WNT16

Protein Wnt-16 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WNT16 gene.[5][6] It has been proposed that stimulation of WNT16 expression in nearby normal cells is responsible for the development of chemotherapy-resistance in cancer cells.[7]

WNT16
Identifiers
Aliases	WNT16, Wnt family member 16
External IDs	OMIM: 606267 MGI: 2136018 HomoloGene: 62175 GeneCards: WNT16
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 7 (human)[1] Band 7q31.31 Start 121,325,367 bp[1] End 121,341,104 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 6 (mouse)[2] Band 6|6 A3.1 Start 22,288,227 bp[2] End 22,298,522 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function • receptor binding • GO:0005110 frizzled binding Cellular component • cytoplasm • extracellular region • extracellular Biological process • multicellular organism development • optic cup formation involved in camera-type eye development • positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling • keratinocyte proliferation • cell fate commitment • positive regulation of gene expression • positive regulation of JNK cascade • bone remodeling • negative regulation of cell death • neuron differentiation • oxidative stress-induced premature senescence • keratinocyte differentiation • cardiac epithelial to mesenchymal transition • replicative senescence • Wnt signaling pathway Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	51384	93735
Ensembl	ENSG00000002745	ENSMUSG00000029671
UniProt	Q9UBV4	Q9QYS1
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_057168 NM_016087	NM_053116
RefSeq (protein)	NP_057171 NP_476509	NP_444346
Location (UCSC)	Chr 7: 121.33 – 121.34 Mb	Chr 6: 22.29 – 22.3 Mb
PubMed search	[3]	[4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Function

The WNT gene family consists of structurally related genes that encode secreted signaling proteins. These proteins have been implicated in oncogenesis and in several developmental processes, including regulation of cell fate and patterning during embryogenesis. This gene is a member of the WNT gene family. It contains two transcript variants diverging at the 5' termini. These two variants are proposed to be the products of separate promoters and not to be splice variants from a single promoter. They are differentially expressed in normal tissues, one of which (variant 2) is expressed at significant levels only in the pancreas, whereas another one (variant 1) is expressed more ubiquitously with highest levels in adult kidney, placenta, brain, heart, and spleen.[6]

WNT16B expression is regulated by nuclear factor of κ light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1 (NF-κB) after DNA damage, as can occur to normal cells during radiation or chemotherapy. Subsequently WNT16B signals in a paracrine manner to activate the Wnt expression program in tumor cells. The expression of WNT16B in the tumor microenvironment attenuates the effects of cytotoxic chemotherapy in vivo, promoting tumor cell survival and disease progression. This implies a mechanism by which cycles of genotoxic therapy might enhance subsequent treatment resistance in the tumor microenvironment.[7]

Model organisms

Model organisms have been used in the study of WNT16 function. A conditional knockout mouse line called Wnt16^{tm2b(EUCOMM)Wtsi} was generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.[8] Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen[9] to determine the effects of deletion.[10][11][12][13] Additional screens performed: - In-depth immunological phenotyping[14] - in-depth bone and cartilage phenotyping[15]

Wnt16 knockout mouse phenotype

Characteristic	Phenotype
All data available at.[9][14][15]
Peripheral blood leukocytes 6 Weeks	Normal
Haematology 6 Weeks	Normal
Insulin	Normal
Homozygous viability at P14	Normal
Homozygous Fertility	Normal
General Observations	Abnormal
Body weight	Normal
Neurological assessment	Normal
Grip strength	Normal
Dysmorphology	Normal
Indirect calorimetry	Normal
Glucose tolerance test	Normal
Auditory brainstem response	Normal
DEXA	Normal
Radiography	Normal
Eye morphology	Normal
Clinical chemistry	Normal
Haematology 16 Weeks	Normal
Peripheral blood leukocytes 16 Weeks	Normal
Heart weight	Normal
Salmonella infection	Normal
Cytotoxic T Cell Function	Normal
Spleen Immunophenotyping	Normal
Mesenteric Lymph Node Immunophenotyping	Normal
Bone Marrow Immunophenotyping	Normal
Epidermal Immune Composition	Normal
Influenza Challenge	Normal

