Tourism in the United Kingdom

The United Kingdom is the world's 10th biggest tourist destination, with over 37 million visiting in 2018. The tourism industry contributed a total of £213 billion to the GDP in 2017, which is expected to increase to £265 billion by 2028.[2]

Top 10 countries whose residents (including British and other nationals) provided the most visits to the UK (2018)[1]
CountryNumber
United States3.87 million
France3.69 million
Germany3.26 million
Ireland2.78 million
Spain2.53 million
Netherlands1.95 million
Poland1.82 million
Italy1.81 million
Belgium1.12 million
Australia1.00 million

US$31.93 billion was spent in the UK by foreign tourists in 2017. VisitBritain data shows that the USA remains the most valuable inbound market, with American visitors spending £2.1 billion in 2010.[3] Nevertheless, the number of travellers originating from Europe is much larger than those travelling from North America: 21.5 million compared to 3.5 million American/Canadian visitors.[4] After a 7-year rise, tourism to the United Kingdom declined sharply from 2017 to 2018.[5]

The country's principal tourist destinations are London, Edinburgh, Oxford, Cambridge, York, and Canterbury.[6] The United Kingdom hosts a total of 32 World Heritage sites, the 8th most in the world.[7] The Lonely Planet travel guide voted England number 2, after Bhutan, as one of the best countries to visit in 2020.[8] Some of the most popular cities include London, Edinburgh and Manchester and notable attractions include the Palace of Westminster, the London Eye and Edinburgh Castle.

Tourism is the fastest growing industry in the United Kingdom and it is expected to grow by 3.8% annually until 2025, 0.5% higher than the global average, and is responsible for 10% of all jobs.[9][10]

The United Kingdom is the 10th most visited country in the world and the 4th most visited country in Europe.[11][12] Overall Europe has a 40% market share of total global tourist visits worldwide, with the United Kingdom contributing heavily.[12]

History
The World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom: cultural sites marked red, natural sites marked green, mixed site (St Kilda) marked blue. Names are abridged to fit on the map. Greater London is home to the cultural sites of Maritime Greenwich, Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, Tower of London, and Palace of Westminster and Westminster Abbey including Saint Margaret's Church.

Tourism first began to increase during the 17th century when wealthy Europeans would follow the ‘Grand Tour’ of Western Europe which traditionally started in the United Kingdom before travelling to Italy.[13] Throughout the industrial revolution, tourism continued to spike as people began to have more disposable income and technological advancements made transport more convenient and affordable. In 1841, Thomas Cook, founder of Thomas Cook & Son, took 500 passengers by train on a return trip from Leicester to Loughborough.[14] This was his first excursion and is seen as a significant milestone in the creation of the British tourism industry.[14] The world wars dampened the growth of the tourism sector, although after World War II the government began putting measures in place to increase tourism recognising its political and economic influence.[15] By 1987, the World Tourism Organization estimated 3.4% of the UK’s GDP came from tourism.[15] More recently, budget airlines and cheap accommodation has caused almost continuous year-on-year growth. In more recent times, terrorist attacks in the UK such as the 7/7 bombings in 2005 have an expected negative impact on the tourism industry. The Global Financial Crisis of 2008 caused three consecutive years of the number of visitors from overseas decreasing for the only period between 2002-2017.[16]

Politics

The Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Arts, Heritage and Tourism is the minister with responsibility over tourism in the UK.[17]

Domestic tourism

Domestic tourism remains the biggest component of tourist spending in the UK, with 2008 expenditures totalling £21.9 billion, according to VisitBritain.[18] The national statistical agency also estimates that there were 126 million trips made in 2009.[18] The busiest period for domestic travel in the UK is during bank holidays and the summer months, with August being the busiest.

International tourism

The official statistics for the final quarter of 2019 have yet to been published, although in 2018 a total of 37.9 million people visited the UK from overseas and cumulatively spent £22.8 billion, making the average spend per visit £601.[19] Compared to 2017, there were 5.3% and 2.3% respective decreases in international visitors and spending.[19] This is the first time since 2009-10 that the number of visitors has dropped.[19] This has been attributed to the emergence of other countries, particularly in the Middle East and Asia, as tourist destinations as well as the geopolitical uncertainty that has manifested as a result of the Brexit 2016 referendum.[20]

Visa and Entry requirements
Main article: Visa policy of the United Kingdom
Map of visa policy of the United Kingdom

Visa requirements are different depending on the origin of the individual wishing to enter the United Kingdom.[21] Some individuals are entitled to enter the United Kingdom without a visa and have no restrictions on their length of stay, work policies or study policies. These groups are: British nationals, citizens of Commonwealth countries who have the right of abode, Irish citizens and until at least 31 December 2020, European Union citizens and citizens of EFTA member states.[21] There are 56 other countries and territories that can stay in the UK for up to 6 months. Nationals of other countries are required to hold a Standard Visitor visa, costing £95, to be able to visit for up to 6 months.[22]

