Tillamook Rock Light

Tillamook Rock Light (known locally as Terrible Tilly or just Tilly) is a deactivated lighthouse on the Oregon Coast of the United States. It is located approximately 1.2 miles (1.9 km) offshore from Tillamook Head, and 20 miles (32 km) south of the mouth of the Columbia River, situated on less than an acre of basalt rock in the Pacific Ocean. The construction of the lighthouse was commissioned in 1878 by the United States Congress, and began in 1880. The construction took more than 500 days to finish, with its completion in January 1881. In early January 1881, when the lighthouse was near completion, the barque Lupatia was wrecked near the rock during inclement weather and sank, killing all 16 crew members.

Tillamook Rock Light
As seen in 1947
LocationOff Tillamook Head, Clatsop County, Oregon
Coordinates45.9375°N 124.019°W / 45.9375; -124.019
Year first lit1881
Deactivated1957
FoundationConcrete
ConstructionBasalt masonry, brick, iron
Tower shapeRound lantern on square tower
Tower height62 ft (19 m)
Focal height41 metre 
Original lensFirst order Fresnel lens (removed)
Range18 nautical miles (33 km; 21 mi)
Heritageplace listed on the National Register of Historic Places 
Tillamook Rock Lighthouse
NRHP reference No.81000480
Added to NRHPDecember 9, 1981

The light was officially lit on January 21, 1881. At the time, it was the most expensive West Coast lighthouse ever built. Due to the erratic weather conditions, and the dangerous commute for both keepers and suppliers, the lighthouse was nicknamed "Terrible Tilly" (or Tillie). Over the years, storms have damaged the lighthouse, shattered the lens, and eroded the rock. It was decommissioned in 1957, and has since been sold several times to private owners. Until its license was revoked in 1999, it functioned as a columbarium since the 1980s, and today remains privately owned. The light is listed in the National Register of Historic Places, and is part of the Oregon Islands National Wildlife Refuge. It is visible from the coastal cities of Seaside, Cannon Beach, as well as from Ecola State Park.

Construction

In 1878, the United States Congress appropriated $50,000 for a lighthouse to be built on Tillamook Head;[1] however, after a survey was conducted, it was determined that due to the approximately 1,000 feet (300 m) height of the Head, the light would be obstructed by fog, and the Tillamook rock was selected as the alternative site for the construction.[2] A survey of the rock was ordered in 1879, which was headed by H. S. Wheeler and his cutter Thomas Corwin.[2] Wheeler's initial assessment determined that access to the rock was severely limited, if not impossible, but was ordered to continue.[2] During his second assessment, he was able to land on the rock, but was unable to move his survey equipment without the use of a tape line.[2] He then relayed that the rock would need considerable blasting to create a level area in order to lay down a foundation for the lighthouse, and that more money was going to be needed to complete the project.[2]

Illustration of the lighthouse under construction

In September 1879, a third survey was ordered, this time headed by John Trewavas, whose experience included the Wolf Rock lighthouse in England.[2] Trewavas was overtaken by large swells and was swept into the sea while attempting a landing, and his body was never recovered.[2] His replacement, Charles A. Ballantyne, had a difficult assignment recruiting workers due to the widespread negative reaction to Trewavas' death, and a general desire by the public to end the project.[2] Ballantyne was eventually able to secure a group of quarrymen who knew nothing of the tragedy, and was able to resume work on the rock.[2] Transportation to and from the rock involved the use of a derrick line attached with a breeches buoy, and in May 1880, they were able to completely blast the top of the rock to allow the construction of the lighthouse's foundation.[2]

The structure of the lighthouse included an attached keeper's quarters and a 62-foot (19 m) tower that originally housed a first-order Fresnel lens, with an incandescent oil vapor lamp, 133 feet (41 m) above sea level.[3] The light had a visibility range of 18 miles (29 km), and was fixed with a steam foghorn.[3] It is located on less than an acre of basalt in the Pacific Ocean, 20 miles (32 km) south of the Columbia River, approximately 1.2 miles (1.9 km) off Tillamook Head, and is the northernmost lighthouse along the Oregon coast.[3][4] The construction lasted more than 500 days by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers under the leadership of George Lewis Gillespie, Jr. The cost of $125,000, at the time (equivalent to $3.31 million today[5]), was the most expensive West Coast lighthouse ever built, later surpassed by the St. George Reef Light off the northern California coast.[2][3]

