South African Broadcasting Corporation

The South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) is the public broadcaster in South Africa, and provides 19 radio stations (AM/FM) as well as five television broadcasts to the general public.[3] It is one of the largest of South Africa's state-owned enterprises.

"SABC" redirects here. For other uses, see SABC (disambiguation).

South African Broadcasting Corporation
TypeTerrestrial television and radio network
Country
South Africa
AvailabilitySouth Africa
Botswana
Lesotho
Mozambique
Namibia
Zimbabwe
Eswatini
Founded1 August 1936 (1936-08-01)
by the Government of South Africa
Mottol0
SloganVuka Sizwe (Nation Arise)
Revenue R 6.6 billion (2017/18 FY)[1]
R -622 million loss (2017/18 FY)[1]
Broadcast area
South Africa
OwnerGovernment of South Africa
Key people
Bongumusa Makhathini (Chairman)[2]
Mdoda Mxakwe [2]
(CEO)
Launch date
1936 (radio)
1976 (television)
16:9
Television
SABC 1
SABC 2
SABC 3
SABC News
SABC Education
SABC Sport
Radio
19 radio stations
Official website
www.sabc.co.za
SABC headquarters in Uitsaaisentrum, Johannesburg
SABC offices in Sea Point, Cape Town

Opposition politicians and civil society often criticise the SABC, accusing it of being a mouthpiece for the ruling African National Congress; during the apartheid era it was accused of playing the same role for the-then National Party-led government.[4]

Company history

Early years

Radio broadcasting began in South Africa in 1923, under the auspices of South African Railways, before three radio services were licensed: the Association of Scientific and Technical Societies (AS&TS) in Johannesburg, the Cape Peninsular Publicity Association in Cape Town and the Durban Corporation, which began broadcasting in 1924.[5]

These merged into the African Broadcasting Company in 1927, owned by I W Schlesinger, a wealthy businessman, but on August 1, 1936, they were sold to the SABC, established that year through an Act of Parliament.[6] The SABC took over the African Broadcasting Company's staff and assets. It maintained a state monopoly on radio until the launch in December 1979 of Capital Radio 604, then Radio 702 in 1980.[7] Although the subscription-funded television service M-Net launched in 1986, the SABC had a monopoly on free-to-air television until the launch of e.tv in 1998.

During National Party rule from 1948, it came under increasing accusations of being biased towards the ruling party. At one time most of its senior management were members of the Broederbond, the Afrikaner secret society and later from institutions like Stellenbosch University.

The SABC was a radio service until the introduction of television in 1976. There were three main SABC radio stations: the English Service (later known as Radio South Africa), the Afrikaans Service (later known as Radio Suid-Afrika and Afrikaans Stereo) and the commercial station, Springbok Radio.[8]

Programmes on the English and Afrikaans services mainly consisted of news; plays such as The Forsyte Saga, Story of an African Farm, and The Summons, written and produced in South Africa; serious talk shows; BBC radio shows; children's programmes, such as Sound Box; and light music featuring South African orchestras, arrangers, musicians and singers. Accomplished musicians such as pianist and composer Charles Segal featured on all three stations regularly in shows like Piano Playtime. Accordionist Nico Carstens was a regular on the Afrikaans programmes.[9]

Recent history

On 4 February 1996, two years after the ANC came to power, the SABC reorganised its three TV channels, so as to be more representative of different language groups.[10] This resulted in the downgrading of Afrikaans by reducing its airtime from 50% to 15%, a move that alienated many Afrikaans speakers.[11]

The SABC has since been accused of favouring the ruling ANC party, mostly in news. It remains dominant in the broadcast media.

Criticism intensified around 2003–2005, when it was accused of a wide range of shortcomings including self-censorship, lack of objectivity and selective news coverage.

On 20 October 2020, SABC and the government were in discussion to get TV and streaming providers in South Africa to collect TV licence on their behalf.[12]

Leaders

Director General of the SABC:

Surname Name From To
Caprara René Silvio 1936 1948
Roos Gideon Daniel 1948 1959
Meyer Pieter Johannes 1959 1980
de Villiers Steve 1980 1983
Eksteen Riaan 1983 1988
Harmse Wynand 1988 1994

Chairman of the SABC Board:

Surname Name From To
Matsepe-Casaburri Ivy Florence 1994 1996
Zulu Paulus 1996 2000
Maphai Thabane Vincent 2000 2003
Funde Sonwabo Eddie 2003 2008
Mkhonza Khanyi 2008 2009
Charnley Irene 2009 2009
Ngubane Baldwin Sipho 2010 2013
Tshabalala Zandile Ellen 2013 2014
Maguvhe Mbulaheni Obert 2014 2017
Makhathini Bongumusa Emmanuel 2017

