle of the Counts of Mouscron. They were removed four months later by a Catholic Wallon regiment, and they tried several times between 1581 and 1582 to take the city of Lille, all in vain. The Hurlus were notably held back by the legendary Jeanne Maillotte. At the same time (1581), at the call of Elizabeth I of England, the north of the Seventeen Provinces, having gained a Protestant majority, successfully revolted and formed the Dutch Republic. The war brought or exacerbated periods of famine and plague (the last in 1667–1679).[7]

The first printer to set up shop in Lille was Antoine Tack in 1594. The 17th century saw the building of new institutions: an Irish College in 1610, a Jesuit college in 1611, an Augustinian college in 1622, almshouses or hospitals such as the Maison des Vieux hommes in 1624 and the Bonne et Forte Maison des Pauvres in 1661, and of a Mont-de-piété in 1626.[8]

Unsuccessful French attacks on the city were launched in 1641 and 1645.[7] In 1667, Louis XIV of France (the Sun King) successfully laid siege to Lille, resulting in it becoming French in 1668 under the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, provoking discontent among the citizens of the prosperous city. A number of important public works undertaken between 1667 and 1670, such as the Citadel (erected by Vauban), or the creation of the quartiers of Saint-André and la Madeleine, enabled the French king to gradually gain the confidence of his new subjects in Lille, some of whom continued to feel Flemish, but they had always spoken the Romance Picard language.

Entrance to the 'Vauban Citadel' (17th century)

For five years, from 1708 to 1713, the city was occupied by the Dutch during the War of the Spanish Succession. Throughout the 18th century, Lille remained profoundly Catholic. It took little part in the French Revolution, but there were riots and the destruction of churches. In 1790, the city held its first municipal elections.

Post-French Revolution

In 1792, in the aftermath of the French Revolution, the Austrians, then in the United Provinces, laid siege to Lille. The "Column of the Goddess", erected in 1842 in the "Grand-Place" (officially named Place du Général-de-Gaulle), is a tribute to the city's resistance, led by Mayor François André-Bonte. Although Austrian artillery destroyed many houses and the main church of the city, the city did not surrender, and the Austrian Army left after eight days.

The black dots around the windows (not the decorative cartouches) are Austrian cannonballs lodged in the façade.

The city continued to grow and, by 1800, had some 53,000 residents, leading to Lille becoming the seat of the Nord départment in 1804. In 1846, a railway connecting Paris and Lille was built. In the early the 19th century, Napoleon I's continental blockade against the United Kingdom led to Lille's textile industry developing even more fully. The city was known for its cotton while the nearby towns of Roubaix and Tourcoing worked wool. Leisure activities were thoroughly organised in 1858 for the 80,000 inhabitants. Cabarets or taverns for the working class numbered 1,300, or one for every three houses. At that time the city counted 63 drinking and singing clubs, 37 clubs for card players, 23 for bowling, 13 for skittles, and 18 for archery. The churches likewise have their social organizations. Each club had a long roster of officers, and a busy schedule of banquets festivals and competitions.[9] In 1853, Alexandre Desrousseaux composed his lullaby P'tit quinquin.

In 1858, Lille annexed the adjacent towns of Fives, Wazemmes, and Moulins. Lille's population was 158,000 in 1872, growing to over 200,000 by 1891. In 1896 Lille became the first city in France to be led by a socialist, Gustave Delory.

By 1912, Lille's population stood at 217,000. The city profited from the Industrial Revolution, particularly via coal and the steam engine. The entire region grew wealthy thanks to its mines and textile industry.

First World War
German military parade in Lille, 1915

Lille's occupation by the Germans began on 13 October 1914 after a ten-day siege and heavy shelling, which destroyed 882 apartment and office blocks and 1,500 houses, mostly around the railway station and in the centre. By the end of October, the city was being run by German authorities. Because Lille was only 20 km from the battlefield, German troops passed through the city regularly on their way to and from the front. As a result, occupied Lille became a place for the hospitalisation and the treatment of wounded soldiers as well as a place for soldiers' relaxation and entertainment. Many buildings, homes and businesses were requisitioned to those ends.[10]

Lille was liberated by the Allies on 17 October 1918, when General Sir William Birdwood and his troops were welcomed by joyous crowds. The general was made an honorary citizen of the city of Lille on 28 October.