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000002745 - Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000029671 - Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. McWhirter JR, Neuteboom ST, Wancewicz EV, Monia BP, Downing JR, Murre C (Sep 1999). "Oncogenic homeodomain transcription factor E2A-Pbx1 activates a novel WNT gene in pre-B acute lymphoblastoid leukemia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 96 (20): 11464–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.20.11464. PMC 18056. PMID 10500199.
6. "Entrez Gene: WNT16 wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 16".
7. Sun Y, et al. (2012). "Treatment-induced damage to the tumor microenvironment promotes prostate cancer therapy resistance through WNT16B". Nature Medicine. 18 (9): 1359–68. doi:10.1038/nm.2890. PMC 3677971. PMID 22863786.
8. Gerdin AK (2010). "The Sanger Mouse Genetics Programme: high throughput characterisation of knockout mice". Acta Ophthalmologica. 88: 925–7. doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.4142.x. S2CID 85911512.
9. "International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium".
10. Skarnes WC, Rosen B, West AP, Koutsourakis M, Bushell W, Iyer V, Mujica AO, Thomas M, Harrow J, Cox T, Jackson D, Severin J, Biggs P, Fu J, Nefedov M, de Jong PJ, Stewart AF, Bradley A (Jun 2011). "A conditional knockout resource for the genome-wide study of mouse gene function". Nature. 474 (7351): 337–42. doi:10.1038/nature10163. PMC 3572410. PMID 21677750.
11. Dolgin E (Jun 2011). "Mouse library set to be knockout". Nature. 474 (7351): 262–3. doi:10.1038/474262a. PMID 21677718.
12. Collins FS, Rossant J, Wurst W (Jan 2007). "A mouse for all reasons". Cell. 128 (1): 9–13. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.018. PMID 17218247. S2CID 18872015.
13. White JK, Gerdin AK, Karp NA, Ryder E, Buljan M, Bussell JN, Salisbury J, Clare S, Ingham NJ, Podrini C, Houghton R, Estabel J, Bottomley JR, Melvin DG, Sunter D, Adams NC, Tannahill D, Logan DW, Macarthur DG, Flint J, Mahajan VB, Tsang SH, Smyth I, Watt FM, Skarnes WC, Dougan G, Adams DJ, Ramirez-Solis R, Bradley A, Steel KP (Jul 2013). "Genome-wide generation and systematic phenotyping of knockout mice reveals new roles for many genes". Cell. 154 (2): 452–64. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.06.022. PMC 3717207. PMID 23870131.
14. "Infection and Immunity Immunophenotyping (3i) Consortium".
15. "OBCD Consortium".

Further reading

• Smolich BD, McMahon JA, McMahon AP, Papkoff J (Dec 1993). "Wnt family proteins are secreted and associated with the cell surface". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4 (12): 1267–75. doi:10.1091/mbc.4.12.1267. PMC 275763. PMID 8167409.
• Fear MW, Kelsell DP, Spurr NK, Barnes MR (Nov 2000). "Wnt-16a, a novel Wnt-16 isoform, which shows differential expression in adult human tissues". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 278 (3): 814–20. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2000.3852. PMID 11095990.
• Katoh Y, Katoh M (Apr 2005). "Comparative genomics on Wnt16 orthologs". Oncology Reports. 13 (4): 771–5. doi:10.3892/or.13.4.771. PMID 15756456.
• Mazieres J, You L, He B, Xu Z, Lee AY, Mikami I, McCormick F, Jablons DM (Aug 2005). "Inhibition of Wnt16 in human acute lymphoblastoid leukemia cells containing the t(1;19) translocation induces apoptosis". Oncogene. 24 (34): 5396–400. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1208568. PMID 16007226.
• Casagrande G, te Kronnie G, Basso G (Jun 2006). "The effects of siRNA-mediated inhibition of E2A-PBX1 on EB-1 and Wnt16b expression in the 697 pre-B leukemia cell line". Haematologica. 91 (6): 765–71. PMID 16769578.
• Sun Y, Campisi J, Higano C, Beer TM, Porter P, Coleman I, True L, Nelson PS (Sep 2012). "Treatment-induced damage to the tumor microenvironment promotes prostate cancer therapy resistance through WNT16B". Nature Medicine. 18 (9): 1359–68. doi:10.1038/nm.2890. PMC 3677971. PMID 22863786.