Chief Executive Officer (CEO)
Term Name
1994–1998 Sisulu, Z.
1998–2000 Mbatha, H.
2000–2000 Khuzwayo, C.
2000–2005 Matlare, P.
2002–2008 Mpofu, D.
2008–2009 Mampone, G.
2009–2011 Mokoetle, S.
2011–2014 Mokhobo, L.
2014–2015 Motsoeneng, H.
2015–2015 Matlala, F.
2015–2016 Matthews, J.
2017–present Madoda, M.

Radio

Establishment

Following its establishment in 1936, the SABC established services in what were then the country's official languages, English and Afrikaans, with the Afrikaans service being established in 1937.[13] Broadcasts in languages such as Zulu, Xhosa, Sesotho and Tswana followed in 1940.[7]

Springbok Radio

Springbok Radio, the SABC's first commercial radio service, started broadcasting on 1 May 1950.[14] Bilingual in English and Afrikaans, it broadcast from the Johannesburg Centre for 113 and a half hours a week.[15] The service proved to be so popular with advertisers that at the time of its launch, commercial time had been booked well in advance.[6]

The station featured a wide variety of programming, such as morning talk and news, game shows, soap operas like Basis Bravo,[14] children's programming, music request programmes, top-ten music, talent shows and other musical entertainment. One popular Saturday noontime comedy show was Telefun Time, whose hosts would phone various people and conjure up situation comedy, a similar brand of humour to the films of Leon Schuster.[16]

By 1985, Springbok Radio was operating at a heavy loss.[17] After losing many listeners with the handing over of its shortwave frequencies to Radio 5 and facing competition from television, it ceased broadcasting on 31 December 1985.[18]

SABC News Service

The News Service was established in June 1950, replacing the programmes of the BBC.[19] Although this was because the BBC broadcasts were seen as giving a British viewpoint of current affairs, there were also concerns that the SABC service would become overly pro-government, or "Our Master's Voice".[20] By 1968, it had over 100 full-time reporters in the main cities and local correspondents all over the country, with overseas news provided by Reuters, AFP, AP and UPI.[21] There was a News Film Unit which, prior to television in 1976, produced films for news agencies and television organisations.[22]

SABC Symphony Orchestra

The SABC Symphony Orchestra has its origins in its three studio ensembles in Johannesburg, Durban and Cape Town and the Municipal Orchestra of the Johannesburg City Council. When the SABC centralised its broadcasting in Johannesburg, the future of the three ensembles were in doubt but at the same time, the Municipal Orchestra of the Johannesburg City Council had been disbanded.[23] The SABC was able to form an orchestra of 80 musicians from these groupings in 1954, and while its main base was at the Johannesburg City Hall, it would tour the country.[24] The orchestra would be led for many years by the SABC's head of music, Anton Hartman, but had other conductors as well, such as Franceco Mander and Edgar Cree.[25] There were also international composers such as Igor Stravinsky.[26] The SABC Junior Orchestra was also created and began in February 1966 under Walter Mony.[27]

Regional radio

Regional commercial FM music stations were started in the 1960s.

Station Launch date Replaced by
Radio Highveld 1964 947
Radio Good Hope 1965 Good Hope FM
Radio Port Natal 1967 East Coast Radio
Radio Jacaranda 1986 Jacaranda FM
Radio Oranje 1986 OFM
Radio Algoa 1986 Algoa FM

Following the establishment of a republic and withdrawal from the Commonwealth in 1961, the Afrikaners' goal was to promote their culture and so, at first, the SABC's choice of popular music reflected the National Party government's initial conservatism, especially on the Afrikaans channel, with musicians such as Nico Carstens. However Carstens was also ostracised by the SABC, as his music was influenced by the Coloured and Malay communities of Cape Town.[28]

Eventually, musicians broke through the barrier, when the young, English-speaking Jewish musician and composer, Charles Segal collaborated with the older Afrikaans lyric-writer, Anton Dewaal, to write songs.[29] Segal's songs like "Die Ou Kalahari" became highly popular with the Afrikaans-speaking public.[30] However, there was tight censorship over all broadcasts, particularly of pop music, with, for example, the music of the Beatles being banned by the SABC between 1966 and March 1971.[31]