The only audio recording known to have been made during World War I was recorded near Lille in October 1918. The two-minute recording captured the Royal Garrison Artillery conducting a gas shell bombardment.[11][12]

Lille was also the hunting ground of the German World War I flying ace Max Immelmann, who was nicknamed "the Eagle of Lille".

Lille's Art Deco city hall (1932)

In July 1921, at the Pasteur Institute in Lille, Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin discovered the first anti-tuberculosis vaccine, known as BCG ("Bacille de Calmette et Guérin"). The Opéra de Lille, designed by Lille architect Louis M. Cordonnier, was dedicated in 1923.

From 1931, Lille felt the repercussions of the Great Depression, and by 1935, a third of the city's population lived in poverty. In 1936, the city's mayor, Roger Salengro, became Minister of the Interior of the Popular Front but eventually killed himself after right-wing groups led a slanderous campaign against him.

Second World War
Wrecked vehicles in Lille, after the 1940 siege of the city
Main article: Lille during World War II

During the Battle of France, Lille was besieged by German forces for several days. When Belgium was invaded, the citizens of Lille, still haunted by the events of World War I, began to flee the city in large numbers. Lille was part of the zone under control of the German commander in Brussels, and was never controlled by the Vichy government in France. Lille was instead controlled under the military administration in Northern France. The départments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais (with the exception of the coast, notably Dunkirk) were for the most part liberated from 1 to 5 September 1944, by British, Canadian and Polish troops. On 3 September, German troops began to leave Lille out of fear of the British, who were on their way from Brussels. The city was liberated by a British force consisting largely of tanks.[13]

Rationing came to an end in 1947, and by 1948, normality had returned to Lille.

Postwar
Euralille quarter

In 1967, the Chambers of Commerce of Lille, Roubaix and Tourcoing were joined, and in 1969< the Communauté urbaine de Lille (Lille urban community) was created, linking 87 communes with Lille.

Throughout the 1960s and the 1970s, the region was faced with some problems after the decline of the coal, mining and textile industries. From the early 1980s, the city began to turn itself more towards the service sector.

Pierre Mauroy served as Mayor of Lille for 28 years from 1973 to 2001. Mauroy was Prime Minister for part of the term of Francois Mitterrand.

In 1983, the VAL, the world's first automated rapid transit underground network, opened. In 1993, a high-speed TGV train line was opened connecting Paris with Lille in one hour. This, with the opening of the Channel Tunnel in 1994 and the arrival of the Eurostar train put Lille at the centre of a triangle connecting Paris, London and Brussels.

Work on Euralille, an urban remodelling project, began in 1991. The Euralille Centre was opened in 1994, and the remodeled district is now full of parks and modern buildings containing offices, shops and apartments. In 1994 the "Grand Palais" was also opened for the general public, which is free for the public to enter on the first Sunday of every month.

21st Century

Lille was chosen as European Capital of Culture in 2004,[14] along with the Italian city of Genoa.

Lille and Roubaix were affected by the 2005 riots, like all of France's other urban centres.

In 2007 and again in 2010, Lille was awarded the label "Internet City".

Climate

Lille can be described as having a temperate oceanic climate; summers normally do not reach high average temperatures, but winters can fall below freezing temperatures, but with averages quite a bit above the freezing mark. Precipitation is plentiful year round.

The table below gives average temperatures and precipitation levels for the 1981-2010 reference period.

