Armenian Genocide recognition

Armenian Genocide recognition is the formal acceptance that the systematic massacres and forced deportation of Armenians committed by the Ottoman Empire from 1915 to 1923, during and after the First World War, constituted genocide. Most historians outside of Turkey recognize that the Ottoman persecution of Armenians was a genocide.[1][2][3] However, despite the recognition of the genocidal character of the massacre of Armenians in scholarship as well as in civil society, some governments have been reticent to officially acknowledge the killings as genocide because of political concerns about their relations with the Republic of Turkey.[4] As of 2020, governments and parliaments of 32 countries, including the United States, Germany, France, Italy, Canada, Russia, and Brazil have formally recognized the Armenian Genocide.

The eternal flame at the center of the twelve slabs, located at the Armenian Genocide memorial complex in Yerevan, Armenia

Opinion polls

In 2015, the Foundation for the Memory of Shoah and Fondapol surveyed 31,172 people between the ages of 16 and 29 living in 31 countries, asking, "In your view, can we talk about genocide in relation to the massacre of the Armenians, by the Turks, in 1915?" 77% of respondents answered in the affirmative. The highest percentage was for France with 93% agreeing and the lowest percentage was for Turkey, with 33% agreeing.[5][6]

International organizations

The 1948 UN War Crimes Commission Report

On May 15, 1948, the United Nations Economic and Social Council presented a 384 page report prepared by the United Nations War Crimes Commission (UNWCC),[7] set up in London (October 1943) to collect and collate information on war crimes and war criminals.[8] :129 The report was a response to the request by the UN Secretary-General to make arrangements for "the collection and publication of information concerning human rights arising from trials of war criminals, quislings and traitors, and in particular from the Nürnberg and Tokyo Trials." The report had been prepared by members of the Legal Staff of the Commission. The report is highly topical in regard to the Armenian Genocide, not only because it uses the 1915 events as a historic example, but also as a precedent to Articles 6 (c) and 5 (c) of the Nuremberg and Tokyo Charters, and thereby as a precursor to the then newly adopted UN Genocide Convention, differentiating between war crimes and crimes against humanity. By referring to the information collected during WWI and put forward by the 1919 Commission of Responsibilities, the report entitled "Information Concerning Human Rights Arising from Trials of War Criminals" used the Armenian case as a vivid example of crimes committed by a state against its own citizens. The report also noted that while the Paris Peace Treaties with Germany, Austria, Hungary and Bulgaria, did not include any reference to "laws of humanity", instead basing the charges on violations of "laws and customs of war", the Sèvres Peace Treaty with Turkey did so. In addition according to Armenian-Swedish historian Avedian Vahagn, Articles 226-228 also did, concerning customs of war (corresponding to Articles 228-230 of the Treaty of Versailles), the Sèvres Treaty also contained an additional Article 230, obviously in compliance with the Allied ultimatum of May 24, 1915, in regard to "crimes [committed] against humanity and civilization".[8] :130

The 1985 UN Genocide Report, the "Whitaker Report"

In 1985, the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities received a report from Special Rapporteur and Sub-Commission member Benjamin Whitaker (United Kingdom) entitled Revised and Updated Report on the Question of the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (commonly known as The Whitaker Report), in which the systematic Ottoman massacre of Armenians during World War I was cited as meeting the criteria for the UN definition of genocide and as one of the genocides of the 20th century.[9] His report was received and noted by a resolution at the 38th session of the Sub-Commission in 1985.[10]

Catholic Church

In 2015, Pope Francis said that the Armenian Genocide was "considered the first genocide of the 20th century". The word was not used again, due to strong Turkish backlash, until June 2016, when he reaffirmed and solidified his stance on it constituting a genocide and strongly condemned the enduring denial of it.[11] Turkey responded by accusing the Pope of having a "crusader mentality" against the country. The Vatican strongly denied this, claiming that the Pope had actually called for reconciliation between Armenians and Turks.[12]

International Association of Genocide Scholars

In 1997 the International Association of Genocide Scholars (IAGS) passed a resolution unanimously recognizing the Ottoman massacres of Armenians as genocide:[13][14]

That this assembly of the Association of Genocide Scholars in its conference held in Montreal, June 11–13, 1997, reaffirms that the mass murder of over a million Armenians in Turkey in 1915 is a case of genocide which conforms to the statutes of the United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide. It further condemns the denial of the Armenian Genocide by the Turkish government and its official and unofficial agents and supporters.

— Among the prominent scholars who supported the resolution were: Roger W. Smith (College of William & Mary; President of AGS); Israel Charny (Hebrew University, Jerusalem); Helen Fein (Past President AGS); Frank Chalk (Concordia University, Montreal); Ben Kiernan (Yale University); Anthony Oberschall (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill); Mark Levene (Warwick University, UK); Rhoda Howard (McMaster University, Canada), Michael Freeman (Essex University, UK), Gunnar Heinsohn (Bremen University, Germany)

The IAGS recognized the 1915 genocide in three different resolutions, on October 5, 2007, extending the recognition to also include the Assyrian genocide and the Greek genocide among the affected minorities:[15]

WHEREAS the denial of genocide is widely recognised as the final stage of genocide, enshrining impunity for the perpetrators of genocide, and demonstrably paving the way for future genocides;

WHEREAS the Ottoman genocide against minority populations during and following the First World War is usually depicted as a genocide against Armenians alone, with little recognition of the qualitatively similar genocides against other Christian minorities of the Ottoman Empire;

BE IT RESOLVED that it is the conviction of the International Association of Genocide Scholars that the Ottoman campaign against Christian minorities of the Empire between 1914 and 1923 constituted a genocide against Armenians, Assyrians, and Pontian and Anatolian Greeks.

BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the Association calls upon the government of Turkey to acknowledge the genocides against these populations, to issue a formal apology, and to take prompt and meaningful steps toward restitution.[16]

The IAGS has consistently identified the Ottoman massacres of Armenians as genocide. For example, on March 7, 2009, in an open letter to President Obama, Gregory Stanton, President IAGS stated "we urge you to 'refer to the mass slaughter of Armenians as genocide in your commemorative statement,' as you urged President George W. Bush to do in a letter dated March 18, 2005".[17]

International Center for Transitional Justice

In February 2002, an independent legal opinion commissioned by the International Center for Transitional Justice concluded that the Ottoman massacre of Armenians in 1915–1918 "include[d] all of the elements of the crime of genocide as defined in the [Genocide] Convention, and legal scholars as well as historians, politicians, journalists and other people would be justified in continuing to so describe them".[18] From page 2 of the report:

This memorandum was drafted by independent legal counsel based on a request made to the International Center for Transitional Justice ("ICTJ"), on the basis of the Memorandum of Understanding ("MoU") entered into by the Turkish Armenian Reconciliation Commission ("TARC") on July 12, 2002, and presentations by members of TARC on September 10, 2002.

From page 18, D. Conclusion:

… Because the other three elements identified above have been definitively established, the Events, viewed collectively, can thus be said to include all of the elements of the crime of genocide as defined in the Convention, and legal scholars as well as historians, politicians, journalists and other people would be justified in continuing to so describe them.