In 1966 the SABC established an external service, known as Radio RSA, which broadcast in English, Swahili, French, Portuguese, Dutch and German. In 1969 the SABC held a national contest to find theme music for the service. This contest was won by the popular South African pianist and composer, Charles Segal and co-writer, Dorothy Arenson. Their composition, "Carousel" remained the theme song for Radio RSA until 1992, when it was replaced by Channel Africa.[32]

In 1986, the SABC ran a competition to promote South African music. Each of the 15 radio stations, represented by an artist, entered a song to compete for the Song for South Africa in the National Song Festival. The finals were broadcast live on television. The Radio Port Natal submission won the competition with the Don Clarke song, Sanbonani, performed by P J Powers and Hotline. [33]

1996 restructuring

In 1996 the SABC carried out a significant restructuring of their services. The main English-language radio service became SAfm. The new service, after some initial faltering, soon developed a respectable listenership and was regarded as a flagship for the new democracy. However, government interference in the state broadcaster in 2003 saw further changes to SAfm which reversed the growth and put it in rapid decline once more. Today it attracts only 0.6% of the total population to its broadcasts. The main Afrikaans radio service was renamed Radio Sonder Grense (literally 'Radio Without Borders') in 1995 and has enjoyed greater success with the transition.

By contrast, SABC Radio's competitors, like Primedia-owned Radio 702, Cape Talk and 94.7 Highveld Stereo have grown steadily in audience and revenue, while other stations such as the black-owned and focused YFM and Kaya FM have also attracted black audiences.

Programming policy

As of 12 May 2016, the SABC has implemented a policy to promote local content. 90% of all music played on the broadcaster's 18 radio stations will be sourced from local artists with a focus on kwaito, jazz, reggae and gospel genres.[34]

Station list
Station Language Former name Launch date Website Webcast
SAfm English "A" Service; Radio South Africa 1936 www.safm.co.za
5FM English Springbok Radio 1975 www.5fm.co.za
Metro FM English Radio Metro 1986 www.metrofm.co.za
Radio 2000 English Radio South Africa 1986 www.radio2000.co.za
Good Hope FM English and Afrikaans Radio Good Hope 1965 www.goodhopefm.co.za
RSG Afrikaans "B" Service; Radio Suid-Afrika; Afrikaans Stereo 1937 www.rsg.co.za
Ukhozi FM Zulu Radio Zulu 1960 www.ukhozifm.co.za
Umhlobo Wenene FM Xhosa Radio Xhosa (& Radio Transkei) 1960 www.uwfm.co.za
Lesedi FM Sotho Radio Sesotho 1960 www.lesedifm.co.za
Thobela FM Northern Sotho Radio Lebowa 1960 www.thobelafm.co.za
Motsweding FM Tswana Radio Setswana (& Radio Mmbatho) 1962 www.motswedingfm.co.za
Phalaphala FM Venda Radio Venda (& Radio Thohoyandou) 1965 www.phalaphalafm.co.za
Munghana Lonene FM Tsonga Radio XiTsonga 1965 www.munghanalonenefm.co.za
Ligwalagwala FM Swazi Radio Swazi 1982 www.ligwalagwalafm.co.za
iKwekwezi FM Southern Ndebele Radio Ndebele 1983 www.ikwekwezifm.co.za
tru fm English and Xhosa Radio Ciskei; CKI FM 1983 www.trufm.co.za
Lotus FM English and Hindi (for
the Indian
community)		 Radio Lotus 1983 www.lotusfm.co.za
X-K FM !Xu and Khwe 2000

Television

Early history (1975–1995)
SABC logo, used from 1976 to 1996

In 1975, after years of controversy over the introduction of television, the SABC was finally allowed to introduce a colour TV service, which began experimental broadcasts in the main cities on 5 May 1975, before the service went nationwide on 6 January 1976. Initially, the TV service was funded entirely through a licence fee just like the UK, but began advertising in 1978. The SABC (both Television and Radio) is still partly funded by the licence fee (currently R250 a year).

