University of St Andrews

The University of St Andrews (Scots: University o St Andras, Scottish Gaelic: Oilthigh Chill Rìmhinn;[5] abbreviated as St And, from the Latin Sancti Andreae, in post-nominals) is a public university in St Andrews, Fife, Scotland. It is the oldest of the four ancient universities of Scotland and, following Oxford and Cambridge universities, the third-oldest university in the United Kingdom and English-speaking world. St Andrews was founded in 1413 when the Avignon Antipope Benedict XIII issued a papal bull to a small founding group of Augustinian clergy.

"St Andrew's University" redirects here. For other universities, see St. Andrews University (disambiguation).

University of St Andrews
University of St Andrews shield
Latin: Universitas Sancti Andreae apud Scotos
Motto
Ancient Greek: Αἰὲν ἀριστεύειν
(Aien aristeuein)[1]
Motto in English
Ever to Excel
or
Ever To Be The Best
TypePublic research university/ancient university
Established1413 (1413)[2]
Endowment£90.0M (as of 31 July 2019)[3]
Budget£251.2 million (2018-19)[3]
ChancellorThe Lord Campbell of Pittenweem
RectorLeyla Hussein
PrincipalSally Mapstone
Academic staff
1,137[3]
Administrative staff
1,576[3]
Students8,984[4]
Undergraduates7,221[4]
Postgraduates1,763[4]
Location
St Andrews
,
Scotland, UK
CampusCollege town
ColoursUnited College, St Andrews

St Mary's College

School of Medicine

St Leonard's College

AffiliationsEUA
Europaeum
Universities Scotland
Universities UK
Wallace Group
Sutton 13
SportsUniversity of St Andrews Athletic Union
Websitewww.st-andrews.ac.uk

St Andrews is made up of a variety of institutions, comprising three colleges — United College (a union of St Salvator's and St Leonard's Colleges), St Mary's College, and St Leonard's College, the last named being a non-statutory revival of St Leonard's as a post-graduate society. There are 18 academic schools organised into four faculties.[6] The university occupies historic and modern buildings located throughout the town. The academic year is divided into two semesters, Martinmas and Candlemas. In term time, over one-third of the town's population are either staff members or students of the university.[7] The student body is notably diverse: over 145 nationalities are represented with 45% of its intake from countries outside the UK; about one-eighth of the students are from the EU and the remaining third are from overseas—15% from North America alone.[8][9] The university's sport teams compete in BUCS competitions,[10] and the student body is known for preserving ancient traditions such as Raisin Weekend, May Dip, and the wearing of distinctive academic dress.[11]

It has been twice named "University of the Year" by The Times and Sunday Times' Good University Guide, one of only two UK universities to achieve this.[12][13] In 2020, St Andrews had the second-highest entry standard of undergraduate admission in the UK, after the University of Cambridge, attaining an average UCAS Entry Tariff of 211 points.[14] St Andrews has many notable alumni and affiliated faculty, including eminent mathematicians, scientists, theologians, philosophers, and politicians. Recent alumni include the former First Minister of Scotland Alex Salmond; Cabinet Secretary and Head of the Civil Service Mark Sedwill; Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) Alex Younger; former Secretary of State for Defence Sir Michael Fallon; Olympic cycling gold medalist Chris Hoy; Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the United Nations and former British Ambassador to China (2015-2020) Dame Barbara Woodward and royals Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge. Six Nobel Laureates are among St Andrews' alumni and former staff: two in Chemistry and Physiology or Medicine, and one each in Peace and Literature.

History
Main article: History of the University of St Andrews

Foundation
College Hall, within the 16th-century St Mary's College building

The university was founded in 1410 when a group of Augustinian clergy, driven from the University of Paris by the Avignon schism and from the universities of Oxford and Cambridge by the Anglo-Scottish Wars, formed a society of higher learning in St Andrews, which offered courses of lectures in divinity, logic, philosophy, and law. A charter of privilege was bestowed upon the society of masters and scholars by the Bishop of St Andrews, Henry Wardlaw,[15] on 28 February 1411.[16] Wardlaw then successfully petitioned the Avignon Pope Benedict XIII to grant the school university status by issuing a series of papal bulls, which followed on 28 August 1413.[17] King James I of Scotland confirmed the charter of the university in 1432. Subsequent kings supported the university, with King James V of Scotland "confirming privileges of the university" in 1532.[18][19]

A college of theology and arts, called St John's College, was founded in 1418[20] by Robert of Montrose and Lawrence of Lindores. St Salvator's College was established in 1450 by Bishop James Kennedy.[21] St Leonard's College was founded in 1511 by Archbishop Alexander Stewart, who intended it to have a far more monastic character than either of the other colleges. St John's College was refounded by Cardinal James Beaton under the name St Mary's College in 1538 for the study of divinity and law. It was intended to encourage traditional Catholic teachings in opposition to the emerging Scottish Reformation, but once Scotland had formally split with the Papacy in 1560, it became a teaching institution for Protestant clergy.[22] At its foundation in 1538 St Mary's was intended to be a College for instruction in Divinity, Law, and Medicine, as well as in Arts, but its career on this extensive scale was short-lived. Under a new foundation and erection, confirmed by Parliament in 1579, it was set apart for the study of Theology only, and it has remained a Divinity College ever since.[23][24]

Some university buildings that date from this period are still in use today, such as St Salvator's Chapel, St Leonard's College Chapel and St Mary's College quadrangle. At this time, the majority of the teaching was of a religious nature and was conducted by clerics associated with the cathedral.

Development
St Salvator's Chapel

During the 17th and 18th centuries, the university had mixed fortunes and was often beset by civil and religious disturbances. In a particularly acute depression in 1747, severe financial problems triggered the dissolution of St Leonard's College, whose properties and staff were merged into St Salvator's College to form the United College of St Salvator and St Leonard.[16] Throughout this period student numbers were very low; for instance, when Samuel Johnson visited the university in 1773, the university had fewer than 100 students, and was in his opinion in a steady decline. He described it as "pining in decay and struggling for life".[25] The poverty of Scotland during this period also damaged St Andrews, as few were able to patronise the university and its colleges, and with state support being improbable, the income they received was scarce.

Modern period
The Gateway building, built in 2000 as an International Golf Club and now used by the university's School of Management

In the second half of the 19th century, pressure was building upon universities to open up higher education to women.[26] In 1876, the university senate decided to allow women to receive an education at St Andrews at a level roughly equal to the Master of Arts degree that men were able to take at the time. The scheme came to be known as the 'LLA examination' (Lady Literate in Arts). It required women to pass five subjects at an ordinary level and one at honours level and entitled them to hold a degree from the university.[27] In 1889 the Universities (Scotland) Act[28] made it possible to formally admit women to St Andrews and to receive an education equal to that of male students. Agnes Forbes Blackadder became the first woman to graduate from St Andrews on the same level as men in October 1894, gaining her MA. She entered the university in 1892, making St Andrews the first university in Scotland to admit female undergraduates on the same level as men.[29] In response to the increasing number of female students attending the university, the first women's hall was built in 1896 and was named University Hall.[30]

Up until the start of the 20th century, St Andrews offered a traditional education based on classical languages, divinity and philosophical studies, and was slow to embrace more practical fields such as science and medicine that were becoming more popular at other universities. In response to the need for modernisation and in order to increase student numbers and alleviate financial problems, the university merged with University College, Dundee in 1897,[31] which had a focus on scientific and professional subjects. After the incorporation of University College Dundee, St Andrews' various problems generally receded. For example, it was able to offer medical degrees. Of note is that, up until 1967, many students who obtained a degree from the University of St Andrews had in fact spent most, and sometimes all, of their undergraduate career based in Dundee.

In 1967, the union with Queen's College Dundee (formerly University College Dundee) ended, when that College became an independent institution under the name of the University of Dundee. As a result of this, St Andrews lost its capacity to provide degrees in many areas such as Medicine, Dentistry, Law, Accountancy, and Engineering. As well as losing the right to confer the undergraduate medical degree MBChB, it was also deprived of the right to confer the postgraduate degree MD. St Andrews was eventually able to continue to offer the opportunity to study medicine through a new arrangement with the University of Manchester in England.