Climate data for Lille (LIL), elevation: 47 m (154 ft), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1944–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.2
(59.4)		 19.0
(66.2)		 22.7
(72.9)		 27.9
(82.2)		 31.7
(89.1)		 34.8
(94.6)		 41.5
(106.7)		 36.6
(97.9)		 33.8
(92.8)		 27.8
(82.0)		 20.3
(68.5)		 15.9
(60.6)		 41.5
(106.7)
Average high °C (°F) 6.0
(42.8)		 6.9
(44.4)		 10.6
(51.1)		 14.1
(57.4)		 17.9
(64.2)		 20.6
(69.1)		 23.3
(73.9)		 23.3
(73.9)		 19.7
(67.5)		 15.2
(59.4)		 9.8
(49.6)		 6.4
(43.5)		 14.5
(58.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 3.6
(38.5)		 4.1
(39.4)		 7.1
(44.8)		 9.7
(49.5)		 13.4
(56.1)		 16.2
(61.2)		 18.6
(65.5)		 18.4
(65.1)		 15.4
(59.7)		 11.6
(52.9)		 7.1
(44.8)		 4.2
(39.6)		 10.8
(51.4)
Average low °C (°F) 1.2
(34.2)		 1.3
(34.3)		 3.6
(38.5)		 5.4
(41.7)		 8.9
(48.0)		 11.7
(53.1)		 13.8
(56.8)		 13.6
(56.5)		 11.2
(52.2)		 8.1
(46.6)		 4.4
(39.9)		 1.9
(35.4)		 7.1
(44.8)
Record low °C (°F) −19.5
(−3.1)		 −17.8
(0.0)		 −10.5
(13.1)		 −4.7
(23.5)		 −2.3
(27.9)		 0.0
(32.0)		 3.4
(38.1)		 3.9
(39.0)		 1.2
(34.2)		 −4.4
(24.1)		 −7.8
(18.0)		 −17.3
(0.9)		 −19.5
(−3.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 60.5
(2.38)		 47.4
(1.87)		 58.3
(2.30)		 50.7
(2.00)		 64.0
(2.52)		 64.6
(2.54)		 68.5
(2.70)		 62.8
(2.47)		 61.6
(2.43)		 66.2
(2.61)		 70.1
(2.76)		 67.8
(2.67)		 742.5
(29.23)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 11.7 9.6 11.4 10.1 10.6 10.0 9.8 9.2 10.1 11.0 12.6 11.3 127.4
Average snowy days 4.9 4.1 3.2 1.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 3.8 19.2
Average relative humidity (%) 88 85 82 79 78 79 78 78 83 87 89 90 83
Mean monthly sunshine hours 65.5 70.7 121.1 172.2 193.9 206.0 211.3 199.5 151.9 114.4 61.4 49.6 1,617.5
Source 1: Meteo France,[15][16]
Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (relative humidity and snow days 1961–1990)[17]

Environment

Lille is noted for its air pollution, with a 2018 study attributing 1,700 deaths per year in the agglomeration of Lille to pollution. In 2018, Lille held France's record pollution peaks.[18]

Economy
Lille chamber of commerce, belfry

A former major mechanical, food industry and textile manufacturing centre as well as a retail and finance center, Lille is the largest city of a conurbation, built like a network of cities: Lille, Roubaix, Tourcoing and Villeneuve d'Ascq. The conurbation forms the Métropole Européenne de Lille which is France's fourth-largest urban conglomeration with a 2016 population of over 1.15 million.[19]

Revenues and taxes

For centuries, Lille, a city of merchants, has displayed a wide range of incomes: great wealth and poverty have lived side by side, especially until the end of the 1800s. This contrast was noted by Victor Hugo in 1851 in his poem Les Châtiments: « Caves de Lille ! on meurt sous vos plafonds de pierre ! » ("Cellars of Lille! We die under your stone ceilings!")

Employment

Employment in Lille has switched over half a century from a predominant industry to tertiary activities and services. Services account for 91% of employment in 2006.

Employment in Lille[20] from 1968 to 2015

Business area 1968 1975 1982 1990 1999 2015
Agriculture 340 240 144 116 175 74
Industry and construction 51,900 43,500 34,588 22,406 15,351 8,427
Tertiary activities 91,992 103,790 107,916 114,992 122,736 149,795
Total 144,232 147,530 142,648 137,514 138,262 158,296
Sources of data: INSEE[21][22]