The service initially broadcast only in English and Afrikaans, with an emphasis on religious programming on Sundays.[35] A local soap opera, The Villagers, set on a gold mine, was well received while other local productions like The Dingleys were panned as amateurish.[36]

The majority of acquired programming on South African television came from the United States, although owing to their opposition to apartheid, some production companies stopped selling programmes to the country.[37] The British actors' union Equity had already started a boycott of programme sales to South Africa, which was not lifted until 1993.[38] However, the Thames Television police drama series The Sweeney and Van der Valk, were briefly shown on SABC TV,[39] as was the original version of Thunderbirds.[36]

Many imported programmes were dubbed in Afrikaans, but in 1981, in order to accommodate English speakers, the SABC began to simulcast the original soundtrack of series on an FM radio service called Radio 2000, allowing viewers to watch them in the original language; one of the 1st to be broadcast with simulcast was Miami Vice.[40]

SABC TV also produced lavish musical shows featuring the most popular South African composers, solo musicians, bands and orchestras. For example, the pianist and composer, Charles Segal, was given a half-hour special show: The Music of Charles Segal, where a selection of his music was performed by various local artists, such as Zane Adams, SABC Orchestra and others. However, it also broadcast pop music series like Pop Shop, which consisted of overseas and local music, and Double Track, which consisted entirely of local acts.[41]

With a limited budget, early programming aimed at children tended to be quite innovative, and programmes such as the Afrikaans-language puppet shows Haas Das se Nuus Kas and Oscar in Asblikfontein are still fondly remembered by many.[42]

On 1 January 1982, two services were introduced, TV2 broadcasting in Zulu and Xhosa and TV3 broadcasting in Sotho and Tswana, both targeted at a Black urban audience.[43] The main channel, now called TV1, was divided evenly between English and Afrikaans, as before. In 1985, a new service called TV4 was introduced, carrying sports and entertainment programming, using the channel shared by TV2 and TV3, which stopped broadcasting at 9:30pm.[44]

In 1992, TV2, TV3 and TV4 were combined into a new service called CCV (Contemporary Community Values).[45] A third channel was introduced known as TSS, or TopSport Surplus, TopSport being the brand name for the SABC's sport coverage, but this was replaced by NNTV (National Network TV), an educational, non-commercial channel, in 1994.[46]

Competition and restructuring

In 1986, the SABC's monopoly on the television industry was challenged by the launch of a subscription-based service known as M-Net, which was backed by a consortium of newspaper publishers. This service was prohibited from broadcasting its own news and current affairs programmes, which were still the preserve of the SABC. The SABC's dominance was further eroded by the launch of the first "free-to-air" private TV channel, e.tv. Satellite television expanded when M-Net's sister company, Multichoice, launched its digital satellite TV service (DStv) in 1995. SABC TV channels are broadcast via this satellite television, as well.

In 1996, the SABC reorganised its three TV channels with the aim of making them more representative of the various language groups.[47] These new channels were called SABC 1, SABC 2 and SABC 3. The SABC also absorbed the Bop TV station, of the former Bophuthatswana bantustan.[48]

SABC TV programmes in Afrikaans and other languages are now subtitled in English, but programmes in English are not usually subtitled in other languages, the perception being that all South Africans can understand English.[49] Previously, subtitling was confined to productions like operas and operettas.[50] It was not used on TV1, on the assumption that most viewers understood both Afrikaans and English,[51] nor on CCV, despite presenters using two or more different languages during a single programme.[52]

New services

In 2005, the SABC announced proposed the creation of two complementary regional television channels, SABC4 and SABC5, to emphasise indigenous languages.[53] SABC4, based in Mafikeng, was to be broadcast in Tswana, Sesotho, Pedi, Tsonga, Venda, and Afrikaans, to the northern provinces of the country, while SABC5, based in Cape Town, was to broadcast in Xhosa, Zulu, Ndebele, and Swazi, as well as Afrikaans, to the southern provinces. Unlike other SABC TV services, SABC4 and SABC5 were not to be available via satellite.[54] Apart from soundbites on news or current affairs programmes, no English-language programming would be shown on either channel.[55] However, the plans fell through and in 2015, the SABC stated that it would launch two new channels, SABC News and SABC Encore.[56]

In 2013, the SABC announced plans to launch a new news channel, SABC News, to be available on DStv, instead of waiting for the introduction of digital terrestrial television.[57]

According to the SABC, the factors which are considered when deciding how much time a language gets on television are the following: how many home language speakers exist in the coverage area of a channel; the geographical spread of the language; the extent to which members of a language community are able to understand other languages; the extent of marginalisation of a language; the extent to which the language is understood by other South Africans; and whether there is available content that uses the language.[58] SABC currently plans to launch five channels, the four of them being language-targeted:[59]

SABC TV has an audience of over 30 million.[60] SABC1 reaches 89% of the public, SABC2 reaches 91% of the public, and SABC3 reaches 77% of the public, according to the broadcaster.[58] The SABC has 18 radio stations, which have more than 25 million weekly listeners.[60]

In 2018, SABC scrapped part of the plans from 2015 and downsized their DTT plans from 18 TV channels to just 9 TV channels due to financial woes. The SABC have SABC 1-3 and News falling under the 9 channels with the rest being:

  • A sports channel
  • A health channel
  • A history channel
  • A parliamentary channel
  • A education channel

All these channels needed funding in order to materialize and without it the channels remain a dream. All of these channels will be craft through partnerships and a group executive at the SABC mentioned that if they are able to get the sports channel running in SD then they may be able to get a ninth channel which is history.[61]

On May 4, 2020 amidst the coronavirus outbreak, the SABC launched an educational channel called SABC Education through DTT and YouTube with additional platforms added soon.[62]

SABC Encore shut down from the end of May apparently MultiChoice and SABC agreement for the channel ended back in 2018 giving the channel a 2 year open window. The SABC said they were exploring other the idea of continuing the channel through another platform.

In November 2020, SABC signed a channel and radio distribution agreement with Telkom for their new streaming service.[63]

SABC is expected to launch a streaming service in 2021 which will be similar to BBC iPlayer[64]

Reception outside South Africa

Botswana, Lesotho and Eswatini

SABC television has also been widely available in neighbouring Lesotho and Eswatini, as well as Botswana, which did not have television services of its own until 1988.[65] After complaints from rights holders in Botswana, SABC encrypted its TV channels, thereby cutting off viewers in the country.[66]

Namibia

Until 1979, the SABC operated broadcasting services in Namibia, which was then under South African rule, but in that year, these were transferred to the South West African Broadcasting Corporation (SWABC).[67] However, the SWABC retained technical personnel from the SABC, and a number of its programmes were prepared at the SABC's studios in Johannesburg before being dispatched to Windhoek for transmission.[68]

The SABC also helped the SWABC to establish a television service in 1981.[69] This comprised a mix of programming in English, Afrikaans and German, 90 per cent of which came from or via the SABC.[70] Programmes were shown locally a week after South Africa.[71] The SWABC received SABC TV programming (which it recorded, edited and rebroadcast) first by using a microwave link, and later via an Intelsat satellite link.[72] The SWABC became the Namibian Broadcasting Corporation (NBC) after the country's independence in 1990.

However, Walvis Bay, an enclave of South Africa in Namibia until 1994, received the SABC's TV1 on a low-power repeater, which was broadcast live via Intelsat from 1986.[71]

International services

In 1998, the SABC began to broadcast two TV channels to the rest of Africa: SABC Africa, a news service, and Africa 2 Africa, entertainment programming from South Africa and other African countries, via DStv.[73] In 2003, Africa 2 Africa was merged with SABC Africa to create a hybrid service, drawing programming from both sources.[74] SABC Africa closed in August 2008 after the SABC's contract with DStv was not renewed.[75] In 2007, the SABC launched a 24-hour international news channel, SABC News International, but closed in 2010.[76]

Criticisms

Accusations of pro-ANC bias

The SABC has been accused of being a government and ruling party mouthpiece, particularly in the lead-up to the 2014 South African elections,[77][78] particularly after it refused to air the campaign adverts of various opposition parties,[79][80] and again in 2015 when it censored the video feeds of the 2015 State of the Nation address that portrayed the ANC and President Jacob Zuma in a negative light.[81] In 2015, Minister of Communications, Faith Muthambi reinforced the notion that the SABC was a state-owned company, and therefore, subject to control by the Department of Communications and the ruling party.[82]

In August 2005, the SABC came under heavy fire from independent media and the public for failing to broadcast footage in which deputy president Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka was booed offstage by members of the ANC Youth League, who were showing support for the newly axed ex-deputy president, Jacob Zuma.[83]

Rival broadcaster eTV publicly accused SABC of 'biased reporting' for failing to show the video footage of the humiliated deputy president. Snuki Zikalala, Head of News and ex-ANC spokesperson retorted that their cameraman had not been present at the meeting. This claim was later established to be false when eTV footage was released which showed an SABC cameraman filming the incident.[84]

The SABC's government connections also came under scrutiny when, in April 2005, Zimbabwean president Robert Mugabe was interviewed live by Zikalala, who is a former ANC political commissar.[85] The interview was deemed by the public to have sidestepped 'critical issues', and to have avoided difficult questions regarding Mugabe's radical land-reform policies and human rights violations.