In 2007, the Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity wrote a letter[19] signed by 53 Nobel Laureates re-affirming the Genocide Scholars' conclusion that the 1915 killings of Armenians constituted genocide.[20] Wiesel's organization also asserted that Turkish acknowledgement of the Armenian Genocide would create no legal "basis for reparations or territorial claims", anticipating Turkish anxieties that it could prompt financial or territorial claims.[21]

European Parliament

On April 15, 2015, the European Parliament backed a motion that calls the massacre a century ago of up to 1.5 million Armenians by Ottoman Turkish forces a genocide,[22] days after Pope Francis' message triggered an angry reaction in Turkey for using the same term.[23] It had previously done so in 1987,[24] 2000,[25] 2002[26] and 2005.[27]

The European Parliament commended the message the pontiff had delivered.[28][29][30] Prior to the vote, Turkish president Erdoğan declared that "Turkey will ignore any decision by the European parliament", and that "I personally don’t bother about a defence because [Turks] don’t carry a stain or a shadow like genocide".[31]

Council of Europe

The Council of Europe recognized the Armenian Genocide on May 14, 2001.[32]

American Jewish organizations

On November 7, 1989, the Union for Reform Judaism passed a resolution on recognition of the Armenian Genocide.[33]

In 2007 the Anti-Defamation League declared the following press statement:

We have never negated but have always described the painful events of 1915–1918 perpetrated by the Ottoman Empire against the Armenians as massacres and atrocities. On reflection, we have come to share the view of Henry Morgenthau, Sr. that the consequences of those actions were indeed tantamount to genocide. If the word genocide had existed then, they would have called it genocide.[34]

In 2014 the American Jewish Committee recognized the Armenian Genocide as a historical fact.[35][36]

In October 2015, the Jewish Council for Public Affairs published a resolution calling on the U.S. government to recognize the World War I-era Turkish massacres of Armenians as a genocide.[37]

Central Council of Jews in Germany

In April 2015, the Central Council of Jews in Germany called on the German government to recognize the World War I mass murder of over one million Armenians in what was then the Ottoman Empire as a genocide. "One hundred years ago, the government of the Ottoman Empire ordered the deportation of one million Armenians. They were murdered directly, or died of starvation and dehydration in the desert," Central Council President Josef Schuster told the newspaper Der Tagesspiegel. He added: "These terrible events should be called what they were: a genocide." Schuster said the Armenian genocide later served Adolf Hitler and his Nazis as a blueprint for the Holocaust.[38][39][40]

European People's Party

On March 3, 2015, the European People's Party (EPP) adopted a resolution recognising and condemning the Armenian Genocide as well as paying tribute to the victims in the 100th anniversary. The EPP, which is the largest European political party, has adopted the resolution following the initiative of its sister parties from Armenia. The EPP includes major parties such as the German Christian Democratic Union (CDU), the French Union for a Popular Movement (UMP), the Spanish People's Party (PP) and it has member parties in all the EU Member States.[41][42]

Other

Other organizations which have recognized the Armenian Genocide include:

Permanent Peoples' Tribunal

In 1984, the Permanent Peoples' Tribunal ruled that the Armenian Genocide is "an 'international crime' for which the Turkish state must assume responsibility", and that the United Nations and each of its members "have the right to demand this recognition and to assist the Armenian people to that end".[53][54][55]

Presbyterian Church (USA)

On June 20, 2014, the Presbyterian Church (USA) adopted a resolution recognizing the Armenian Genocide and adopting the 2015 church calendar designating April 26 as the day for its observance.[56][57] It also directed the church's Mission Agency to prepare educational and liturgical resources for member churches in preparation for this event.[57] This resolution was the first of its kind for a major American church body.[57]

Parliaments and governments

Turkey continues to insist that the mass killings of 1915 were not a genocide, a fact which many Europeans take as casting doubt on the Turkish nation's commitment to human rights, but also as an "excuse" to block European Union membership for a Muslim-majority country, for which Turkish-Armenian intellectual Hrant Dink publicly issued condemnation to some countries before he was assassinated in 2007.[58][59]

Countries
  Countries that officially recognize the events as genocide.
  Countries where certain political parties, provinces or municipalities have recognized the events as genocide, independently from the government as a whole.

On May 24, 1915, during World War I, the Allied Powers (the United Kingdom, France and Russia) jointly issued a statement in which they said that for approximately a month, the Kurdish and Turkish populations of Armenia had been massacring Armenians, with the connivance and often assistance of Ottoman authorities, and that the Allied Powers would hold all officers of the Ottoman Government implicated in such crimes personally responsible for crimes against humanity.[60][61][62]

During the second half of the 20th century and the 21st century, parliaments of several countries have formally recognized the event as genocide. Turkish entry talks with the European Union were met with a number of calls to consider the event as genocide,[63][64][65] though it never became a precondition.

As of February 2020, 32 states had officially recognized the historical events as genocide. Sovereign nations (i.e. UN member-states) officially recognizing the Armenian Genocide are:[66][67][68]

Country Year(s) of recognition Notes
 Argentina 1993, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2015[69]
 Armenia 1988[70] Recognition extended by the Armenian SSR.
 Austria 2015[71][72]
 Belgium 1998,[73] 2015[74]
 Bolivia 2014 The resolution was approved unanimously by both the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies, with the approval of the Foreign Ministry.[75]
 Brazil 2015 The resolution was approved by the Federal Senate.[76][77]
 Bulgaria 2015 The declaration was adopted by the Bulgarian parliament on April 24, 2015, using the phrase "mass extermination of the Armenian People in the Ottoman Empire" and declares April 24 as a Victims Remembrance Day.[78][79][80]

Regarding the usage of "mass extermination" the Bulgarian Prime Minister Boyko Borisov has specified the following: "I said it very clearly: this is the Bulgarian word or the Bulgarian words, or the Bulgarian idiom for 'genocide.'" [80]