In 1972, the College of St Leonard was reconstituted as a postgraduate institute.[32]

St Andrews' historical links with the United States predate the country's independence. James Wilson, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, attended (but did not graduate from) St Andrews. Wilson was one of six original justices appointed by George Washington to the Supreme Court of the United States and was a founder of the University of Pennsylvania Law School. Other prominent American figures associated with St Andrews include Scottish American industrialist Andrew Carnegie, who was elected Rector in 1901 and whose name is given to the prestigious Carnegie Scholarship, and Edward Harkness, an American philanthropist who in 1930 provided for the construction of St Salvator's Hall. American Bobby Jones, co-founder of the Augusta National Golf Club and the Masters Tournament, was named a Freeman of the City of St Andrews in 1958, becoming only the second American to be so honoured, the other being Benjamin Franklin in 1759.[33] Today a highly competitive scholarship exchange, The Robert T. Jones Scholarship, exists between St Andrews and Emory University in Atlanta. An undergraduate joint degree programme have been in place with the College of William & Mary in Virginia that offers studies in some major areas.

Links with the United States have been maintained into the present day and continue to grow. In 2009, Louise Richardson, an Irish-American political scientist specialising in the study of terrorism, was drawn from Harvard to serve as the first female Principal and Vice Chancellor of St Andrews.[34] She later went on to her next appointment as the Vice Chancellor to the University of Oxford.[35]

Active recruitment of students from North America first began in 1984, with Americans now making up around 1 in 6 of the student population in 2017.[36] Students from almost every state in the United States and province in Canada are represented.[8][37] This is the highest proportion and absolute number of American students amongst all British universities.[38][39] Media reports indicate growing numbers of American students are attracted to the university's academics, traditions, prestige, internationalism, and comparatively low tuition fees.[40][41][42][43] The university also regularly features as one of the few non-North American universities in the Fiske Guide to Colleges, an American college guide, as a 'Best Buy'.[44][45] St Andrews has developed a sizable alumni presence in the United States, with over 8000 alumni spread across all 50 states.[46] Most major cities host alumni clubs, the largest of which is in New York.[47] Both London and New York also host the St Andrews Angels, an alumni led angel investment network, which centres upon the wider university communities in both the United Kingdom and United States.[48] St Andrews has also established relationships with other university alumni clubs and private membership clubs in the United States to provide alumni with social and networking opportunities. For example, alumni are eligible for membership at the Princeton Club of New York, the Penn Club of New York City and the Algonquin Club in Boston.[49][50][51]

In 2013, Hillary Clinton, former United States Secretary of State, took part in the academic celebration marking the 600th anniversary of the founding of the University of St Andrews.[52] Clinton received an honorary degree of Doctor of Laws and provided the graduation address, in which she said,

I do take comfort from knowing there is a long tradition of Americans being warmly welcomed here at St Andrews. Every year I learn you educate more than one thousand American students, exposing them to new ideas and perspectives as well as according them with a first class education. I've been proud and fortunate to hire a few St Andrews alumni over the years and I thank you for training them so well.[53]

Governance and administration
Courtyard of the United College
Main article: Governance of the University of St Andrews

As with the other ancient universities of Scotland, the governance of the university is determined by the Universities (Scotland) Act 1858. This act created three bodies: the General Council, University Court and Academic Senate (Senatus Academicus).

General Council
Main article: General Council of St Andrews University

The General Council is a standing advisory body of all the graduates, academics and former academics of the university. It meets twice a year and appoints a business committee to manage business between these meetings. Its most important functions are to appoint two assessors to the University Court and elect the university's chancellor.

University Court

The University Court is the body responsible for administrative and financial matters, and is in effect the governing body of the university. It is chaired by the rector, who is elected by the matriculated students of the University. Members are appointed by the General Council, Academic Senate and Fife Council. The President of the Students' Association and Director of Representation are ex officio members of the Court. Several lay members are also co-opted and must include a fixed number of alumni of the University.

Senatus Academicus

The Academic Senate (Latin Senatus Academicus) is the supreme academic body for the university. Its members include all the professors of the university, certain senior readers, a number of senior lecturers and lecturers and three elected student senate representatives – one from the arts and divinity faculty, one from the science and medicine faculty and one postgraduate student. It is responsible for authorising degree programmes and issuing all degrees to graduates, and for managing student discipline. The President of the Senate is the University Principal.

Office of the Principal
Main article: Principal of the University of St Andrews

The Principal is the chief executive of the university and is assisted in that role by several key officers, including the Deputy Principal, Master of the United College and Quaestor. The principal has responsibility for the overall running of the university and presides over the University Senate.[54]

Rector
Main article: Rector of the University of St Andrews

In Scotland, the position of rector exists at the four ancient universities (St Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edinburgh) – as well as the University of Dundee. The post was made an integral part of these universities by the Universities (Scotland) Act 1889. The Rector of the University of St Andrews chairs meetings of the University Court, the governing body of the university; and is elected by the matriculated student body to ensure that their needs are adequately considered by the university's leadership. Through St Andrews' history a number of notable people have been elected to the post, including the actor John Cleese, industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie, author and poet Rudyard Kipling and the British Prime Minister Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery.[55]

Colleges

The university encompasses three colleges: United College, St Mary's College and St Leonard's College. The purpose of the colleges at St Andrews is mainly ceremonial, as students are housed in separate residential halls or private accommodations. United College is responsible for all students in the faculties of arts, sciences and medicine, and is based around St Salvator's Quadrangle.[56] St Mary's College is responsible for all students studying in the Faculty of Divinity, and has its own dedicated site in St Mary's Quadrangle.[57] St Leonard's College is now responsible for all postgraduate students.[58]

Castle House, School of English

Faculties and schools

The four academic faculties collectively encompass 18 schools. A dean is appointed by the Master of the United College to oversee the day-to-day running of each faculty. Students apply to become members of a particular faculty, as opposed to the school within which teaching is based. The faculties and their affiliated schools are:

  • Faculty of Arts: art history, classics, economics, English, film studies, history, international relations, management, modern languages, philosophy, social anthropology.[59]
  • Faculty of Divinity: divinity.[60]
  • Faculty of Medicine: medicine.[61]
  • Faculty of Science: biology, chemistry, computer science, geography and geosciences, mathematics, physics and astronomy, psychology and neuroscience.[62]

Certain subjects are offered both within the Faculties of Arts and Sciences, the six subjects are: economics, geography, management, mathematics, psychology and sustainable development. The content of the subject is the same regardless of the faculty.[63]

Academics

Semesters
The Scores

The academic year at St Andrews is divided into two semesters, Martinmas and Candlemas, named after two of the four Scottish Term and Quarter Days. Martinmas, on 11 November, was originally the feast of Saint Martin of Tours, a 4th-century bishop and hermit. Candlemas originally fell on 2 February, the day of the feast of the Purification, or the Presentation of Christ. Martinmas semester runs from early September until mid-December, with examinations taking place just before the Christmas break. There follows an inter-semester period when Martinmas semester business is concluded and preparations are made for the new Candlemas semester, which starts in January and concludes with examinations at the end of May. Graduation is celebrated at the end of June.[64]

Rankings and reputation
Rankings
National rankings
Complete (2021)[65]3
Guardian (2021)[66]2
Times / Sunday Times (2021)[67]3
Global rankings
ARWU (2020)[68]301–400
CWTS Leiden (2020)[69]110
QS (2021)[70]
96
THE (2021)[71]198
British Government assessment
Teaching Excellence Framework[72]Gold
View across St Salvator's Quad

In a ranking conducted by The Guardian, St Andrews is placed 5th in the UK for national reputation behind Oxford, Cambridge, Imperial & LSE.[73] When size is taken into account, St Andrews ranks second in the world out of all small to medium-sized fully comprehensive universities (after Brown University) using metrics from the QS Intelligence Unit in 2015.[74] The 2014 Research Excellence Framework ranked St Andrews 14th in the UK, and first in Scotland, amongst multi-faculty institutions for the research quality (GPA) of its output profile.[75] St Andrews was ranked 9th overall in The Sunday Times 10-year (1998–2007) average ranking of British universities based on consistent league table performance,[76] and is a member of the 'Sutton 13' of top ranked Universities in the UK.[77]

Nearly 86% of its graduates obtain a First Class or an Upper Second Class Honours degree.[78] The ancient Scottish universities award Master of Arts degrees (except for science students who are awarded a Bachelor of Science degree) which are classified upon graduation, in contrast to Oxbridge where one becomes a Master of Arts after a certain number of years, and the rest of the UK, where graduates are awarded BAs. These can be awarded with honours; the majority of students graduate with honours.