Employment per categories in 1968 and in 2017

  Farmers Businesspersons,
entrepreneurs		 Upper class Middle class Employees Blue-collar worker
1968 2017 1968 2017 1968 2017 1968 2017 1968 2017 1968 2017
Lille 0.1% 0.0% 7.8% 3.6% 7.5% 29.0% 16.7% 26.0% 33.1% 25.0% 34.9% 13.4%
France 12.5% 1.3% 9.9% 6.0% 5.2% 16.3% 12.4% 24.8% 22.5% 28.5% 37.6% 21.5%
Sources of data : INSEE[23][22][24]

Unemployment in active population from 1968 to 2017

1968 1975 1982 1990 1999 2007 2017
Lille 2.9% 4.6% 10.3% 14.6% 16.9% 16.7% 19.2%
France 2.1% 3.8% 7.4% 10.1% 11.7% 11.5% 13.9%
Sources of data : INSEE[23][22][24]

Enterprises

At the end of 2015, Lille hosts around 28,000 industry or service establishments.

Enterprises as per 31 December 2015

  Enterprises Number of employees Total employees
None 1 to 9 10 to 19 20 to 49 50+
Agriculture 20 17 2 0 0 1 74
Industries 804 543 186 27 23 25 5423
Construction 1606 1247 282 45 24 8 3004
Commerce, transports, services 16410 11742 3721 477 294 176 55707
Car sales and repair 4815 3105 1495 138 48 29 12962
Administration, education, health, social work 4536 3357 599 196 181 203 81126
Total 28191 20011 6285 883 570 442 158296
Source of data : INSEE[22]

Main sights
EuraTechnologies cluster

Lille features an array of architectural styles with various amounts of Flemish influence, including the use of brown and red brick. In addition, many residential neighborhoods, especially in Greater Lille, consist of attached 2–3 story houses aligned in a row, with narrow gardens in the back. These architectural attributes, many uncommon in France, help make Lille a transition in France to neighboring Belgium, as well as nearby Netherlands and England, where the presence of brick, as well as row houses or the terraced house is much more prominent.

Points of interest include

La Braderie
Main article: Braderie de Lille

Lille hosts an annual braderie on the first weekend in September.[25] Its origins are thought to date back to the twelfth century and between two and three million visitors are drawn into the city. It is one of the largest gatherings of France and the largest flea market in Europe.

Many of the roads in the inner city (including much of the old town) are closed and local shops, residents and traders set up stalls in the street.

  • Column of the Goddess
  • Lille Grand Place. La Voix du Nord (newspaper offices)
  • Lille Grand Place
  • Lille Cathedral
  • Théâtre Sébastopol
  • Lion d'or square
  • Porte de Roubaix
  • Rihour palace
  • Anglican Christ Church
  • Hôtels particuliers rue Négrier, Vieux-Lille

Transport

Public transport
Lille metro
Main article: Ilevia

The Métropole Européenne de Lille has a mixed mode public transport system, which is considered one of the most modern in the whole of France. It comprises buses, trams and a driverless light metro system, all of which are operated under the Transpole name. The Lille Metro is a VAL system (véhicule automatique léger = light automated vehicle) that opened on 16 May 1983, becoming the first automatic light metro line in the world. The system has two lines, with a total length of 45 kilometres (28 miles) and 60 stations.[26] The tram system consists of two interurban tram lines, connecting central Lille to the nearby communities of Roubaix and Tourcoing, and has 45 stops. 68 urban bus routes cover the metropolis, 8 of which reach into Belgium.[27]

Railways
Lille Flandres railway station

Lille is an important crossroads in the European high-speed rail network. It lies on the Eurostar line to London (1:20 hour journey). The French TGV network also puts it only 1 hour from Paris, 38 minutes from Brussels,[28] and connects to other major centres in France such as Marseille, Lyon, and Toulouse. Lille has two railway stations, which stand next door to one another: Lille-Europe station (Gare de Lille-Europe), which primarily serves high-speed trains and international services (Eurostar), and Lille-Flandres station (Gare de Lille-Flandres), which primarily serves lower speed regional trains and regional Belgian trains.

Highways
Lille: motorway network

Five autoroutes pass by Lille, the densest confluence of highways in France after Paris:

A sixth one – the proposed A24 – will link Amiens to Lille if built, but there is opposition to its route.