 Canada 1996, 2002, 2004,[81] 2006[82]
 Chile 2007, 2015[83][84]
 Cyprus 1975, 1982, 1990 The first country to raise the issue to the United Nations General Assembly. Denial of the genocide is criminalized in Cyprus.[85]
 Czech Republic 2017, 2020[86] On April 14, 2015, Czech Committee on Foreign Affairs of the Chamber of Deputies passed a resolution on the occasion of the Armenian Genocide Centenary.[87] On April 25, 2017 Czech Parliament approved a resolution condemning the Armenian Genocide.[88] On May 20, 2020, the Czech Senate unanimously adopted a resolution recognizing the Armenian Genocide.[89]
 France 1998, 2001[90] The French Senate adopted a bill on October 14, 2016, that made the denial of the Armenian Genocide a crime. The bill was introduced by the French Government and passed by the French National Assembly in July, and stipulates a penalty of a year in prison or a 45,000 Euro fine.[91] On February 5, 2019, French President Emmanuel Macron declared April 24 as Armenian Genocide commemoration day in France.[92]
 Germany 2005, 2016[93] Resolution passed first reading in April 2015. On June 2, 2016, the German Bundestag almost unanimously (with one vote against and one abstention) passed a resolution qualifying the Ottoman-era Armenian killings 'genocide'.[94]
 Greece 1996 Denial of the genocide is criminalized. Punishable by up to 3 years in prison and a fine not to exceed €30,000, per 2014 act.[95]
 Italy 2000, 2019[90][96] Denial of genocides is criminalized. It stipulates 3-year imprisonment and a fine.[97][98][99] On April 10, 2019, the Italian Chamber of Deputies adopted an initiative calling on the Italian government to recognize the Armenian Genocide and give the issue an international dimension.[100]
 Libya(?)[101] 2019 The eastern-based interim administration's Council of Ministers has adopted a proposal from Abdelhady Alhweij, its foreign minister, to recognise the Armenian Genocide. Libya is the third Arab (the other two being Lebanon and Syria) and the first African state to recognize the genocide.[102]
 Lithuania 2005[103] On December 16, 2005, the Lithuanian Parliament, or Seimas, approved a resolution recognizing the Armenian Genocide.
 Lebanon 1997, 2000[104] On May 11, 2000, the Lebanese Parliament unanimously approved a resolution calling for the commemoration of the 82nd anniversary of the Armenian Genocide perpetrated by the Ottoman Turkish government at the beginning of the century. The resolution, presented by the parliament executive, calls on all Lebanese citizens to unite with the Armenian people on April 24 in commemorating the atrocities of 1915-1923.
 Luxembourg 2015[105] The Chamber of Deputies unanimously adopted a resolution on the recognition of the genocide of Armenian people.[106]
 Netherlands 2004, 2015,[107][108] 2018[109][110] The Dutch government will send a Minister or State Secretary to Armenia to attend Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day every five years, starting in 2018.[111]
 Paraguay 2015 The Chamber of Senators in Paraguay unanimously adopted the resolution.[112]
 Poland 2005[113] The Sejm of the Republic of Poland (lower house of the Polish parliament) unanimously passed a bill recognizing the Armenian Genocide on April 19, 2005.
 Portugal 2019[114] On April 26, 2019, the Parliament of Portugal voted for the recognition of the Armenian Genocide perpetrated by the Ottoman Empire, with a Vote of Regret N.º 819/XIII.
 Russia 1995, 2005, 2015[115][116]
 Slovakia 2004[117] Denial of the genocide is criminalized. Punishable by up to 5 years in prison, per 2011 act.[118]
 Sweden 2010[119]
  Switzerland 2003[120] Denial of the genocide is criminalized.
See also: Perinçek v. Switzerland
 Syria 2015, 2020[121][122][123] On February 13, 2020, the Syrian Parliament unanimously adopted a resolution recognizing and condemning the Armenian Genocide.
 United States 2019[124][125] The United States Congress officially recognizes the Armenian Genocide. The House of Representatives affirmed the United States record on the Armenian Genocide with House Resolution 296 on October 29, 2019.[126] The Senate unanimously recognized the genocide with Senate Resolution 150 on December 12, 2019.[125][127] However, President Trump did not support the resolution, citing that his administration's stance on the issue had not changed.[128]
 Uruguay 1965, 2004[129][130] The first country to recognize the events as genocide.
  Holy See 2000, 2015[131]
 Venezuela 2005[132] On July 14, 2005, the National Assembly of Venezuela adopted a resolution that recognizes the Armenian Genocide.

States, regions, provinces, municipalities and parliamentary committees

Recognition of the Armenian Genocide also includes:

Australia

Parliaments of 2 Australian states recognize the Armenian Genocide:

  •  New South Wales: In 2007 the Parliament of the State of New South Wales passed a motion condemning the genocide and called on the Australian Federal Government to do the same.[133]
  •  South Australia: In March 2009 the Parliament of South Australia passed a similar motion to that passed in New South Wales in 2007.[134]

Additionally, the City of Ryde adopted a unanimous motion dedicated to the centenary of the Armenian Genocide at its Council Meeting on April 14, 2015. The motion further calls upon the Government of Australia to recognize and condemn all genocides.[135] The City of Willoughby passed a motion recognizing the Armenian Genocide on May 11, 2015.[136]

Belgium
  •  Flanders: The Parliament of Flanders adopted a resolution recognizing the Armenian Genocide and calling upon Turkey to come to terms with its past.[137]
Brazil

The parliaments of 4 Brazilian states recognize the Armenian Genocide:

  •  Ceará: In 2006, The Legislative Council of State of Ceará, Brazil, unanimously passed a bill which recognizes April 24 as the Day of the Armenian People. Armenian Genocide victims will henceforth be commemorated on this day.[138]
  •  Paraná: In 2013, the parliament of the state of Paraná adopted a bill recognizing the Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire.[139]
  •  Rio de Janeiro: The state of Rio de Janeiro recognized the Armenian Genocide on July 24, 2015, with a law setting April 24 as "Day of recognition and memory of the victims of the Armenian Genocide".[140]
  •  São Paulo: The Legislative Assembly of the largest Brazilian state – São Paulo – passed a law recognizing April 24 as "a Commemoration Day of the 1.5 million victims of the Armenian Genocide in 1915" in 2003.[141]
Bulgaria
Canada

Additionally, the cities of Montreal and Toronto recognized the Armenian Genocide.[145]

Egypt
France
Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day in Saint Sarkis Cathedral, Tehran, 2017 (center: Archbishop Sepuh Sargsyan)
Iran
Israel
Italy

Parliaments of 9 Italian regions recognize the Armenian Genocide:

  •  Abruzzo: The Italian region of Abruzzo on October 27, 2015, passed a bill to recognize the Armenian Genocide.[151]
  •  Basilicata: The Regional Council of Basilicata, Italy, unanimously recognized the Armenian Genocide on September 27, 2016.[152]
  •  Emilia-Romagna: The Emilia-Romagna region of Italy adopted on July 28, 2016, a resolution recognizing the Armenian Genocide.[153]
  •  Lazio: The Regional Council of Lazio in Italy unanimously adopted a motion on recognition of the Armenian Genocide on March 18, 2019.[154]
  •  Lombardy: The Regional Council of Lombardy in Italy unanimously adopted a motion on recognition and commemoration of the Armenian Genocide on April 14, 2015.[155]
  •  Marche: The Regional Council of Marche, Italy, unanimously recognized the Armenian Genocide on October 6, 2015.[156]
  •  Piedmont: On March 31, 2015, the Regional Council of Piedmont in Italy adopted a motion on recognition and commemoration of the Armenian Genocide.[157]
  •  Sicily: The Sicilian Parliament in Italy unanimously recognized the Armenian Genocide on April 20, 2016.[158]
  •  Tuscany: On March 25, 2015, the Italian region of Tuscany passed a resolution on recognition of the Armenian Genocide.[159]

Additionally, almost 100 cities throughout Italy have recognized the Armenian Genocide, including Rome, Milan, Turin, Venice, Padua, Florence, Genoa, Livorno, Taranto, Trieste, Ancona, Perugia, Reggio Emilia and Parma.[160]