In 2017, St Andrews was named as the university with the joint second highest graduate employment rate of any UK university (along with Warwick), with 97.7 per cent of its graduates in work or further study three and a half years after graduation.[79] St Andrews is placed 7th in the UK (1st in Scotland) for the employability of its graduates as chosen by recruiters from the UK's major companies[80] with graduates expected to have the best graduate prospects and highest starting salaries in Scotland as ranked by The Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide 2016 and 2017.[81] According to data released by the Department for Education in 2018, St Andrews was rated as the 5th best university in the UK for boosting male graduate earnings with male graduates seeing a 24.5% increase in earnings compared to the average graduate, and the 9th best university for females, with female graduates seeing a 14.8% increase in earnings compared to the average graduate.[82] An independent report conducted by Swedish investment firm, Skandia found that despite its small undergraduate body, St Andrews is the joint-5th best university in the UK for producing millionaires.[83] A study by High Fliers confirmed this by reporting that the university also features in the top 5 of UK universities for producing self-made millionaires.[84] According to a study by the Institute of Employment Research, St Andrews has produced more directors of FTSE 100 companies in proportion to its size than any other educational institution in Britain.[85]

In the 2019 Complete University Guide, 24 out of the 25 subjects offered by St Andrews rank within the top 10 nationally, making St Andrews one of only three multi-faculty universities (along with Cambridge and Oxford) in the UK to have over 95% of their subjects in the top 10.[86] The Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide 2017 revealed that 24 of the 26 subjects offered by St Andrews ranked within the top 6 nationally with 10 subjects placing within the top 3 including English, Management, Philosophy, International Relations, Italian, Physics and Astronomy and Classics and Ancient History.[87] The Guardian University Guide 2019 ranked Biosciences, Computer Science, International Relations, Physics and Psychology first in the UK. Earth and Marine Sciences, Economics, English, Management, Mathematics, Philosophy and Theology placed within the top three nationally.[88] In the 2015-16 Times Higher Education World University Rankings, St Andrews is ranked 46th in the world for Social Sciences,[89] 50th in the world for Arts and Humanities[90] and 74th in the world for Life Sciences.[91] The 2014 CWTS Leiden rankings, which "aims to provide highly accurate measurements of the scientific impact of universities", placed St Andrews 39th in the world, ranking it 5th domestically.[92] The philosophy department is ranked 6th worldwide (3rd in Europe) in the 2020 QS World University Rankings[93] whilst the graduate programme was ranked 17th worldwide (2nd in the UK) by the 2009 Philosophical Gourmet's biennial report on Philosophy programs in the English-speaking world.[94]

Position of the University of St Andrews in the National University Rankings for the last 3 years
Year/Ranking The Guardian University Guide The Times & Sunday Times Good University Guide The Complete University Guide
2021 2 Not published 3
2020 2 3 3
2019 3 3 5

Admissions
Undergraduate Admission Statistics[95]
2017 2016 2015 2014 2013
Applications 18,790 17,785 16,010 15,505 15,875
Offer Rate (%) 42.3 44.8 46.7 53.0 41.2
Enrols 1,915 1,955 1,835 2,115 1,770
Yield (%) 24.1 24.5 24.5 25.7 27.1
Applicant/Enrolled Ratio 9.81 9.11 8.73 7.32 8.97
Average Entry Tariff[96][lower-alpha 1] n/a 206 525 520 516

The university receives applications mainly through UCAS and the Common Application with the latest figures showing that there are generally 12 applications per undergraduate place available.[97] Overall, the university is one of the most competitive universities in the UK, with 2016-17 having an acceptance rate of 8.35% and offer rate of 22.5% for Scottish/EU applicants where places are capped by the Scottish Government.[98][99] In 2017, the most competitive courses for Scottish/EU applicants were those within the Schools of International Relations, Management, and Economics and Finance with offer rates of 8.0%, 10.9% and 11.5% respectively.[98][100] The standard offer of a place tends to require five best Highers equivalent to AAAAB, three best A-levels equivalent to AAA or a score of at least 38 points on the International Baccalaureate.[101] Successful entrants have, on average, 525 UCAS points (the equivalent of just above A*A*AA at A Level) ranking it as the 5th highest amongst higher education institutions in the UK for the 2015 admissions cycle[102] with The Telegraph naming it as the hardest university into which to gain admission in Scotland.[103]

The university has one of the smallest percentages of students (13%) from lower income backgrounds, out of all higher education institutions in the UK.[104][105] Around 40% of the student body is from independent schools[106] and the university hosts the highest proportion of financially independent students (58%) in the UK.[107] The university participates in widening access schemes such as the Sutton Trust Summer School, First Chances Programme, REACH & SWAP Scotland, and Access for Rural Communities (ARC) in order to promote a more widespread uptake of those traditionally under-represented at university.[108] In the seven-year period between 2008 and 2015, the number of pupils engaged with annual outreach programmes at the university has increased by about tenfold whilst the number of students arriving at St Andrews from the most deprived backgrounds has increased by almost 50 per cent in the past year of 2015.[109] The university has a higher proportion of female than male students with a female ratio of 59.7% in the undergraduate population.[110]

Lecture series
The University of St Andrews Classics Building, Swallowgate

To commemorate the university's 600th anniversary the 600th Lecture Series was commissioned in 2011, which brought diverse speakers such as former Prime Minister Gordon Brown, naturalist David Attenborough and linguist Noam Chomsky to St Andrews.[111]

As part of the celebration of the 400th establishment of the King James Library, the King James Library lectures were initiated in 2009 on the subject of 'The Meaning of the Library'.[112]

The Andrew Lang Lecture series was initiated in 1927, and named for alumnus and poet Andrew Lang. The most famous lecture in this series is that given by J. R. R. Tolkien in March 1939, entitled 'Fairy Stories', but published subsequently as 'On Fairy-Stories'.[113]

The computing Distinguished Lecture Series was initiated in 1969 by Jack Cole.[114]

Exchange programmes

St Andrews has developed student exchange partnerships with universities around the globe, though offerings are largely concentrated in North America, Europe, and Asia. Exchange opportunities vary by School and eligibility requirements are specific to each exchange program.[115]

In North America, the highly competitive Bachelor of Arts International Honours program, run in conjunction with The College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, allows students studying Classical Studies, Film Studies, International Relations, English, History, or Economics to spend two years at each institution and earn a joint degree from both.[116] The Robert T. Jones Memorial Trust funds the Robert T. Jones Jr. Scholarship, which allows select St Andrews students to study, fully funded, for a year at Emory University in Atlanta, and Western University and Queen's University in Canada.[117] The Robert Lincoln McNeil Scholarship allows students to study at the University of Pennsylvania. One of the largest North American exchanges is with the University of California System, in which students can study at Berkeley, Los Angeles (UCLA), Santa Cruz (UCSC) and San Diego (UCSD). Other North American partners offering multiple exchanges include the University of Virginia, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Washington University in St. Louis, Washington and Lee University, Elon University, and the University of Toronto.[115] Some exchanges are offered within specific research institutes at St Andrews, rather than across entire Schools. For example, the Handa Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, within the School of International Relations, offers student exchanges in partnership with the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University.[118]

St Andrews participates in the Erasmus Programme and has direct exchanges with universities across Europe.[115] For example, in France exchanges are offered at the Sorbonne, Sciences Po, and University of Paris VI. In the Netherlands students can study at Leiden University and Utrecht University. Narrower exchanges include those with the University of Copenhagen, the University of Oslo, and Trinity College Dublin. Exchanges are also available for postgraduate research students, such as the opportunity for social scientists to study at the European University Institute in Florence, Italy.