Accusations of censorship

In May 2006, the SABC was accused of self-censorship when it decided not to air a documentary on South African president Thabo Mbeki, and in early June 2006, the news organisation requested that the producers (from Daylight Films) not speak about it. This was widely criticised by independent media groups.[86] In response, the International Freedom of Expression Exchange issued an alert concerning the SABC's apparent trend toward self-censorship.[87]

In June 2006, the International Federation of Journalists denounced the cancelling of the Thabo Mbeki documentary, citing "self-censorship" and "politically-influenced managers".[88]

Also in June 2006, SAfm host John Perlman disclosed on air that the SABC had created a blacklist of commentators.[89] A commission of inquiry was created by SABC CEO Dali Mpofu to investigate the allegations that individuals had been blacklisted at the behest of Zikalala.[90][91] Perlman eventually resigned from SAfm, and the broadcaster came under heavy criticism from free media advocates.

Shortly before the ANC's 2012 elective conference in Mangaung, the board of the SABC handed control of news, television, radio and sport to COO Hlaudi Motsoeneng. The board's decision was interpreted by some at the SABC as a calculated attempt to ensure that an ANC faction close to President Jacob Zuma was given positive coverage.[92] During a press conference held by the SABC on 6 December 2012, to explain why it had prevented three journalists from participating in a discussion on how the media would cover the ANC's elective conference in Manguang, Hlaudi Motsoeneng said that whenever the ANC is discussed on the SABC an ANC party representative must be present.

In April 2014, journalists were warned by SABC chairperson, Ellen Zandile Tshabalala, that their phones were being wiretapped by the NIA, and reminded them to be loyal to the ANC ruling party. When challenged on the matter, Tshabalala insisted that her comments had been taken out of context. The scandal erupted at the same time that the DA official opposition accused the SABC of censorship[93] when they stopped airing a television advert that referred to the ongoing Nkandlagate scandal.

In February 2015, the SABC was accused of censoring video and audio feeds of the State of the Nation address in Parliament, after opposition party EFF was forcefully ejected by armed plain-clothes policemen after interrupting the President's speech. Footage of opposition party DA walking out in protest over the presence of the armed personnel was also censored. This was in addition to the presence of a signal-jamming device that prevented journalists and MP's from being able to use their mobile devices to post news online.[94]

The SABC was criticised for banning footage that showed protests and demonstrations in the run-up to the 2016 local elections.[95] In July 2016, eight SABC journalists challenged the broadcaster's decision to censor news items, and were dismissed from the organisation.[96][97] A subsequent hearing at the Labour Court found the dismissals were unlawful and ordered the reinstatement of four of the full-time SABC employees.[98] During this period the eight journalists, including Suna Venter, were subjected to a number of death threats and other forms of intimidation.[99]

In October 2016,[100] the South African parliament began investigating corruption allegations against SABC and its Group Executive of Corporate Affairs - Hlaudi Motsoeneng.[101] On December 12, the Western Cape High Court ruled that Motsoeneng be removed from office effective immediately.[102]