Mexico
  •  Michoacán: The Mexican state of Michoacán adopted a statement recognizing and condemning the 1915 Armenian Genocide on May 7, 2019.[161]
Netherlands
  •  Overijssel: The Dutch province of Overijssel adopted a motion recognizing the Armenian Genocide.[162]
Philippines
  •  Manila: A divine liturgy was delivered on September 27, 2016, at Santuario de San Antonio Church in Manila, Philippines, dedicated to the memory of the victims of the Armenian Genocide at the initiative of the Armenian Embassy of the Philippines.[163]
Saudi Arabia
  •  Saudi Arabia: The deterioration of Saudi Arabia–Turkey relations has led to an increase of calling for recognition of the Armenian Genocide.[164] In 2019, Saudi Arabia sponsored the final solution to recognize the Armenian Genocide, in which the U.S. Senate eventually recognized.[165] Saudi Arabian ambassador in Lebanon had also paid a visit to Armenian Genocide memorial to demonstrate Saudi solidarity to Armenia.[166]
Spain

Parliaments of 5 Spanish regions recognize the Armenian Genocide:

Additionally, 35 Spanish cities within 8 regions have recognized the Armenian Genocide:

Pilgrims commemorating the 94th anniversary of the Genocide in Margadeh, near Deir ez-Zor in Syria
Switzerland
  •  Geneva: Government of Swiss canton of Geneva recognized the Armenian Genocide of 1915[205]
  •  Vaud: Swiss Canton of Vaud recognized the Armenian Genocide of 1915 in Ottoman Turkey[206]
United Arab Emirates

Due to deterioration of relations between Turkey and the United Arab Emirates, the country had announced in April 2019 to slowly recognize the Armenian Genocide, in response to Turkey's aggressive behaviors.[207]

  •  Abu Dhabi: The Emirate had become the first place in the United Arab Emirates to openly acknowledge the Armenian Genocide.[208]
United Kingdom

Two of the three devolved legislatures of the United Kingdom have recognised the Armenian Genocide.[209]

United States
Vietnam
  •  Vietnam: in 2015, Vietnam's Justice Minister Hà Hùng Cường, on his trip to Yerevan, stated that Vietnam was willing to discuss and recognize the Armenian Genocide.[216]
Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day in Donetsk, Ukraine, 2016
Other
  • Quindío, Colombia: The department's current capital city, formerly named "Villa Holguín" at its foundation act in 1889, was after renamed Armenia as tribute to the genocide victims.[217]
  •  Republic of Artsakh: The predominantly Armenian-populated region of Nagorno-Karabakh recognizes the Armenian Genocide.[218] The self-proclaimed republic has declared April 24 as Genocide Memorial Day.[219]
  •  Crimea: The Crimean Parliament recognized the Armenian Genocide in 2005.[220]

Positions by countries

Position of Turkey
See also: Armenian Genocide denial
Armenian Genocide centennial commemoration near Taksim Square, Istanbul

The verdict of the Istanbul trials, held by the Ottoman government in 1919–1920, acknowledged the massacre of Armenians as "war crimes", and sentenced the perpetrators to death.[221] However, in 1921, during the resurgence of the Turkish National Movement, amnesty was given to those found guilty. Thereafter, the Turkish government, under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, adopted a policy of denial.[221][222][223][224] A major obstacle for wider recognition of the genocide in the world is the official position of Turkey, which rests on the assumption that the deportation of Armenians was a legitimate state action.[225] A 2014 survey found that only 9% of Turkish citizens thought that their government should recognize the genocide.[226]

In April 2006, the Turkish Human Rights Association recognized the events as a genocide.[227]

In December 2008, a group of Turkish intellectuals launched an online petition – named the "I Apologize" campaign ('Özür Diliyorum' in Turkish) – for people wanting to apologize in a personal capacity. The writers of the petition used the word "the Great Catastrophe" regarding the events. The petition gained upwards of 10,000 signatures in a matter of days. In the face of a backlash,[228] then Turkish president Abdullah Gül defended the petition, citing freedom of speech.[229] An opposition group soon launched a website raising an even higher number of signatures. Recep Tayyip Erdogan, at the time Prime Minister, sided with the opposition, and a national debate ensued.[230]

Since the "I Apologize" campaign in 2008, every year on April 24, commemoration ceremonies for the genocide are held in several Turkish cities. They started at Taksim Square in Istanbul in 2008, mainly as a result of the nationwide discussion that came after the assassination of Hrant Dink and then spread to Ankara, Diyarbakır, İzmir, Malatya, and Mersin in the following years.[231] The commemorations draw increasing support each year.

In the twentieth century, the only Turkish political movement to recognize the genocide was the Maoist militant group Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist.[232] The genocide has also been recognized by Kurdish political movements including the Kurdistan Workers' Party in its official newspaper in 1982 and the Kurdish parliament-in-exile in 1997.[233] As of 2020, genocide denial is supported by all major political parties in Turkey, except the Peoples' Democratic Party and the Greens and the Left Party of the Future , as well as many pro- and anti-government media and civil society organizations. Both government and opposition parties have strongly reacted to genocide recognition in other countries.[234][235]

Position of the United States
U.S. states that recognize the Armenian Genocide
Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day in Los Angeles, California, 2015

In 1951, the United States Department of State did actually exemplify the Armenian case as one of the committed acts of genocide in recent past. This view is evident in the written statement by United States given to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) that year, observing that: "The Genocide Convention resulted from the inhuman and barbarous practices which prevailed in certain countries prior to and during World War II, when entire religious, racial and national minority groups were threatened with and subjected to deliberate extermination. The practice of genocide has occurred throughout human history. The Roman persecution of the Christians, the Turkish massacres of Armenians, the extermination of millions of Jews and Poles by the Nazis are outstanding examples of the crime of genocide. This was the background when the General Assembly of the United Nations considered the problem of genocide."[236] That the USA later dramatically changed this position and has since consistently refrained from officially use the term "genocide" about the WWI events can be ascribed to the rise of the Cold War era and Turkey's NATO membership along with the disappearance of Raphael Lemkin as a strong human rights advocate from the ranks of the US State Department.[8]

Several official U.S. documents describe the events as genocide. The United States House of Representatives adopted resolutions commemorating the Armenian Genocide in 1975,[237][238] 1984[239] and 1996.[240] President Ronald Reagan also described the events as genocide in his speech on April 22, 1981.[241] The legislatures of 49 out of the 50 U.S. states have made individual proclamations recognising the events of 1915 to 1923 as genocide.[214][242] As of March 4, 2010, the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs has recognized the massacres of 1915 as genocide.[243]

The United States government first acknowledged the Armenian Genocide back in 1951, in a document it submitted to the International Court of Justice, commonly known as the World Court.[9]

House Joint Resolution 148, adopted on April 8, 1975, resolved: "Authorizes the President to designate April 24, 1975, as 'National Day of Remembrance of Man's Inhumanity to Man' for remembrance of all the victims of genocide, especially those of Armenian ancestry who succumbed to the genocide perpetrated in 1915."[238]

After the tenure of Ronald Reagan, later United States Presidents have refused to name the events as such because of concerns over alienating Turkey.[244]

The Armenian Assembly of America (AAA) and the Armenian National Committee of America (ANCA), advocacy organizations representing the views and values of the Armenian American community in the United States, have been urging Congress and the President of the United States to recognize the genocide by Ottoman Turkey in 1915.[245] They have also asked for an increase of economic aid to Armenia.