More recently, St Andrews has developed exchanges with partners in Asia and Australia.[115] Notable partners include the University of Hong Kong and Renmin University of China, National University of Singapore, and the University of Melbourne in Australia.

Buildings, collections and facilities
Observatory of the university

The University of St Andrews is situated in the small town of St Andrews in rural Fife, Scotland. The university has teaching facilities, libraries, student housing and other buildings spread throughout the town. Generally, university departments and buildings are concentrated on North Street, South Street, The Scores, and the North Haugh. The university has two major sites within the town. The first is the United College, St Andrews (also known as the Quad or St Salvator's) on North Street, which functions both as a teaching space and venue for student events, incorporating the Departments of Social Anthropology and Modern Languages. The second is St Mary's College, St Andrews, based on South Street, which houses the Schools of Divinity, Psychology and Neuroscience, as well as the King James Library. Several schools are located on The Scores including Classics, English, History, Philosophy, the School of Economics and Finance, and International Relations, as well as the Admissions department, the Museum of the University of St Andrews, and the Principal's residence, University House. North Street is also the site of several departments including, the Principal's Office, Younger Hall, Department of Film Studies, and the University Library. The North Haugh is principally home to the Natural Sciences such as Chemistry, Physics, Biology, as well as Mathematics, Computer Science, Medicine and the School of Management.

Libraries and museums
Main article: University of St Andrews Library
St Andrews University library building

The University of St Andrews maintains one of the most extensive university library collections in the United Kingdom, which includes significant holdings of books, manuscripts, muniments and photographs. The library collection contains over a million volumes and over two hundred thousand rare and antique books.[119]

The university library was founded by King James VI in 1612, with the donation of 350 works from the royal collection, at the urging of George Gledstanes, the then chancellor of St Andrews, although the libraries of the colleges of St Leonard's College, St Salvator's College and St Mary's College had existed prior to this.[120][121] From 1710 to 1837 the library functioned as a legal deposit library, and as a result has an extensive collection of 18th-century literature.[122]

King James Library

The library's main building is located on North Street, and houses over 1,000,000 books.[123] The library was designed by the architects Faulkner-Brown Hendy Watkinson Stonor based in North East England at Killingworth.[124] Faulkner-Brown specialised in libraries and leisure facilities and also designed the National Library of Canada in Ottawa and the Robinson Library at Newcastle University[125][126] In 2011 the main library building underwent a £7 million re-development.[127] The historic King James library, built in 1643, houses the university's Divinity and Medieval history collections.[128]

In 2012 the university purchased the vacant Martyrs' Kirk on North Street, with the purpose of providing reading rooms for the Special Collections department and university postgraduate research students and staff.[129]

The university maintains several museums and galleries, open free to the public.[130] The Museum of the University of St Andrews (MUSA) opened in 2008 and displays some highlights of the university's extensive collection of over 100,000 artefacts.[131] It displays objects relating both to the history of the university, such as its collection of 15th-century maces,[132] and also unrelated objects, such as paintings by John Opie, Alberto Morrocco and Charles Sims.[133] Several of the university's collections have been recognised as being of 'national significance for Scotland' by Museums Galleries Scotland.[134]

The Bell Pettigrew Museum houses the university's natural history collections. Founded in 1912, it is housed in the old Bute Medical School Building in St. Mary's Quad. Among its collections are the remains of several extinct species such as the dodo and Tasmanian tiger as well as fossilised fish from the nearby Dura Den, Fife, which when found in 1859 stimulated the debate on evolution.[135]

St Salvator's Chapel

Chapels
The Wardlaw Wing of University Hall

The University has two collegiate chapels. The chapel of St Salvator's was founded in 1450 by Bishop James Kennedy, and today it is a centre of university life.[136] St Salvator's has a full peal of six bells, and is therefore the only university chapel in Scotland suitable for change ringing.[137] The Chapel of St Leonard's is located in the grounds of the nearby St Leonards School. It is the university's oldest building, some parts dating from 1144[138] and is the smaller of the two chapels. St Salvator's and St Leonard's both have their own choirs, whose members are drawn from the student body.

Student halls

St Andrews is characterised amongst Scottish universities as having a significant number of students who live in university-maintained accommodation. As of 2012, 52% of the student population live in university halls.[139] The halls vary widely in age and character; the oldest, Deans Court dates from the 12th century, and the newest, Whitehorn Hall, built in 2018.[140] They are built in styles from Gothic revival to brutalist. All are now co-educational and non-smoking, and several are catered.[141] The university guarantees every first year student a place of accommodation, and many students return to halls in their second, third and final years at St Andrews.[142] From September 2015 onward, students will have the option of living in alcohol-free flats in David Russell Apartments on the grounds of medical conditions that do not allow drinking or for religious reasons.[143]

St Salvator's Hall

Halls of residence include:

Renewable energy projects

Since 2013, the university's endowment has been invested under the United Nations Principles of Responsible Investment (UNPRI) initiative with a sustainable ethical policy enforced since 2007.[144] The university has the target of being the UK's first carbon neutral university and has invested in creating two new macro-scale renewable energy sites.

The Guardbridge Biomass Energy Centre will generate power using locally sourced wood-fuelled biomass, hot water will be transported to the university through underground pipes to heat and cool laboratories and student residences.[145] The £25 million project is expected to save 10,000 tonnes of carbon annually and the university aims to establish the site as a knowledge exchange hub which would provide "missing link" facilities to allow research and discoveries made in university labs to be translated to working prototypes. Work began onsite in 2014 and the centre is expected to be operational by December 2015.[146]

In October 2013, the university received permission to build six medium-sized turbines at Kenly Wind Farm, near Boarhills. The wind farms are expected to be operational by 2017 and will bring an estimated £22 million boost to the local and national economy with 19,000 tonnes of carbon saved annually.[147]

Student life

Students' Association
The University shop and Rector's Cafe, part of the Union

The University of St Andrews Students' Association is the organisation which represents the student body of the University of St Andrews.[148] It was founded in 1885 and comprises the Students' Representative Council (SRC)[149] and the Students' Services Council (SSC). The Students' Association has 12 subcommittees: The Entertainments 'Ents' Committee, The Lifelong and Flexible Learners Forum (Lifers), Charities Campaign, Union Debating Society, STAR (St Andrews Radio), Mermaids Performing Arts Fund, Saints LGBT+, Design Team, SVS (Student Voluntary Service), Music is Love, On the Rocks, an annual arts festival, and the Postgraduate Society.[150] Every matriculated student is automatically a member of each subcommittee.

The Students' Association Building (informally known as the Union) is located on St Mary's Place, St Andrews. Union facilities include a Blackwells bookshop, several bars and the University's Student Support Services. In 2013 the Students' Association Building underwent a refurbishment.[151] The Students' Association is affiliated to, and a founding member of, the Coalition of Higher Education Students in Scotland but unlike many other students' unions in the UK is not a member of the National Union of Students, having most recently rejected membership in a referendum in November 2012.

Societies
Music Centre, Younger Hall

St Andrews is home to over 140 student societies which cover a wide range of interests.[152]

The oldest student society in St Andrews is the University of St Andrews Celtic Society which has run continuously without mergers since 1796.[153] It promotes Scottish culture to students of the university and the wider community. Currently it does this through Scottish Country Dance and Scottish Gaelic Language Classes. Its Scottish Country Dance activities are affiliated with the Royal Scottish Country Dance Society (RSCDS).