Air traffic

Lille Lesquin International Airport is 15 minutes from the city centre by car (11 km). In terms of shipping, it ranks fourth, with almost 38,000 tonnes of freight which pass through each year.[29] Its passenger traffic, around 1.2 million in 2010, is modest due to the proximity to Brussels, Charleroi, and Paris-CDG airports. The airport mostly connects other French and European cities (some with low-cost airlines).

Waterways
Port de Lille

Lille is the third-largest French river port after Paris and Strasbourg. The river Deûle is connected to regional waterways with over 680 km (423 mi) of navigable waters. The Deûle connects to Northern Europe via the River Scarpe and the River Scheldt (towards Belgium and the Netherlands), and internationally via the Lys River (to Dunkerque and Calais).

Shipping statistics

Year199720002003
Millions of tonnes5.566.687.30
By river or sea8.00%8.25%13.33%
By rail6.28%4.13%2.89%
By road85.72%87.62%83.78%

Education

With over 110,000 students, the metropolitan area of Lille is one of France's top student cities.

At the beginning of 2018, Lille 1, Lille 2 and Lille 3 merged to form the new University of Lille (student enrollment: 70,000).

It is part of the Community of Universities and Institutions (COMUE) Lille Nord de France and the European Doctoral College Lille Nord de France.

Arts et Métiers ParisTech

Lille is also site of the University and Polytechnic Federation of Lille (Fédération Universitaire et Polytechnique de Lille), a large private educational university that includes a medical school, business school, law school, etc.

Notable people

Writers

Scientists and mathematicians

Artists

Politicians, professionals and military
Charles De Gaulle as depicted on streetart in Lille

Sportspeople

Media and sports

Local newspapers include Nord éclair and La Voix du Nord.

France's national public television network has a channel that focuses on the local area: France 3 Nord-Pas-de-Calais

The city's most major association football club, Lille OSC, currently plays in Ligue 1, the highest level of football in France. The club has won eight major national trophies and regularly features in the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League. In the 2010–11 season, Lille won the league and cup double.

Lille's Stade Pierre-Mauroy was the playground for the final stages of the FIBA EuroBasket 2015.

It was in Lille that the 100th World Esperanto Congress took place, in 2015.

International relations
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in France

Lille is twinned with:[33][34]