See also

References
  1. "Cash-strapped SABC reports R622m loss | IOL Business Report". www.iol.co.za. 4 September 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  2. "SABC Corporate – Board of Directors". South African Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 4 September 2009. Retrieved 16 February 2010.
  3. "SABC Station List". Archived from the original on 27 April 2006.
  4. "SABC political bias will backfire". Mail and Guardian. 17 April 2014.
  5. Culture and Customs of South Africa, Funso S. Afọlayan, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004, pages 114–115
  6. Introduction to Public Relations and Advertising, D F du Plessis, Juta and Company Ltd, 2000 page 89
  7. South African media policy: debates of the 1990s, P. Eric Louw, Anthroppos, 1993, page 99
  8. Africa Institute Bulletin, Volume 11, 1973, page 155
  9. "Charles Segal Music – Discography". charlessegal.com. Retrieved 18 May 2018.
  10. Leaper, Norm (June–July 1996). "Ahh … the Pitfalls of International Communication". Communication World. San Francisco, CA: International Association of Business Communicators. 13 (6): 58–60. OCLC 107299423. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
  11. Louw, Eric; Mersham, Gary (2001). "Packing for Perth: The Growth of a Southern African Diaspora" (PDF). Asian and Pacific Migration Journal. 10 (2): 303–33. doi:10.1177/011719680101000204. S2CID 153693948. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
  12. Ferreira, Thinus (14 December 2020). "DA starts petition against SABC TV licence plan for Netflix, DStv". News24. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  13. RSG celebrates 75 years Archived 23 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine, SABC, 29 March 2012,
  14. Broadcasting in South Africa, Keyan G. Tomaselli Currey, 1989, page 197
  15. Press, Film, Radio, Volume 4, Unesco, 1950, page 435
  16. Scrutiny 2, Volumes 1–2, Department of English, University of South Africa, 1996
  17. Debates of Parliament: Hansard, Volume 8, Issues 19–21, 1988, page 12123
  18. Springbok Radio Revisited, SABC
  19. Report of the Task Group on Broadcasting in South and Southern Africa, Task Group on Broadcasting in South and Southern Africa, Christo Viljoen, Government Printer, 1991, page 2
  20. South African Struggle, J. J. McCord, J. H. De Bussy, 1952, page 432
  21. Area Handbook for the Republic of South Africa, Volume 550, Issue 93, Irving Kaplan U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971, page 450
  22. John R. Shorten (1970). The Johannesburg Saga. John R. Shorten Pty Ltd. p. 729.
  23. Official South African Municipal Yearbook, S.A. Association of Municipal Employees, 1965–1966
  24. Broadcasting Around the World, William E. McCavitt Tab Books, 1981, page 21
  25. South Africa: Official Yearbook of the Republic of South Africa, Department of Information, 1989, page 596
  26. South African Panorama, Volume 32, South African Information Service, 1987, page 39
  27. South African Digest, Department of Information, 1978, page 17
  28. Sounding the Cape: Music, Identity and Politics in South Africa, Denis-Constant Martin, African Minds, 2013, page 143
  29. Catalog of Copyright Entries: Musical compositions, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1957, page 582
  30. The Star: an extraordinary 20th century, James Clarke The Star, 1999, page 173
  31. John Ono Lennon: Volume 2 1967–1980, Muff Andersson, Ravan Press, 1981, page 281
  32. South Africa Yearbook, South African Communication Service, 1995, page 292
  33. Mojapelo, Max (2008). Beyond Memory: Recording the History, Moments and Memories of South African Music. African Minds. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-1-920299-28-6.
  34. "SABC". www.sabc.co.za. Archived from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
  35. Black Television Travels: African American Media Around the Globe, Timothy Havens, NYU Press, 2013, page 67
  36. Boer War on the box, Richard West, The Spectator, 9 April 1977, page 7
  37. GLENN FRANKEL (from The Washington Post) (25 May 1986). "Shows Allow Blacks, Whites to Share Cultural Experiences : South African Viewers Get a Mixed TV Message From U.S. Programs". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
  38. Ban on sale of TV shows to South Africa lifted: Anti-apartheid blockade by actors' union dropped following reform of broadcasting, but opposition to touring remains, The Independent, 10 November 1993
  39. The S.A. film industry, African Studies Institute of the University of the Witwatersrand, 1979, page 106
  40. The voice, the vision: a sixty year history of the South African Broadcasting Corporation, Malcolm Theunissen, Victor Nikitin, Melanie Pillay, Advent Graphics, 1996, page 120
  41. South Africa Radio Denies Local Artists Are Snubbed, Billboard, 18 Dec 1982, page 55
  42. The top 10 South African children’s TV shows from days gone by, The South African, November 29, 2013
  43. The Press and Apartheid: Repression and Propaganda in South Africa, William A. Hachten, C.Anthony Giffard Springer, 1984, page 222
  44. Communication and Democratic Reform in South Africa, Robert B. Horwitz, Cambridge University Press, 2001, page 68
  45. South Africa: Official Yearbook of the Republic of South Africa, Department of Information, 1992, page 131
  46. The voice, the vision: a sixty year history of the South African Broadcasting Corporation, Malcolm Theunissen, Victor Nikitin, Melanie Pillay, Advent Graphics, 1996, page 127
  47. The Voice of Apartheid Goes Multicultural, Kimberly J. McLarin, The New York Times, July 25, 1995
  48. Africa: e.tv accuses SABC, Business Day, 27 November 1998