All matriculated students are members of the "Union Debating Society", a student debating society that holds weekly public debates in Lower Parliament Hall, often hosts notable speakers, and participates in competitive debating in both national and international competitions. Its origins go back to the 1794 founding of the Literary Society, however its current form only dates back to the 1890 merger with the Classical Society. Since its roots can be traced back to 1794, it claims to be the oldest continuously-run student debating society in the world.[154]

There is a strong tradition of student media at St Andrews. The university's two newspapers are The Saint, a fortnightly publication and The Stand, an online publication founded in 2011.[155] There is also the Foreign Affairs Review ran by the Foreign Affairs Society.[156] There are also a number of smaller student publications including The Tribe, a student-run magazine[157] and The Regulus, a student magazine focusing on politics and current affairs.[158] In addition to this there are several student-led academic journals, most notably, Stereoscope Magazine which is focused on student photography and raising awareness of the university's historic photographic collection,[159] Ha@sta, an annual journal for those interested in art history,[160] Aporia, the journal of the Philosophy Society,[161] and the Postgraduate Journal of Art History and Museum Studies.[162] The university's radio station is STAR radio, an online station that broadcasts 24/7 during term time.[163] Scoot Around is a literary-cultural magazine based in St Andrews with contributors from universities around the world.[164]The Sinner is an independent website and discussion forum set up by students of the university.[165]

Quadrangle of St Mary's College

The university's Music Society comprises many student-run musical groups, including the university's flagship symphony orchestra, wind band, and chorus. One of the oldest choirs in the university is the St Andrews University Madrigal Group, which performs a concert each term and has an annual summer tour. The A Cappella Society represents all four a cappella groups at St Andrews: The Other Guys, The Alleycats, The Accidentals and The Hummingbirds. From 2009–2011, all four of these groups participated in The Voice Festival UK(VF-UK) competition, and The Other Guys, The Accidentals and The Alleycats all reached the London final.[166]

Student theatre at the University of St Andrews is funded by the Mermaids Performing Arts fund. There are regular dramatic and comedic performances staged at the Barron theatre.[167] Blind Mirth is the university's improvisational theatre troupe, which performs weekly in the town, and annually takes a production to the Edinburgh Fringe Festival.[168]

The Kate Kennedy Club plays a significant role in the life of the university, maintaining university traditions such as the Kate Kennedy Procession, in which students parade through the town dressed as eminent figures from the university's history, and organising social events such as the Opening and May balls. Founded in 1926, the club is composed of around thirty matriculated students, who are selected by the club's members. The club has received criticism from the university's former principal, Louise Richardson, and alumna the Duchess of Cambridge, Kate Middleton, over its previously male-only admission policy.[169][170] In 2012, the club decided to allow female students to join.[171][172]

St Andrews is home to several other private clubs, such as The Kensington Club, founded in 1739 by Alexander Laird Balgonie and is an all-male dining club that organises private events for members.[173][174] The St Andrews Fight Club hosts an annual boxing match, training 20 amateur boxers in an intensive course.[175][176]

Sports clubs and the Athletic Union
Main article: University of St Andrews Athletic Union
Madras RFC Playing Fields St Andrews

The University of St Andrews Athletic Union is the student representative body for sport. Established in 1901, it is affiliated to BUCS and encompasses around sixty sport clubs,[177] who compete at both a recreational and high-performance level.[178] A notable club is the University of St Andrews Rugby Football Club, which played a pivotal role in shaping the sport and has produced Scottish international players such as J. S. Thomson and Alfred Clunies-Ross.[179]

The university is currently going through a £14 million five-phase development of the student sports centre which will include a new 400-seat eight-court sports hall, a new reception area and expanded gym facilities.[180]

The Scottish Varsity, also known as the 'world's oldest varsity match', is played annually against the University of Edinburgh.[181]

Traditions
Entrance to St Mary's College

Sponsio Academica

In order to become a student at the university[182] a person must take an oath in Latin at the point of matriculation, called the Sponsio Academica, although this tradition now has been digitised and is agreed to as part of an online matriculation process.

Nos ingenui adolescentes, nomina subscribentes, sancte pollicemur nos preceptoribus obsequium debitum exhibituros in omnibus rebus ad disciplinam et bonos mores pertinentibus, Senatus Academici autoritati obtemperaturos, et hujus Academiae Andreanae emolumentum et commodum, quantum in nobis sit, procuraturos, ad quemcunque vitae statum pervenerimus. Item agnoscimus si quis nostrum indecore turbulenterve se gesserit vel si parum diligentem in studiis suis se praebuerit neque admonitus se in melius correxerit eum licere Senatui Academico vel poena congruenti adficere vel etiam ex Universitate expellere.

In English:

We students who set down our names hereunder in all good faith make a solemn promise that we shall show due deference to our teachers in all matters relating to order and good conduct, that we shall be subject to the authority of the Senatus Academicus and shall, whatever be the position we attain hereafter, promote, so far as lies in our power, the profit and the interest in our University of St Andrews. Further, we recognise that, if any of us conducts ourselves in an unbecoming or disorderly manner or shows insufficient diligence in their studies and, though admonished, does not improve, it is within the power of the Senatus Academicus to inflict on such students a fitting penalty or even expel them from the University.

Gowns
St Andrews students in undergraduate gowns
See also: Undergraduate gowns in Scotland

One of the most conspicuous traditions at St Andrews is the wearing of academic dress, particularly the distinctive red undergraduate gown of the United College. Undergraduates in Arts and Science subjects can be seen wearing these garments at the installation of a rector or chancellor, at chapel services, on 'Pier Walks', at formal hall dinners, at meetings of the Union Debating Society, and giving tours to prospective students and visitors as well as on St Andrews Day. Divinity students wear a black undergraduate gown with a purple saltire cross on the left facing. Postgraduates wear the graduate gown or, as members of St Leonard College, may wear a black gown trimmed with burgundy, introduced for graduate students whose original university is without academic dress. (See Academic dress of the University of St Andrews.) St Mary's College Post Graduates, however, wear their graduate gown with a purple saltire cross on the left facing.

Bejant

Bejant is a term used to refer to first year male students; females being described as Bejantines. Second-year students are known as a Semis, a student in their third year may be referred to as a Tertian, and in their final year as a Magistrand. These terms are thought[183] to be unique to St Andrews. When wearing their traditional red gowns, students in each year may be identified according to the way they wear their gowns. In the first year, the gown is worn on the shoulders, in the second year it is worn slightly off the shoulders. In the third year arts students wear their gowns off their left shoulders, and science students off their right shoulders. Finally, fourth years wear their gowns right down to their elbows, ready to shed their scarlet gowns for the black graduation gown. The gown is never to be joined at the top as this is considered bad luck.

Academic parents

The students of the university enjoy an unusual family tradition designed to make new students feel at home and build relationships within the student body. Traditionally, a Bejant or Bejantine acquires academic parents who are at least in their third year as students. These older students act as informal mentors in academic and social matters and it is not uncommon for such academic family ties to stretch well beyond student days. Tradition has it that a Bejant may ask a man to be his Senior Man but must be invited by a woman who is prepared to be his Senior Woman. Similarly, a Bejantine may ask a male to be her Senior Man but there is no overt rule regarding how she acquires a Senior Woman. The establishment of these relationships begins at the very start of the first semester – with the aim of being in place ahead of Raisin Weekend.[184]

Raisin Weekend
St Salvator's Quadrangle during the Raisin Weekend foam fight

Raisin Weekend celebrates the relationship between the Bejants/Bejantines (first-year students) and their respective academic parents who, in St Andrews' tradition, guide and mentor them in their time at the university. It is traditionally said that students went up to study with a sack of oatmeal and a barrel of salt-herring as staple foods to last them a term and that, therefore, anything more exotic was seen as a luxury. In return for the guidance from academic parents a further tradition sprang up of rewarding these "parents" with a pound of raisins. Since the 19th century the giving of raisins was steadily transformed into the giving of a more modern alternative, such as a bottle of wine (although presents are now rarely expected). In return for the raisins or equivalent present, the parents give their "children" a formal receipt — the Raisin Receipt — composed in Latin. Over time this receipt progressively became more elaborate and often humorous. The receipt can be written on anything and is to be carried everywhere by the Bejant/Bejantine on the morning of Raisin Monday until midday.[185]