Major Attractions
Photo over London showing the Palace of Westminster, the London Eye and The Shard

London is the most visited city in the UK, but some of the smaller town and cities manage to attract a significant number of tourists.[23] Cities such as Manchester and Liverpool being in the top 5 most populous cities are expected to draw large numbers, however some smaller cities have major landmarks luring visitors.[24] An example of this are the university cities of Oxford and Cambridge, which despite their smaller population are known worldwide because of the Oxbridge universities’ legacies.[25]

VisitBritain, the tourist board of Great Britain analyses data from the Office for National Statistics look to estimate the number of visitors that attend each attraction.[26] This can be difficult for landmarks such as Buckingham Palace or the Palace of Westminster as many people visit the surrounding area without actually being admitted into the venue.[26]

Transport
Main article: Transport in the United Kingdom

Arriving in the United Kingdom

The United Kingdom only has one land border where Northern Ireland meets the Republic of Ireland.[27] This border is considered an open border due to the Common Travel Area arrangement and as a result is subject to minimal controls.[28] The lack of control at the border makes it difficult to estimate the number of visitors from the Republic of Ireland into Northern Ireland.[29] In 2018, the total number of international visits to the United Kingdom was 37.9 million.[30] Out of the 37.9 million visitors, 29.06 million arrived by aeroplane, 4.81 million by boat and 4.04 million crossed from France using the Channel Tunnel.[31]

Travelling within the United Kingdom
Londonderry railway station on the scenic Belfast-Derry railway line run by Northern Ireland Railways.

With 48% of tourists using intracity buses, tubes, trams and metro trains; they are by far the most popular methods of transport.[32] The next most common methods of transports are taxis and trains (outside town/city) with 27% and 23% respectively.[32] Trains are used to travel between cities significantly more than aeroplanes, with only 1% of international visitors flying domestically.[32] This has been attributed to the United Kingdom’s vast rail network being the most economical way to travel.[33] Despite Uber being in a legal battle to operate in London, the rise of Uber and other ride-sharing companies throughout the United Kingdom has led to them being used by 9% of international tourists and they are expected to further increase, reducing the market share of other methods of transport.[34]

Events, Festivals and Exhibitions

The United Kingdom plays host to a variety of events that attract both international and domestic tourists.[35] Some of the United Kingdom’s most famous festivals include Notting Hill Carnival, Glastonbury and the Edinburgh Fringe Festival.[36] These festivals not only hold cultural significance but are also a major economic component of the United Kingdom’s tourist industry, with Glastonbury alone contributing £100 million to the economy annually.[37] The beauty, real estate and arms industries are some of the many industries that hold trade shows and exhibitions year-round throughout the United Kingdom, with the majority being held in London or Birmingham. VisitBritain has estimated in 2015 there were 65 million day visits centred around events, festivals and exhibitions and in total, they accounted for 5% of all tourist day visits and a net spend of £3.6 billion.[38]

Marketing
Launch of GREAT campaign, Australia

In 2011, VisitBritain launched GREAT, one of a £100 million marketing campaign, promoting the United Kingdom through culture, heritage, sport, music, countryside, food and shopping.[39] The campaign has successfully reached over 145 countries and united both the public and private sectors to generate growth and jobs.[40] Overall, inbound and domestic marketing have generated £1 billion in additional visitor spend, of which, £800 million can be attributed to the GREAT campaign.[41]

Shopping
Harrods at night

Shopping is one of the most common activities for overseas visitors to the United Kingdom with 58% of all visits and 70% of leisure visits involving shopping.[42] Each year, roughly 277,000 people travel to the United Kingdom for the primary reason of personal shopping.[43] The total spend of these visits is around £168 million.[43] The most commonly purchased items are clothes and shoes with just over 40% of visitors purchasing at least one item of clothing or a pair of shoes.[43]

Ornamental souvenirs representing items found in the United Kingdom such as post office boxes, black cabs and London buses are commonly found in souvenir shops over the United Kingdom.[44] Other examples of commonly purchased souvenirs include: Union Jack branded goods, items from famous department stores like Harrods and Selfridges and memorabilia surrounding the British royal family.[45]

Tourism Today

Nowadays, the United Kingdom attracts worldwide visitors with a combination of rural and urban scenery and the appeal of British Culture which includes sport, food and art.[46] The current COVID-19 pandemic continues to affect tourism in the United Kingdom. In March 2020, the government decided to impose restrictions on all non-essential travel (both domestic and international) which are currently still in place.[47] It was reported that in the month of April Heathrow Airport was expecting 6.7 million passengers, but only 200,000 arrived which is roughly equivalent to a normal day.[48] Depending on how the pandemic continues to unfold, professional services firm PricewaterhouseCoopers expects that the worst affected sectors in the U.K. such as transport, hotels and food service could drop by at a minimum 15% or in the worst case scenario by 40%.[49]

See also

For more information on tourism in the United Kingdom please see the articles for the constituent parts of the UK:

References
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