The U.S. House Committee on Foreign Affairs approved HR 106, a bill that categorized and condemned the Ottoman Empire for the Genocide, on October 10, 2007, by a 27–21 vote. However, some of the support for the bill from both Democrats and Republicans eroded after the White House warned against the possibility of Turkey restricting airspace as well as ground-route access for U.S. military and humanitarian efforts in Iraq in response to the bill.[244] In response to the House Foreign Affairs Committee's decision on the bill, Turkey ordered their ambassador to the United States to return to Turkey for "consultations".[246] The Turkish lobby worked intensely to block the bill's passage.[246]

On January 19, 2008, United States Senator Barack Obama stated that "the Armenian Genocide is not an allegation, a personal opinion, or a point of view, but rather a widely documented fact supported by an overwhelming body of historical evidence. The facts are undeniable." He promised to recognize the genocide if elected president.[247] On April 24, 2009, he stated as president: "I have consistently stated my own view of what occurred in 1915, and my view of that history has not changed. My interest remains the achievement of a full, frank and just acknowledgment of the facts."[248] On April 24 commemoration speeches, Obama referred only to the Armenian synonym Mets Eghern ("Mec Eġeṙn"). In 2010,[249][250][251][252] 2012,[253] 2013,[254] 2014[255] 2015,[256][257] and 2016[258] he did not use the word 'genocide'. In April 2015, Obama sent a Presidential Delegation to Armenia to attend the Centennial Commemoration in Yerevan.[259] Susan E. Rice, Obama's National Security Advisor, encouraged the Foreign Minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu of Turkey to take concrete steps to improve relations with Armenia and to facilitate an open and frank dialogue in Turkey about the atrocities of 1915.[260]

On October 29, 2019, the United States House of Representatives passed a resolution on a 405–11 vote to recognize the Armenian genocide. The United States Senate passed the resolution through unanimous vote on December 12, 2019, defying President Donald Trump who opposed recognition.[261] In April 2020, Joe Biden stated that he would recognize the Armenian genocide if elected in the 2020 United States presidential election.[262]

Kurdish position
Further information: Kurdish recognition of the Armenian Genocide

Some Kurdish tribes played a role in the genocide, as they were an important tool used by the Ottoman authorities to carry out the killings.[263] Among modern Kurds, including major Kurdish parties like the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP), and the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), most of them acknowledge the killings and apologize in the name of their ancestors who committed atrocities toward Armenians and Assyrians in the name of the Ottoman Empire.[264][265][266][267][268]

Position of France
Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day in Lyon, 2015

France has formally recognized the Armenian massacres as genocide.[269]

In 2006, the French Parliament submitted a bill to create a law that would punish any person denying the Armenian Genocide with up to five years' imprisonment and a fine.[270] Despite Turkish protests,[271] the French National Assembly adopted a bill making it a crime to deny that Armenians suffered genocide in 1915 at the hands of the Ottoman Turks.[272] The bill had been criticized as an attempt to garner votes from among the 600,000 ethnic Armenians of France.[273] This criticism has come not only from within Turkey,[274] but also from Orhan Pamuk.[275] However, the bill was dropped in the summer of 2011 before going to the Senate.[276]

Since then, France has urged Turkey to recognize the 1915 massacre as genocide.[277]

The French Senate passed a bill in 2011 that criminalizes denial of acknowledged genocides, which includes both the Holocaust and the Armenian Genocide. The bill was submitted by the parliament in 2012.[278] However, the bill was considered unconstitutional on February 28, 2012, by the French Constitutional Court: "The council rules that by punishing anyone contesting the existence of... crimes that lawmakers themselves recognized or qualified as such, lawmakers committed an unconstitutional attack on freedom of expression".[279]

The French Senate adopted a new bill on October 14, 2016, that made the denial of the Armenian Genocide a crime. The bill was introduced by the French Government and passed by the French National Assembly in July 2016, and stipulates a penalty of a year in prison or a 45,000 Euro fine.[91] However, the law was put down by the French Constitutional Court in January 2017. The Council said the "ruling causes uncertainty regarding expressions and comments on historical matters. Thereby, this ruling is an unnecessary and disproportionate attack against freedom of speech."[280]

On February 5, 2019, French President Emmanuel Macron declared April 24 as Armenian Genocide commemoration day in France.[92]

Position of Iran

Due to the period of weak central government and Tehran's inability to protect its territorial integrity when the genocide occurred, Muslim Turks and Kurds invaded the town of Salmas in northwestern Persia and tortured and massacred the Christian Armenian inhabitants after the withdrawal of Russian troops from the region. Prior to the Russian withdrawal, a larger number of Christians fled across the Arax river into Russia, while a small number remained hidden in the homes of local Muslims.[281]

Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh, a prominent Persian writer in the 20th century, studied in Europe where he joined a group of Iranian nationalists in Berlin who were to eventually start a newspaper (Rastakhiz) in Baghdad in 1915. During a trip from Baghdad to Istanbul he witnessed the deportations of Armenians and encountered many Armenian victims and corpses during his journey.[282] He wrote of his experiences and eyewitness accounts decades later in two books entitled "Qatl-e Amm-e Armanian" (Persian: قتل عام ارمنیان‎, literally; Armenian massacres) and "Qatl o ḡārat-e Arāmaneh dar Torkiye" (On the massacres of Armenians in Turkey).[282]

The current government of Iran has not officially acknowledged the Armenian Genocide due to the need of maintaining relations with Turkey, the perpetrator of the genocide, however Armenia–Iran relations have been largely cordial and Iran is Armenia's major trade partner as Turkey and Azerbaijan have blockaded the country.[283] As a result of tensions developed between Azerbaijan and Iran, the former has strong relations with Turkey and open hatred against Iran by Azerbaijanis despite Iran claimed it had sought to support Azerbaijan at 1990s, Iran has, instead, sided with Armenia in majority of issues, including the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.[284][285] Numerous Iranian leaders like Mohammad Khatami in 2004 had paid respect to the victims of the Armenian Genocide.[286]

In 2010, Turkey and Iran entered in a political clash when Iran's Vice President Hamid Baghaei condemned Turkey for the Armenian Genocide.[287] In 2015, Iranian Armenian community had called for Hassan Rouhani to recognize the Armenian Genocide.[288]

Position of the United Kingdom
See also: Armenian Genocide denial § United Kingdom

The devolved legislatures of Scotland and Wales have formally recognised the Armenian Genocide. The government of the United Kingdom does not recognize the Armenian Genocide, as it considers that the evidence is not clear enough to retrospectively consider "the terrible events that afflicted the Ottoman Armenian population at the beginning of the last century" to be genocide under the 1948 UN convention. The British government states the "massacres were an appalling tragedy" and condemns them, stating that this was the view of the government during that period.[209] In 2006, an early day motion recognising the Armenian Genocide by the UK Parliament was signed by 182 MPs.[289][290]