Raisin Weekend is held annually over the last weekend of October. Affairs often begin with a tea party (or similar) thrown by the mother(s) and then a pub-crawl or house party led by the father(s). It is fairly common for several academic families to combine in the latter stages of the revels.[186] At midday all the First-Years gather in Quad of St Salvator's College to compare their receipts and also to be open to challenge from older students who may look for errors in the Latin of the receipt (an almost inevitable occurrence). Upon detection of such error(s) the bearer may be required to sing the Gaudie. In more recent years the gathering has culminated in a shaving foam fight.[187] Since 2014, the foam fight has been moved from St Salvator's Quad to the adjacent Lower College Lawn. Raisin Weekend has also become synonymous with binge drinking and a certain amount of humiliation of "academic children", commonly involving embarrassing costumes or drinking games. The University Students' Association provides a special First Aid hotline for Raisin Weekend.[188]

Cobblestones

Situated around the town of St Andrews are cobblestone markings denoting where Protestant martyrs were burnt at the stake. To students, the most notable of these is the cobblestone initials "PH" located outside the main gate of St Salvator's College. These cobblestones denote where Patrick Hamilton was martyred in 1528.[189] According to student tradition, stepping on the "PH" will cause a student to become cursed, with the effect that the offender will fail his or her degree and so students are known to jump over the cobblestones when passing. The 'curse' is said to be lifted by participating in the May Dip.[190]

St Andrews May Dip 2013

May Dip

The May Dip is a student tradition held annually at dawn on May Day. Students usually stay awake until dawn, at which time they collectively run into the North Sea to the sound of madrigals sung by the University Madrigal Group.[191] Students purportedly do so to cleanse themselves of any academic sins (which they may have acquired by stepping on the PH cobblestone) before they sit exams in May.[192] In 2011, the event was "officially" moved by the Students' Association to East Sands in response to concerns for health and safety in its former location on Castle Sands.

Notable people

Alumni
Main article: List of alumni of the University of St Andrews
Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge graduated together in 2005 with degrees in Geography and History of Art respectively.

Notable University of St Andrews alumni include King James II of Scotland; United States Declaration of Independence signatory James Wilson (1761); Governor General of Canada John Campbell; discoverer of logarithms John Napier (1563); founder of the Church of Scotland and leader of the Protestant Reformation John Knox (1531); notable Leader of the Church of Scotland Thomas Chalmers; founder of and the first Chancellor of the University of Glasgow William Turnbull; founder of the University of Edinburgh Robert Reid; founder of the world's first commercial savings bank Henry Duncan (1823); journalist and politician during the French Revolution Jean-Paul Marat (1775 MD); inventor of beta-blockers, H2 receptor antagonists and Nobel Prize in Medicine winner James W. Black (1946 MB ChB); the 'father of military medicine' Sir John Pringle, 1st Baronet; pioneer of the smallpox vaccine Edward Jenner (1792 MD); Prince William, Duke of Cambridge (2005) and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge (2005).

Alumni in the fields of academia and education have gone on to found the University of Melbourne Medical School (Anthony Brownless) and the Scottish Church College in Calcutta (Alexander Duff was also the first Scottish missionary to India), become the first Regent and first Principal of the University of Edinburgh (Robert Rollock), Dean of Harvard Divinity School (David Hempton), the Vice Chancellors of Aberdeen University (Ian Diamond), University of Nottingham (Shearer West), Open University (Walter Perry was also the first Vice-Chancellor) and Sydney University (Gavin Brown), Chancellor of the University of Maine system (James H. Page), provost of Eton College (Eric Anderson), discoverer of the Berry Phase (Sir Michael Berry) and inventor of the Leslie cube John Leslie.

In business and finance, St Andrews graduates have become the CEOs of multinational companies including the Bank of Russia, BHP Billiton (Andrew Mackenzie), BP (Robert Horton), FanDuel (Nigel Eccles co-founded the company with fellow St Andrews graduate, Lesley Eccles),[193] Rolls-Royce Holdings (John Rose), Royal Dutch Shell (Robert Paul Reid), Tate & Lyle (Iain Ferguson) and The Royal Bank of Scotland (George Mathewson). Other notable businesspeople include Banker Olivier Sarkozy, Director of the Edinburgh Festival Fringe Alistair Moffat and the CEO of Scottish Rugby Union and ATP World Tour Finals Phil Anderton.

Alex Salmond was the First Minister of Scotland and Leader of the SNP during the Scottish Independence Referendum in 2014.

Former St Andrews students active in politics and national intelligence include two Chiefs of MI6 Alex Younger and John Sawers, two deputy directors of the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), George Kennedy Young and J. M. Bruce Lockhart, Secretary of State for Scotland Lord Forsyth (Forsyth is also former Deputy Chairman of JP Morgan), former First Minister of Scotland and leader of the SNP for over 20 years Alex Salmond, former Cabinet Secretary and Head of the Civil Service Sir Mark Sedwill, former Secretary of State for Defence Sir Michael Fallon, Deputy Leader of the Liberal Democrats Malcolm Bruce and leader of the Christian Party James George Hargreaves. Outside of the UK, alumni include the Financial Secretary of Hong Kong credited with laying the foundations for Hong Kong's economic success John James Cowperthwaite, former Senior Director for European and Russian Affairs on the U.S. National Security, Council Fiona Hill, David Holmes (both were involved in President Trump's Impeachment Inquiry),[194] and the first female cabinet minister in Egypt Hikmat Abu Zayd. Alumni have also gone on to serve as diplomats including the current Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the United Nations and former British Ambassador to China (2015-2020) Dame Barbara Woodward, former Ambassador to Russia (2008-2011) Dame Anne Pringle and Thomas Bruce who is known for the removal of the Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon.

Alumni from the media and the arts include founder of Forbes magazine B. C. Forbes, founder of The Week Jolyon Connell, current Downing Street Director of Communications and former Controller of BBC World News Craig Oliver, Political Editor of BBC Scotland Brian Taylor, BBC News Presenter Louise Minchin, BBC Sport TV Presenter Hazel Irvine, Primetime Emmy Award winning screenwriter David Butler, Pulitzer Prize winning author James Michener, feminist writer Fay Weldon, musician The Pictish Trail and actors Siobhan Redmond, Crispin Bonham-Carter, Ian McDiarmid and Jonathan Taylor Thomas.

Other notable alumni include 'father of the poll tax' Douglas Mason, founders of the Adam Smith Institute, Madsen Pirie and Eamonn Butler, former Lord Justice General Lord Cullen, two currently sitting members of the Inner House, Lord Eassie and Baroness Clark of Calton, one of the leading figures in the formation of the United States Golf Association Charles B. Macdonald, the captain of Tottenham Hotspur F.C. during its double-winning season Danny Blanchflower, and the wildlife conservationist Saba Douglas-Hamilton.

The university also boasts of a rich roll of honorary graduates whose members vary from Benjamin Franklin to Hillary Clinton, from Bob Dylan to Arvo Pärt, from Maggie Smith to Sean Connery, from Nora K. Chadwick to Noam Chomsky, from Joseph Stevenson to Lisa Jardine, from Seamus Heaney to Bahram Beyzai, from Georg Cantor to David Attenborough.[195]

Academics

Notable University of St Andrews faculty include Nobel Prize in Medicine winner Maurice Wilkins (Lecturer in Physics 1945-46) and discoverer of herring bodies Percy Theodore Herring (Chandos Chair of Medicine and Anatomy 1908-1948). The Morris water navigation task was developed by Richard Morris at the university's Gatty Marine Laboratory.

Anthropology
Biology
Business and Management
Chemistry
Classics
Computer Science
Divinity
Economics
Engineering
English, Literature, and Poetry
Languages and Linguistics
Geology
History and Art History
International Relations and Politics
Mathematics and Astronomy
Media and Film Studies
Medicine and Physiology
Philosophy and Logic
Physics and Astronomy
Psychology
Zoology

The University of St Andrews has appeared in or been referenced by a number of popular media works, in film and literature.

View of St Andrews from the West Sands.