References
  1. "Populations légales 2017". INSEE. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  2. "Comparateur de territoire: Commune de Lille (59350), Aire urbaine 2010 de Lille (partie française) (005), Métropole Européenne de Lille (245900410)". Paris: Insee (Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques). Retrieved 13 August 2020.
  3. "Insee - Population - L'Aire métropolitaine de Lille, un espace démographiquement hétérogène aux enjeux multiples". Paris: Insee (Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques). Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  4. "EUROMÉTROPOLE : Territoire" (in French). Courtrai, Belgium: Agence de l’Eurométropole. Archived from the original on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  5. Eric Bocquet. "EUROMETROPOLIS : Eurometropolis Lille-Kortrijk-Tournai, the 1st european cross-bordrer metropolis" (in French). Courtrai, Belgium: Agence de l’Eurométropole. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  6. Trenard (1981), p. 456.
  7. Trenard (1981), p. 457.
  8. Trenard (1981), pp. 456-457.
  9. Theodore Zeldin, France, 1848-1945, vol. 2, Intellect, Taste and Anxiety (1977) pp 2:270-71.
  10. Wallart, Claudine. Lille under German Rule. Remembrance Trails of the Great War. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
  11. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gOOgEE1e2XM&t=3s
  12. https://soundstudiesblog.com/2014/07/07/listening-to-traces-of-war-gas-shell-bombardment-1918/
  13. Landry, Gérard (1982). Lille, Roubaix, Tourcoing sous l'occupation (in French). Rennes: Ouest-France. ISBN 9782858824236.
  14. "Lille 2004 European Capital of Culture". mairie-lille.fr. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013.
  15. "Climatological Information for Lille, France". Meteo France. 14 February 2019.
  16. "Lille-Lesquin (59)" (PDF). Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1981–2010 et records (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  17. "Normes et records 1961–1990: Lille-Lesquin – altitude 47m" (in French). Infoclimat. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  18. "Particules fines À Lille, un 60e jour de pollution cette année alors que l'OMS en recommande 3 maximum..." lavoixdunord.fr (in French). 15 December 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
  19. Louis Boisgibault, Fahad Al Kabbani (2020): Energy Transition in Metropolises, Rural Areas and Deserts. Wiley - ISTE. (Energy series) ISBN 9781786304995.
  20. Including the formerly independent communes Lomme and Hellemmes-Lille
  21. "Population active ayant un emploi par secteur d'activité par commune et département de travail (1968 à 1999)" (ZIP) (in French). INSEE. 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
  22. Dossier complet: Commune de Lille (59350), INSEE, retrieved 14 September 2020
  23. "Population active selon la catégorie socioprofessionnelle et la position vis à vis de l'emploi par commune et département (1968 à 1999)" (ZIP) (in French). INSEE. 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
  24. Dossier complet: France entière, INSEE, retrieved 14 September 2020
  25. "The September 'Braderie'". mairie-lille.fr. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015.
  26. "Public Transport". mairie-lille.fr. Archived from the original on 8 September 2014.
  27. "Travel & Transport". La mairie de Lille. Archived from the original on 31 January 2008. Retrieved 18 February 2008.
  28. "Coming by train". mairie-lille.fr. Archived from the original on 8 September 2014.
  29. "Lille Lesquin (LFQQ)". AVSIM. Archived from the original on 25 December 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2017.
  30. Rapport Archived 8 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine L'Optimisation du réseau de formation initiale d'enseignement supérieur en région, rapport de M. Alain Lottin Au Conseil Economique et Social Régional Présenté lors de la séance plénière du 7 novembre 2006.
  31. Management, IESEG School of. "IÉSEG School of Management - Business School in France (Paris - Lille)". IÉSEG. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  32. Archived 8 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  33. "Lille, une ville au coeur de l'Europe". lille.fr (in French). Lille. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  34. "Nos villes partenaires". lille.fr (in French). Lille. Retrieved 14 November 2019.

Sources
See also: Bibliography of the history of Lille
  • Codaccioni, Félix-Paul (1976). De l'inégalité sociale dans une grande ville industrielle, le drame de Lille de 1850 à 1914. Lille: Éditions Universitaires, Université de Lille 3. ISBN 2-85939-041-3.
  • Collectif (1999). Lille, d'un millénaire à l'autre (Fayard ed.). ISBN 2-213-60456-8.
  • Despature, Perrine (2001). Le Patrimoine des Communes du Nord (Flohic ed.). ISBN 2-84234-119-8.
  • Duhamel, Jean-Marie (2004). Lille, Traces d'histoire. Les patrimoines. La Voix du Nord. ISBN 2-84393-079-0.
  • Gérard, Alain (1991). Les grandes heures de Lille. Perrin. ISBN 2-262-00743-8.
  • Legillon, Paulette; Dion, Jacqueline (1975). Lille : portrait d'une cité. Axial.
  • Lottin, Alain (2003). Lille – D'Isla à Lille-Métropole. Histoire des villes du Nord. La Voix du Nord. ISBN 2-84393-072-3.
  • Maitrot, Eric; Cary, Sylvie (2007). Lille secret et insolite. Les Beaux Jours. ISBN 978-2-35179-011-3.
  • Marchand, Philippe (2003). Histoire de Lille. Jean-Paul Gisserot. ISBN 2-87747-645-6.
  • Monnet, Catherine (2004). Lille : portrait d'une ville. Jacques Marseille. ISBN 2-914967-02-0.
  • Paris, Didier; Mons, Dominique (2009). Lille Métropole, Laboratoire du renouveau urbain. Parenthèses. ISBN 978-2-86364-223-8.
  • Pierrard, Pierre (1979). Lille, dix siècles d'histoire. Stock. ISBN 2-234-01135-3.
  • Trenard, Louis (1981). Histoire de Lille de Charles Quint à la conquête française (1500–1715). Toulouse: Privat. ISBN 978-2708923812.
  • Versmée, Gwenaelle (2009). Lille méconnu. Jonglez. ISBN 978-2-915807-56-1.
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