Armenian memorial unveiled in Cardiff in 2007

However, in 2007, the position of the British government was that it condemns the massacres, but "neither this Government nor previous British Governments have judged that the evidence is sufficiently unequivocal to persuade us that these events should be categorised as genocide as defined by the 1948 UN Convention on Genocide, a convention which is, in any event, not retrospective in application."[291] In 2009, the lawyer Geoffrey Robertson QC revealed in a disclosure of Foreign Office documents entitled "Was there an Armenian Genocide?",[292] how the British Parliament has routinely been misinformed and misled by ministers who have recited FCO briefs without questioning their accuracy. As summarized by Robertson, "there was no 'evidence' that had ever been looked at and there had never been a 'judgment' at all."[293] A 1999 Foreign Office briefing for ministers said that the recognition of the Armenian Genocide would provide no practical benefit to the UK and goes on to say that "The current line is the only feasible option" owing to "the importance of our relations (political, strategic and commercial) with Turkey". The Foreign Office documents furthermore include advice from 1995 to the then Conservative foreign minister, Douglas Hogg, that he should refuse to attend a memorial service for the victims of the genocide.[294] As of 2015, the United Kingdom does not formally recognise the Ottoman Empire's massacres of Armenians as a "genocide".[295]

James Bryce (1838–1922), 1st Viscount Bryce, was one of the first Britons to bring this issue to public attention.[296][297]

Position of Germany
See also: Germany's role in the Armenian Genocide

Germany was an ally of the Ottoman Empire in the World War I, and many German military officers were complicit on letting the genocide to happen, and was also supporting the Ottoman Empire in fear that Armenians would collaborate with Russia at the time; several German figures like Hans Humann and Hans von Seeckt also demonstrated support for the Ottomans.[298][299] These actions were the seeds for the future Holocaust by Nazi Germany as many were inspired by the gruesome Armenian Genocide.[299] British journalist Robert Fisk, while acknowledging the role playing by most German diplomats and parliamentaries in the condemnation of the Ottoman Turks, noted that some of the German witnesses to the Armenian holocaust would later go on to play a role in the Nazi regime. For example, Konstantin Freiherr von Neurath, who was attached to the Turkish 4th Army in 1915 with instructions to monitor "operations" against the Armenians, later became Adolf Hitler's foreign minister and "Protector of Bohemia and Moravia" during Reinhard Heydrich's terror in Czechoslovakia.[300]

Despite this, many other German officers had also openly disapproved the genocide and were appalled to see it happen. Count Paul Wolff Metternich was an eyewitness who received numerous messages about the brutal Armenian Genocide and deportation, and the Ottomans' determination to exterminate Armenians; his successor Hans Freiherr von Wangenheim also experienced similar story and documented the genocide.[301][302] Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter, who documented various massacres of Armenians, had sent fifteen reports regarding "deportations and mass killings" to the German chancellery and detailed methods by the Ottoman government to commit atrocities and cover-up attempts by the Ottomans.[303] German writer Armin T. Wegner had defied state censorship by taking photographs about the Armenian genocide.[304] He later stated: "I venture to claim the right of setting before you these pictures of misery and terror which passed before my eyes during nearly two years, and which will never be obliterated from my mind.".[305] He was eventually arrested by the Germans and recalled to Germany, but his work and open defiance toward the Ottoman censorship had made him a venerated name in Armenia for championing the cause in difficult times.[306]

Germany, in 2005, had decided to acknowledge the Armenian Genocide for the first time.[307] The solution was later extended in 2016, leading to tensions between Germany and Turkey to rise.[308]

Position of China

China has not recognized the Armenian Genocide. However, China has historically had an adverse relationship with Turkic world, and numerous wars between China and Turkic entities have fomented a strong hatred against anything Turkish and Turkic in China, especially due to recent Xinjiang conflict when Turkey has been accused of sponsoring pan-Turkist separatists against China.[309][310] On the same time, anti-Chinese sentiment is also omnipresent in Turkey and other Turkic countries, most notably during the July 2009 Ürümqi riots, and news about Uyghurs and other Turkic people in Xinjiang have always been a sensitive issue on Chinese–Turkish relations.[311][312]

As such, skepticism toward Turkey from China has resulted in a greater call for solidarity to the Armenian people in China, since Armenia and China share an equally ancient history, and the relations between modern China and Armenia are friendly.[313] During the Armenian Genocide, China hosted a small number of Armenian refugees, mostly concentrated around Harbin and Tianjin, and it was expressed with gratitude by the Armenian survivors.[314] China has been accused by Turkey of sending aids to Armenia with reference to the Ararat Mountain, the sacred mountain in Armenian mythology lies in modern Turkey, which Ankara believed Beijing is trying to help Armenia to reinforce claim over Turkish territory.[315] Calling for recognition of genocide in China also gather attention, notably in 2009 when Turkey blamed China for the Uyghur–Han tensions, and in 2014 when a group of Armenian musicians authorized by Beijing performed Armenian Genocide's music in China.[316][317]

In 2011, then-Chinese Foreign Minister, Yang Jiechi, laid flowers to victims of Armenian Genocide memorial in Yerevan.[318]

Position of Australia

Australia does not view the events at the end of the Ottoman Empire as a genocide, although it doesn't deny it happened.[319] Australia is one of the countries who were at war with the Ottoman Empire at the time of the events, notably during the Gallipoli Campaign. Australia does acknowledge the tragic events had devastating effects on the identity, heritage, and culture of all the people in the areas that the events have occurred. Furthermore, in response to the motions of New South Wales and South Australia to recognize the events as genocide the Foreign Minister of Australia has clarified on June 4, 2014, that Australian states and territories have no constitutional role in the formulation of the Australian foreign policy, and that Australia does not view the tragic events at the end of the Ottoman Empire as a genocide.[319]

Position of Israel

Officially Israel neither recognizes nor denies the Armenian Genocide. This stems from a few geopolitical considerations. First, according to The Times of Israel, "Israel is a small country in a hostile neighborhood that can't afford to antagonize the few friends it has in the region. Even more powerful states refuse to employ the 'genocide' term for fear of alienating Turkey...."[320] Second, Israel shares a "budding friendship" with Azerbaijan, a "Shiite Muslim but moderate country bordering Iran" that also strongly opposes recognition.[320] Third, according to former Israeli minister Yossi Sarid (one of the country's most vocal supporters of Armenian Genocide recognition), Israel tends to follow policies set by the United States, which had not recognized it.[321] Despite these concerns, many prominent Israeli figures from different sides of the political spectrum have called for recognition.[320][321]

In 2003, the Catholicos of All Armenian Karekin II visited the then Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Israel Yona Metzger who accepted an invitation by Karekin II to visit Armenia,[322] a trip that he made in 2005, including a visit to the Tsitsernakaberd (the Genocide Memorial in Yerevan).[323] While doing so he formally recognised the Armenian Genocide as a historical fact.[324] A 2007 survey found that more than 70% of Israelis thought that Israel should recognize the genocide, with 44% willing to break off relations with Turkey over the issue.[325]

Israel appeared to move closer to officially recognizing the genocide in 2011 when the Knesset held its first open discussion on the matter. By a unanimous vote of 20–0, the Knesset approved referring the subject to the Education Committee for more extensive deliberation.[326] Israel's speaker of the Knesset told an Israel-based Armenian action committee that he intended to introduce an annual parliamentary session to mark the genocide.[327] A special parliamentary session held in 2012 to determine if Israel would recognize the Armenian Genocide ended inconclusively. Then–Knesset Speaker Reuven Rivlin and Cabinet Minister Gilad Erdan were among those supporting formal recognition by the government.[328] The recognition was not approved at that time and in 2015, Rafael Harpaz, Israel's ambassador to Azerbaijan, said in an interview that Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman has made it clear that Israel will not recognize the Armenian Genocide, given Israel's hopes that its political and economic relationship with Turkey can improve.[329] Another great concern is Azerbaijan, which is Israel's main oil supplier, a buyer of Israeli arms, and a Muslim ally in the global coalition against Iran.[330]