Film

Literature

See also

Notes
  1. New UCAS Tariff system from 2016

References
  1. "University coat of arms". Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
  2. "History of the University". Archived from the original on 11 September 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
  3. "Reports and Financial Statements of the University Court for the year to 31 July 2019" (PDF). University of St Andrews. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  4. "Facts and Figures". University of St Andrews. University of St Andrews. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  5. "Oilthigh Chill Rìmhinn". Am Faclair Beag. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  6. "University of St Andrews: Governance". University of St Andrews. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
  7. "The University today". Archived from the original on 1 June 2007. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
  8. "International". Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  9. @univofstandrews (24 January 2017). "We proudly do our part to bring the world to Scotland" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  10. "Saint Sport". Retrieved 3 January 2013.
  11. "The low-down on our traditions". Archived from the original on 2 February 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
  12. McCall, Alastair (22 September 2019). "University of the Year 2020: St Andrews is UK's best place to study". ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 13 October 2019.
  13. "St Andrews named University of the Year". 20 September 2019. Retrieved 13 October 2019.
  14. "University League Tables 2020". The Complete University Guide. 8 June 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  15. Sprott, George Washington (1899). "Wardlaw, Henry" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. 59. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 352–353.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  16. "Meadieval university" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
  17. Great Britain. Commission for Visiting the Universities and Colleges of Scotland (1837). University of St. Andrews. W. Clowes and Sons. pp. 173–.
  18. "A brief history of the University". University of St Andrews. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
  19. Lyon, C.J. (1843). "History of St. Andrews, episcopal, monastic, academic, and civil ..., Volume 2". Tait. pp. 230–34. Retrieved 9 January 2016. King James I of Scotland confirmed the charter of the university in 1432...There are four ...confirmations by James V; in the year 1532...
  20. "Lindores, Lawrence of, ? 1372–1437, Rector, University of St Andrews, Scotland". Gashe.ac.uk. 15 August 2002. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
  21. Millar, Alexander Hastie (1892). "Kennedy, James (1406?-1465)" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. 30. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 421–422.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  22. MacArthur, Margaret (1885). "Beaton, James (d.1539)" . In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. 4. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 18–19.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  23. Scott, Hew (1928). Fasti ecclesiae scoticanae; the succession of ministers in the Church of Scotland from the reformation. 7. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd. pp. 417–418. Retrieved 8 July 2019. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  24. Holloway, Ernest, R. (2011). Andrew Melville and Humanism in Renaissance Scotland 1545-1622. Leiden, Boston: Brill. pp. 1–388.
  25. "A Journey to the Western Isles of Scotland". Gutenberg.org. 20 April 2005. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
  26. "Discovery in archives sheds new light on Jex-Blake's campaign for medical education for women". 27 February 2012.
  27. "Ladies Literate in Arts". Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
  28. "Universities (Scotland) Act 1889". Retrieved 2 January 2013.
  29. "Who was the first female graduate of the University of St Andrews?". Archived from the original on 10 January 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
  30. "Literate Ladies – A fifty year experiment" (PDF). Retrieved 2 January 2013.
  32. "St leonards college". Retrieved 3 January 2013.
  33. "Citizen Jones". Retrieved 11 August 2014.
  34. "The Catholic coup at St Andrews". The Independent. London. 14 April 2009. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
  35. "Vice-Chancellor — University of Oxford". www.ox.ac.uk.
  36. "How Scotland's University of St. Andrews Became a Top American School". Town & Country. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
  37. "University of St Andrews — International". The Complete University Guide. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
  38. Kemp, Jackie (20 May 2008). "Americans at St Andrews". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
  39. "US undergraduates choosing UK for their studies". The British Council. London. 27 January 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
  40. "Will and Kate (and Uncle Sam) Studied Here". Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  41. Lewin, Tamar (30 November 2008). "Going Off to College for Less (Passport Required)". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
  42. "Royal College Bargain". Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  43. "Who Needs Harvard Or Yale?". Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  44. "St Andrews named Best Buy". University of St Andrews.
  45. "Trinity College Dublin a 'Best Buy' in Fiske Guide to Colleges 2016". Trinity College Dublin.
  46. "US Alumni". Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  47. "NY Alumni Club". Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  48. Parker, Lynda Hamilton (24 November 2016). "Angel investment group launches in NYC to facilitate Scottish deals". Scotland B2B Magazine. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
  49. "Algonquin Club". Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  50. "Princeton club – St Andrews". Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
  51. "Affiliate Schools / Organizations". Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  52. "Hillary Rodham Clinton to address academic leaders in St Andrews". Retrieved 13 August 2014.
  53. "Graduation address — Secretary Hillary Rodham Clinton". Archived from the original on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
  54. "Office of the Principal". Retrieved 3 January 2013.
  55. "The rector of the university". Retrieved 3 January 2013.
  56. "United College". Archived from the original on 9 February 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
  57. "St Marys college". Retrieved 15 February 2013.
  58. "St Leonards College". Retrieved 15 February 2013.
  59. "Faculty of Arts". Retrieved 13 August 2014.
  60. "Faculty of Divinity". Retrieved 13 August 2014.
  61. "Faculty of Medicine". Retrieved 13 August 2014.
  62. "Faculty of Science". Retrieved 13 August 2014.
  63. "Faculties". Retrieved 13 August 2014.
  64. "Semester dates &". University of St Andrews. August 2014.
  65. "University League Table 2021". The Complete University Guide. 1 June 2020.
  66. "University league tables 2021". The Guardian. 5 September 2020.
  67. "The Times and Sunday Times University Good University Guide 2021". Times Newspapers.
  68. "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2020". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy.
  69. "CWTS Leiden Ranking 2020 - PP top 10%". CWTS Leiden Ranking 2020.
  70. "QS World University Rankings 2021". Quacquarelli Symonds Ltd.
  71. "World University Rankings 2021". Times Higher Education.
  72. "Teaching Excellence Framework outcomes". Higher Education Funding Council for England.
  73. "University UK Reputation Index" (PDF). The Guardian. London.
  74. "QS World University Rankings: World Map Results (Filter by Institution Profile)". Quacquarelli Symonds Intelligence Unit. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  75. Jump, Paul (18 December 2014). "REF 2014 results: Ranking of institutions by GPA of their output profiles". Times Higher Education. London.
  76. "University ranking based on performance over 10 years" (PDF). The Times. London. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 April 2008. Retrieved 28 April 2008.
  77. "Old school 'key to student place'". BBC. 20 September 2007. Retrieved 31 January 2009.
  78. "Top UK University League Tables and Rankings 2010–2011". The Complete University Guide. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
  79. Grove, Jack. "Russell Group dominates UK's graduate employment charts". Times Higher Education. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  80. "The best UK universities chosen by major employers". Times Higher Education. London. 12 November 2015.
  81. "The Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide 2017: Highest graduate salaries". Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  82. "Undergraduate degrees: relative labour market returns (Table 7: HEI — conditional impact on earnings five years after graduation)". Department for Education. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  83. "Top universities for producing Millionaires". The Telegraph. London. 21 March 2012.
  84. "Good News for Graduates". Archived from the original on 27 June 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  85. "Royal university's graduate roll call". The BBC. London.
  86. "Who Ranks Top of the Tables by Subject 2019". The Complete University Guide. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  87. "Times and Sunday Times League Table Summary" (PDF). Retrieved 25 September 2016.
  88. "University league tables 2019". Retrieved 29 May 2018.
  89. "Top 100 universities for Social Sciences 2015–16". Times Higher Education. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  90. "Top 100 universities for Arts and Humanities 2015–16". Times Higher Education. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
  91. "Top 100 universities for Life Sciences 2015–16". Times Higher Education. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  92. "Leiden Rankings". Retrieved 29 July 2014.
  93. "QS World University Rankings by Subject 2020 — Philosophy". Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  94. The Philosophical Gourmet Report Archived 19 May 2016 at the Library of Congress Web Archives accessed 15 August 2010.
  95. "UG and PGT application, offer and enrolment numbers". whatdotheyknow.com. Freedom of Information, University of St Andrews.
  96. "Top UK University League Table and Rankings". The Complete University Guide.
  97. "Scottish universities see a rise in applications from the rest of the UK". The Courier. 31 January 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  98. "University of St Andrews Entry UCAS Home Application Summary". theuniversitybuzz.blogspot.co.uk.
  99. "St Andrews University hits out at claims it "prefers" fee-paying students from England over Scots". The Herald. 11 July 2016.
  100. "St Andrews 600 Quick Facts" (PDF). University of St Andrews. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
  101. "Top UK University League Tables and Rankings 2013". The Complete University Guide. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  102. "University League Table 2018". The Complete University Guide. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