  49. Language Policy and Nation-Building in Post-Apartheid South Africa, Jon Orman Springer Science & Business Media, 2008, page 132
  50. Information Digest, The South Africa Foundation, 1989, page 80
  51. Surfing through the languages, The Economist, Volume 335, Issues 7917–7920, page 152
  52. African Film and Television Magazine, Volume 7, Z Productions, 1995
  53. South Africa: ICASA Grants the Public Broadcaster Licences to Cater for Marginalized Languages, AllAfrica, 15 June 2005
  54. SABC's ready to roll, News24, 14 March 2005
  55. SABC adds channels, Variety, 19 June 2005
  56. Hlaudi: SABC will now start DTT with 5 TV channels, News24, 20 May 2015
  57. SABC’s 24-hour news channel raises many questions, Business Day, 26 July 2013
  58. "About the SABC > Frequently Asked Questions". Archived from the original on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
  59. Thinus Ferreira (25 April 2016). "SABC wants to launch 5 new TV channels". Channel24. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  60. "ADVERTISING".
  61. [teeveetee.blogspot.com/2018/09/the-sabc-downsizes-its-unfunded-digital.html?m=1: The SABC downsizes its unfunded digital TV dream for DTT from 18 to these 9 TV channels.], TV With Thinus, 26 September 2018
  62. Thinus Ferreira (30 April 2020). [teeveetee.blogspot.com/2020/04/the-sabc-launches-sabc-education-as-new.html?m=1 "The SABC launches SABC Education as a new tv channel, will debut 4 May 2020 on YouTube and on DTT"] Check |url= value (help). TV with Thinus. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  63. teeveetee.blogspot.com/2020/11/telkom-launches-its-telkomone-video.html?m=1
  64. https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news24.com%2Fchannel%2FTV%2FNews%2Fsabc-to-launch-its-own-video-streaming-service-in-2021-20201022-2&h=AT1MbhTUoBhbUCS6SWBpVtSbmjTpwTmvA_GkBJ1zi5sa75Zn18Y-pmPXhEcW2-_2ZPAEy5DswBW8ID_8r_Barwb-4gJixo57-l4Q3UCv4UdwScMv5k9wuzTiDmB-6DmsSfA&s=1
  65. Media Law in Botswana Archived 18 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Kluwer Law International, 2011, page 22
  66. Sentech's 'pirated' Botswana signal finally off-air, ITWeb Africa, 1 July 2013
  67. The Laws of South West Africa, J. Meibert, 1979
  68. Sub-Saharan Africa Report, Issues 80–86, Foreign Broadcast Information Service., 1985, page 40
  69. SWA/Namibia Today, Section Liaison Services, Department of Governmental Affairs, 1988, page 98
  70. Economic development strategies for independent Namibia, Harbans Singh, Wilfred W. Asombang, United Nations Institute for Namibia, 1989, page 26
  71. International TV & Video Guide, Richard Paterson, Tantivy Press, 1986, pages 181–183
  72. Namibia Review, Volume 11, Directorate of Production and Publicity, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, 2002, page 16
  73. Media Studies: Institutions, theories, and issues, Pieter J. Fourie, Juta and Company Ltd, 2001, page 54
  74. Transnational Television Worldwide: Towards a New Media Order, Jean K. Chalaby I.B.Tauris, 2005, page 121
  75. SABC Africa to go off air for now, Mail and Guardian, 14 July 2008
  76. SABC International goes bust, Mail and Guardian, 5 February 2010
  77. Ed, Herbst. "ANC tightens its grip on the SABC". BizCommunity.com. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
  78. "SABC phone tapping revelations". MyBroadband. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
  79. "DA cries 'political censorship' as SABC refuses to air second advert". Times Live.
  80. "SABC bans EFF advert". Sowetan Live.
  81. "SABC censored SONA broadcast". mybroadband.co.za. mybroadband. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  82. "The SABC is a state owned company: Communications Minister". Times LIVE. Sapa. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  83. "Mail and Guardian article on Youth League Controversy".
  84. "Sunday Independent on Deputy-President footage".
  85. "Sunday Times on Robert Mugabe Interview".
  86. "IOL News Report".
  87. "IFEX Self-Censorship Warning".
  88. "IFOJ comment on Mbeki documentary".
  89. "John Perlman disclosed blacklist".
  90. "IOL on blacklisting allegations".
  91. "MG on blacklisting allegations". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
  92. "SABC chief takes control".
  93. "SABC censoring our adverts: DA". TimesLive. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
  94. "SONA: What the ANC did not let the nation see". The Media Online. The Media Online. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  95. "Subscribe to read". www.ft.com. Retrieved 3 January 2017. Cite uses generic title (help)
  96. "SABC 8 have all been fired". News24. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  97. 24, News. "Two more of the #SABC8 journalists have been fired". The M&G Online. Retrieved 3 January 2017.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  98. "South Africa sacked reporters win SABC censorship case". BBC News. 26 July 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  99. HOFSTATTER, STEPHAN (18 September 2016). "Death threats spook SABC staffers". Timesonline.co.za. Archived from the original on 29 June 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
  100. "Parliament on inquiry into SABC board | South African Government". www.gov.za. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  101. "Five things you should know about South Africa's scandal-hit public broadcaster". Newsweek. 16 December 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  102. Brandt, Kevin. "High Court rules Hlaudi Motsoeneng must be removed from position". Retrieved 3 January 2017.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.