MKs supporting recognition have acknowledged the effect it could have on Israel–Azerbaijan and Israel–Turkey relations. As then Knesset Spokesperson Rivlin said, "Turkey is and will be an ally of Israel. The talks with Turkey are understandable and even necessary from a strategic and diplomatic perspective. But those circumstances cannot justify the Knesset ignoring the tragedy of another people" and Ayelet Shaked (of the religious-nationalist Jewish Home party) said: "We must confront our silence and that of the world in the face of such horrors."[331][332] In 2000, then–education minister Yossi Sarid, chairman of the dovish Meretz party, announced plans to place the Armenian Genocide on Israel's history curricula.[320] As a result of Sarid's 2000 speech to an Armenian church in Jerusalem recognizing their genocide, he became persona non grata in Turkey.[321] Meretz has long fought for recognition of the genocide.[330] Zehava Galon, a successor of Sarid as Meretz leader, has initiated several motions in the Knesset calling for the government to recognize the Armenian Genocide. In 2013 she said, "Reconciliation with Turkey is an important and strategic move, but it should not affect the recognition."[332] Her 2014 motion also enjoyed much support on the Knesset floor, including that of Knesset Speaker Yuli Edelstein.[333] Galon has also paid her respects at local Armenian memorial services.[334]

Rivlin, now president of Israel, was one of the Knesset's most outspoken proponents of recognition. It was reported in 2014 that due to the sensitivities of Israel's relationship with Turkey, Rivlin was quietly distancing himself from the Israeli campaign to recognize the Armenian Genocide and chose not to sign the annual petition, which he had previously done.[335] Still, Israel has taken greater steps toward Armenian Genocide recognition under Rivlin's presidency. Rivlin was the first Israeli president to speak at the United Nations on the issue.[336] During the United Nations Holocaust Memorial on January 28, 2015, President Rivlin spoke about the Armenian tragedy.[337] It was observed that in his speech he used the phrase רצח בני העם הארמני reẓaḥ bnei haʿam haArmeni, which means "the murder of the members of the Armenian nation," coming close to the Hebrew term for genocide, רצח עם reẓaḥ ʿam.[338] In addition, 2015 marked the first time that Israel sent a delegation—Nachman Shai (Zionist Union) and Anat Berko (Likud)—to Yerevan for the official memorial event. In an event billed as the first to be held by an Israeli president to commemorate the tragedy, Rivlin also invited Armenian communal and religious leader's to his official residence on April 26, 2015. He said we are "morally obligated to point out the facts, as horrible as they might be, we must not ignore them." As he skirted using the term "genocide," some Armenian leaders were disappointed, though still thankful for the event.[338] However, it was later reported that earlier that same month, while briefing foreign journalists in English, Rivlin had in fact referred to the killings as genocide, saying:

It was Avshalom Feinberg, one of my eldest brothers, who said 25 years before the Holocaust that if we do not warn against what is going on with the Armenians, what will happen afterwards when they try to do to us…? There is a saying that the Nazis used the Armenian genocide as something that gave them permission to bring the Holocaust into reality, according to their belief that they have to discriminate against the Jewish people. 'Never again' belongs to every one of you, all the nations. We cannot allow something like that to happen."[336]

In 2015, a group of distinguished Israeli academics, artists, and former generals and politicians signed a petition calling on Israel to follow the Pope's lead and recognize the genocide.[321] The signatories included author Amos Oz, historian Yehuda Bauer, Major General (ret.) Amos Yadlin, former Likud minister Dan Meridor and about a dozen former MKs and ministers.[320]

Israeli President Reuven Rivlin visited the Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem on May 9, 2016. Concluding his speech he said, that "the Armenians were massacred in 1915. My parents remember thousands of Armenian migrants finding asylum at the Armenian Church. No one in Israel denies that an entire nation was massacred."[339]

On August 1, 2016, the Knesset Committee on Education, Culture and Sports recognized the Armenian Genocide.[340]

Position of Russia
Russian soldiers pictured in the Armenian village of Sheykhalan, 1915

The Russian Empire had fought the World War I as part of the Entente and thus it had conflicted with the Ottoman Empire. As such, Russian position toward the Armenian genocide was stemmed from the historical experience, where Russian troops frequently encountered deserted and destroyed villages, remains of Armenians, and mass atrocities committed against Armenian civilians by the Ottoman troops, which was reported by Mikhail Papadyanov, Russian State Duma representative in Baku.[341][342] Russia was obliged to assist the Armenian civilians fleeing from genocide, and Russia had established humanitarian relief groups to deliver needed aids and supports for ethnic Armenians.[342] In 1916, shocking scenes obtained from Erzurum led the Russians to retaliate against the Ottoman III Army whom they held responsible for the massacres, destroying it in its entirety.[343]

As for the result of this historical confrontation with the Ottomans, current poor relations between Russia and Turkey with regard to conflict in Syria, and its strong relations with the Armenians from 19th century onward, with Russia acted as a protector to the Christians including Armenians, Russia had acknowledged the Armenian Genocide in 1995.[115][116] In 2016, then-President of Russia, Dmitry Medvedev, laid flowers in remembrance to the victims of Armenian Genocide.[344]

Position of Japan

Japan was part of the Entente during World War I, but was not involved in the European front of the conflict as Japanese activities concentrated around China and other Asian territories. However, during the gruesome genocide, the Japanese had first reported about it and thus participated in the relief efforts to save the Armenian population. The effort was done by Viscount Shibusawa Eiichi, who was alarmed by the ongoing massacre of the Armenian population.[345][346][347][348] However, as a result of its eventual role in World War II, Japanese war crimes had been widely compared to the Ottoman war crimes; thus Japan has been reluctant to acknowledge the genocide due to fear of political backlash.[349]

Position of Poland

Poland has a historically strong relationship with Turkey because of its predecessor, the Ottoman Empire, had rejected the Partitions of Poland, and many Poles had supported the Ottomans against Russia on its quest to regain independence from Russia, Austria and Germany.[350][351] Poland also supports Turkey to integrate further within the European Union, which Poland is a member.[352]

Despite this strong Polish–Turkish relationship however, Poland in 2005 had officially recognized the Armenian Genocide. Prominent Polish politicians such as Lech Wałęsa had urged Turkey to acknowledge the genocide, where he made his speech in Echimadzin about the genocide "the first genocide of the 20th century".[353] The move was criticized in Turkey.