  103. "The 10 hardest universities to get into". The Telegraph. 9 May 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
  104. "Most middle class" (PDF). The Times. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  105. "Access agenda is now back on track". The Times. UK. Retrieved 25 November 2008.
  106. "Lowest state school intake" (PDF). The Times. 22 May 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  107. "Universities with The Richest Students or Parents". The Telegraph. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
  108. "Our projects — University of St Andrews". www.st-andrews.ac.uk.
  109. "Raising aspirations and attainment". Archived from the original on 19 June 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  110. "Equality Mainstreaming Interim Report (2017–2021)" (PDF). University of St Andrews. p. 62. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  111. "600th Lecture series". Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
  112. "King James Library lectures". Retrieved 3 January 2013.
  113. "Andrew Lang lecture". Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  114. "Distinguished Lecture Series". University of St Andrews. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
  115. "Where Can I Go?". University of St Andrews. Archived from the original on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  116. "William & Mary – St Andrews William & Mary Joint Degree Programme". The College of William & Mary. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
  117. "Scholarships for Study Abroad". Archived from the original on 10 January 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
  118. "Georgetown Exchange Programme". Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  119. "University of St Andrews Library". Retrieved 1 January 2013.
  120. "A note on the early history of St Andrews University Library, by R.V. Pringle". nesms.org.uk/rvp. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
  121. "St Andrews University Library, Sources for Library History, 1 : A revised transcript of the 'Foundation List' of 1612–13, by R.V. Pringle". nesms.org.uk/rvp/. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
  122. "Rare books". Archived from the original on 9 January 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
  123. "Library". University of St Andrews. University of St Andrews. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
  124. "DSA Building/Design Report University Library, St Andrews". Dictionary of Scottish Architects. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  125. Compson, Helen (28 February 2008). "Arnhem hero and respected architect dies". Hexham Courant. Archived from the original on 27 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  126. "Grand designers". Living North. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  127. "Renovated Library reopens its doors". Retrieved 1 January 2013.
  128. "King James Library – A Short History". Retrieved 1 January 2013.
  129. "University to develop new library facility in iconic St Andrews church". Archived from the original on 12 January 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
  130. "Museums About us". Retrieved 2 January 2013.
  131. "Welcoming new stores for the University's museum collections". Archived from the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
  132. "st salvators mace". Retrieved 2 January 2013.
  133. "MUSA blog". Retrieved 2 January 2013.
  134. "Collections of national significance". Archived from the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
  135. "What is there to see? Highlights of the Collection". Retrieved 2 January 2013.
  136. "St salvators chapel". Archived from the original on 6 January 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
  137. Peebles, Cheryl (9 September 2010). "St Salvator's Chapel set to ring in changes". The Courier. Archived from the original on 11 September 2010. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
  138. "St leonards chapel". Archived from the original on 10 January 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
  139. "University guide 2013: University of St Andrews". The Guardian. London. 10 May 2009. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
  140. "Whitehorn Hall". Retrieved 18 January 2020.
  141. "Undergraduate | Student accommodation". www.st-andrews.ac.uk. University of St Andrews.
  142. "St Andrews Accommodation guarantee". Archived from the original on 29 March 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
  143. "Students offered alcohol-free flats at St Andrews University". BBC News. 10 February 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
  144. "St Andrews Sustainable Investment Policy" (PDF). University of St Andrews. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
  145. "St Andrews University plans a £25m energy centre". BBC News. 20 December 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
  146. "St Andrews University plan for paper mill given green light". The Courier. 17 October 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
  147. "Developer wanted for St Andrews University's windfarm". Fife Today. 5 September 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
  148. "Publication Scheme – Category 13 – Class: Relationship with Students' Association" (Press release). University of St Andrews. 24 January 2006. Archived from the original on 8 August 2007. Retrieved 23 July 2007.
  149. "Universities (Scotland) Act 1889". www.legislation.gov.uk.
  150. "Subcommittees". Your Union. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
  151. "Union redevelopment given green light". Retrieved 2 January 2013.
  152. "Societies list". Archived from the original on 10 January 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  153. "Celtic". www.yourunion.net. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
  154. "Union debating about us". Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
  155. "Stand News". Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  156. "Foreign Affairs Review". Retrieved 22 August 2013.
  157. "The Tribe, about". Archived from the original on 13 December 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  158. "About – The Regulus". Archived from the original on 2 February 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  159. "Stereoscope". University of St Andrews. Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
  160. "Haasta". University of St Andrews. 27 November 2010. Archived from the original on 7 May 2011. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
  161. "Aporia". Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  162. "Journal of Art History & Museum and Gallery Studies". University of St Andrews. 10 January 2011. Archived from the original on 23 April 2011. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
  163. "STAR radio". Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  164. "Scoot Around | Student Literary - Cultural Magazine". www.scoot-around.com.
  165. "The sinner". Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  166. McCaffery, Martin. "St Andrews Students' Union- The home for University of St Andrews students". Yourunion.net. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  167. "Mermaids about us". Retrieved 2 January 2013.
  168. "Blind Mirth". Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
  169. "What next for the Kate Kennedy tradition in St Andrews?". Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  170. Ward, Victoria; Bolton, Olivia (22 February 2012). "University club splinters". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  171. "Breaking News: Kate Kennedy Club votes to admit women". Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  172. "Kate Kennedy Club to admit women". The Stand. 22 March 2012. Archived from the original on 7 July 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
  173. "The Kensington Club — A Brief History 1739 2010". Retrieved 16 October 2012.
  174. "More Andreanic Fun". Retrieved 26 July 2004.
  175. Saint, The (7 October 2017). "Welcome to the St Andrews Fight Club". The Saint. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
  176. "Let's Talk About Fight Club". The Stand. 14 April 2018. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
  177. "All Sports Clubs". University of St Andrews. Archived from the original on 9 June 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2013.
  178. "Saint Sport". Retrieved 2 January 2013.
  179. "Club History". Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
  180. "St Andrews principal kicks off latest stage of £14m sports redevelopment". Fife Today. 6 February 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
  181. "World's oldest varsity match returns to Scotland". Herald Scotland. 19 May 2015.
  182. "Student Conduct". University of St Andrews. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  183. See A.S.Neill 'A Dominie's Log', page 193 (ch. XVII): "... the St. Andrew's students form a small happy family; if a reference is made to Bejant Smith everyone understands it. If you mentioned Bejant Smith in the Edinburgh 'Student' no one would know whom you were referring to."
  184. "St Andrews Fresher A guide to academic families". Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
  185. BAM Agency Ltd. "St Andrews Students' Association – The Home for St Andrews University Students". Yourunion.net. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
  186. "Raisin Weekend". St. Andrews Freshers. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
  187. "Raisin Weekend: Foam, Fondling and Malfeasance at St. Andrews". Spiegel.de. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
  188. "Raisin Weekend 2012 – University of St Andrews". YouTube. 31 March 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
  189. "Reformation History". reformationhistory.org.
  190. Archived 9 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  191. "2011 | University of St Andrews". University of St Andrews. 5 May 2011. Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
  192. "The May Dip". Visit St Andrews.
  193. "FanDuel: Tyrone man Nigel Eccles will soon be Northern Ireland's newest billionaire". The Belfast Telegraph. 22 July 2015.
  194. "St Andrews alums testify in Trump's Impeachment Inquiry". The Saint-Online.
  195. "Honorary graduates — University of St Andrews". www.st-andrews.ac.uk.
  196. "Chariots of Fire Trivia". Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
  197. "Chariots of fire beach". Retrieved 29 January 2013.
  198. "Film + St. Andrews, Scotland « MUSEYON GUIDES". Museyon.com. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
  199. https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-SEB-47274
  200. "Last term at Malory Towers". Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  201. "Journey to west gutenberg". Retrieved 29 January 2013.
  202. "Girl in May". Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  203. "Banquet for the Damned". Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  204. "Borges and Me". Retrieved 18 August 2020.

Sources
  • R.G. Cant The University of St Andrews, A Short History (Oliver and Boyd Ltd. 1946)
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.