The wreck of the Lupatia

In early January 1881, when the lighthouse was near completion, the barque Lupatia was sailing in thick fog and high winds when the ship's Captain noticed that they were too close to shore. Wheeler, the official in charge of the lighthouse's construction, heard the voices of the panicked crew and immediately ordered his men to place lanterns in the tower and light a bonfire to signal the ship that they were approximately 600 feet (200 m) from the rock. The ship appeared to have been able to turn itself toward returning to sea. However quickly disappeared into the fog, and Wheeler was not able to hear the crew. The next day, the bodies of all 16 crew members were found washed up on shore of Tillamook Head. The only survivor of the wreck was the crew's dog.[6]

Operational era

The tower was first lit on January 21, 1881, and was assigned with four keepers.[2] Duty at the Tillamook Light was considered difficult due to the isolation from civilization, and the severe weather conditions. The light was nicknamed "Terrible Tilly" (or Tillie), for the stormy conditions of its location.[3] Throughout its history, the area was hit by large, violent storms that damaged the lighthouse with large waves, winds, and debris, and on several occasions, the tower was flooded after the lantern room windows were broken by large debris.[3] The lighthouse had four head keepers during its first two years and in 1897, a telephone line was installed, though a storm cut it shortly afterwards.[2] During a storm in 1912, 100 tons of rock were reportedly shorn off the western end of the rock, and the windows were gradually cemented over, replaced by small portholes.[2]

On October 21, 1934, the original lens was destroyed by a large storm that also leveled parts of the tower railing and greatly damaged the landing platform.[2][3][4] Winds had reached 109 miles per hour (175 km/h), launching boulders and debris into the tower, damaging the lantern room and destroying the lens.[2] The derrick and phone lines were destroyed as well.[2] After the storm subsided, communication with the lighthouse was severed until keeper Henry Jenkins built a makeshift radio from the damaged foghorn and telephone to alert officials.[2][3] Diesel engines were installed to provide electricity for the light and station.[7] Repairs to the lighthouse cost $12,000 and were not fully completed until February 1935.[2] The Fresnel lens was replaced by an aerobeacon, and a metal mesh placed around the lantern room to protect the tower from large boulders.[2]

Post-operational era

The lighthouse was decommissioned in 1957 and replaced with a whistle buoy, having become the most expensive U.S. lighthouse to operate.[4] The last keeper was Oswald Allik, who would later become the last head keeper of Heceta Head Light.[2] During the next twenty years, the lighthouse changed ownership several times; in 1980 a group of realtors, purchased the lighthouse and created the Eternity at Sea Columbarium, which opened in June of that year.[4] After interring about 30 urns, the columbarium's license was revoked in 1999 by the Oregon Mortuary and Cemetery Board and was rejected upon reapplication in 2005.[8]

Access to the lighthouse is severely limited, with a helicopter landing the only practical way to access the rock, and it is off-limits even to the owners during the seabird nesting season.[9] The structure was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981[10] and is part of the Oregon Islands National Wildlife Refuge.[3]

  • Tillamook Rock Light in 1891
  • Tillamook Rock Light
  • Tillamook Rock light station in 2010
  • 2010
  • January 2014

See also

References
  1. Annual Report 1878, p. 100
  2. "Tillamook Rock Light". rudyalicelighthouse.net. Archived from the original on January 5, 2011. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
  3. "Tillamook Rock Lighthouse". discoveroregonlighthouses.com. Discover Oregon Lighthouses Hewitt/Noack. Archived from the original on April 21, 2009. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
  4. Cowan, Ron (May 1, 2005). "Loud past, quiet future". The Statesman Journal. Archived from the original on February 3, 2013. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
  5. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved January 1, 2020.
  6. "What a wreck!". cannonbeachgazette.com. Cannon Beach Gazette. Archived from the original on January 22, 2011. Retrieved March 23, 2011.
  7. Gibbs, pp. 193–195
  8. Yardley, William (October 24, 2007). "Terrible Tillie, Where the Departed Rest Not Quite in Peace". The New York Times. Retrieved November 11, 2014.
  9. Button, Hannah (17 May 2017). "Mother Nature winning battle to reclaim Tillamook Rock". KOIN.com. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
  10. "Oregon National Register List" (PDF). June 6, 2011. p. 6. Retrieved November 11, 2014.

Bibliography
  • Gibbs, James A.; Bert Webber (2000). Oregon's Seacoast Lighthouses. Webb Research Group. ISBN 0-936738-57-X.
  • Annual Report. United States. Light-House Board. 1878.
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