Position of Romania and Moldova

Regarding Romania, in 2006, the President Traian Băsescu was asked if Romania would follow France and other Western states in recognizing the genocide. He then declared "we will not do anything affecting our neutrality in our relations with all the countries of the Black Sea region" and said Romania did not want to risk worsening relations with Turkey. Băsescu said Armenia was complicating Turkey's integration into the European Union by continuously raising the issue in the international community.[354] However, over the next several years, pressure for Romania to recognize the event grew. In 2016, Cătălin Avramescu, advisor to the then ex-president Băsescu, said "Romania has special duty to recognize Armenian Genocide";[355] while the Romanian-Armenian politician Varujan Vosganian, who is president of the Union of Armenians of Romania, called on the Romanian Parliament in 2019 to do the same.[356] In one poll, it was found that 72% of the Romanians surveyed were aware of the Armenian Genocide.[357]

On the other hand, Moldova has expressed greater tolerance for the possibility, which has even been considered in the Moldovan Parliament, although this is unlikely due to the good relations between Moldova and Turkey and the desire to not deteriorate them.[358][359][360]

Position of Saudi Arabia

Historically, Saudi Arabia had backed Turkey over the Armenian Genocide and was one of the few countries in the world to not acknowledge the independence of Armenia; Saudi Arabia also sided with Azerbaijan, the main ally of Turkey, owing by Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.[361][362] However, increasing tensions between Saudi Arabia and Turkey have resulted in Saudi Arabia slowly paying attention to the Armenian Genocide, with government-run newspapers started to mention the Armenian Genocide, and anti-Turkish boycotts on the rise in the Saudi Kingdom as well.[363][364][365]

In April 2019, Saudi Arabia sponsored the final solution to recognize the Armenian Genocide, in which the U.S. Senate eventually recognized.[165] Saudi Arabian ambassador in Lebanon had also paid a visit to Armenian Genocide memorial to demonstrate Saudi solidarity to Armenia.[166] During the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, Saudi Arabia had called for boycott goods from Turkey after Turkish President Erdoğan openly blamed Saudi Arabia for the tensions in Caucasus and the Middle East.[365] Vahram Ayvazyan, a trainee of former U.S. Vice President Al Gore, called for Saudi Arabia and Armenia to establish relations to counter rising Turkish imperialism and genocidal manner, as he mentioned the genocide on Arabs by the Turkish Ottoman Empire along with Armenian Genocide.[366]

On the other hand, however, Saudi Arabia also needs to have leverage on relations with Azerbaijan, as Saudi Arabia has seen Azerbaijan a potential place to destabilize Iran, an ally of Armenia but also Turkey and Saudi Arabia's adversary, thus Saudi Arabia takes its action carefully, although Saudi opposition to Turkey has soared.[367]

Position of other countries
Armenian genocide monument in Larnaca, Cyprus. Cyprus was among the first countries to recognize the genocide.

Azerbaijan, which is in a strategic alliance with Turkey and is in conflict with Armenia because of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, shares the position of Turkey. During the Communist rule, when Azerbaijan was a part of the USSR, a brief description of the Armenian Genocide was placed in the Azerbaijani Soviet Encyclopedia.[368] Azerbaijan has actively lobbied against genocide recognition in other countries.[369]

Denmark believes (2008) that the genocide recognition should be discussed by historians, not politicians.[370] However, on January 26, 2017, the Danish Parliament adopted a resolution regarding the Armenian Genocide, which recognizes the "tragic and bloody events that took place in eastern Anatolia in the period 1915–1923".[371]

In Bulgaria, activists first tried to persuade the parliament to acknowledge the genocide in 2008, but the proposal was voted down.[372] Shortly after the decision of the parliament, several of the biggest municipalities in Bulgaria accepted a resolution recognising the genocide.[373] The resolution was first passed in Plovdiv followed by Burgas, Ruse, Stara Zagora, Pazardzhik and others. In 2015, however, the Bulgarian parliament adopted a declaration recognising the "mass extermination of the Armenian People in the Ottoman Empire" in the period 1915–1922, but did not use the word "genocide".[78][374]

The Armenian Heritage Park in downtown Boston

Croatia and Serbia, two Balkan countries with shared Christian history to Armenia, have been reluctant to recognize the Armenian Genocide due to economic relations with Turkey.[375] However, the two countries had fought brutal Yugoslav Wars, both against and together toward the Bosniaks, a South Slavic Muslim people with strong Turkish affinity. This resulted in the Srebrenica massacre of 1995, where Serbian force massacred 8,372[376] Bosniaks. Croatia and Bosnia have spats with each other due to Croatian war crimes on Bosniak civilians during the Bosnian War, notably surrounding the deceased-war criminal Slobodan Praljak.[377][378] Turkey has recognized the Srebrenica massacre and has frequently used it to condemn other countries for "hypocrisies", as it did with the Netherlands and Vatican, while Turkey at the same time openly denied the Armenian Genocide.[379][380] Croatia and Serbia have both faced similar pressures from the Turkish government to not allow any official recognition of the Armenian Genocide, while at the same time openly lambasting the Srebrenica massacre, which sometimes caused tensions between two Balkan nations to Turkey.[381][382][383][384][385]

Deterioration of relations between Egypt and the United Arab Emirates to Turkey had led to calls for recognition of Armenian Genocide to grow in here as well. The Emirate of Abu Dhabi also in April 2019 had become the first place in the United Arab Emirates to openly acknowledge the Armenian Genocide.[208] Earlier, in February 2019, the President of Egypt Abdel Fattah el-Sisi addressed his recognition of the Armenian Genocide during the 2019 Munich Security Conference[146] and urged for complete recognition of the genocide by Egypt.[147]

The Armenian diaspora and the genocide's recognition
Armenian Genocide memorial, Kolkata
Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day, Kolkata
Commemoration of the Armenian Genocide, Armenian Church in Volgograd, Russia
Armenian Genocide Memorial, New Julfa

By the 1970s, Armenian Americans, who had accumulated some wealth and political power, started efforts to lobby the U.S. government to recognize the genocide.[386]

The Armenian National Committee of America (ANCA) and the Armenian Assembly of America (AAA) lobby for recognition in the United States Congress, often in opposition to the Turkish lobby.[245][387]

During the later stages of the Cold War, fringe militant movements among Armenians arose. One of the goals of these Armenian militants was to agitate world governments for Turkish and international recognition of the Armenian Genocide. Attacks on Turkish diplomats were committed in Europe, Asia and America. Two active groups which committed many of these attacks were the Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA) and the Armenian Revolutionary Army (ARA);[387] both organizations stopped their military activities in the late 1980s.

The Armenian community in Kolkata, India, numbering approximately 150 people,[388] travel to the St John's Church in Chinsurah, annually, to observe Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day.[389] The community, along with visitors from countries such as Iran, Lebanon and Moscow held a memorial service at the 300-year-old Armenian Holy Church of Nazareth in Kolkata to mark the 100th anniversary of the genocide.[390] Armenian students at the Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi organised a candle lighting ceremony in the university campus and at the Sacred Heart Cathedral in the city to mark the anniversary. A commemoration ceremony was also held at the Armenian Church in Chennai.[391]

Developments since 2000

On March 29, 2000, the Swedish parliament approved a report recognizing the Armenian Genocide and calling for Turkey's greater openness and an "unbiased independent and international research on the genocide committed against the Armenian people".[392] On June 12, 2008, the Swedish parliament voted by 245 to 37 (with 1 abstention, 66 absences) to reject a call for recognition of the 1915 genocide of the Ottoman Empire. On June 11 a long debate took place in the Swedish Parliament in regard to the Foreign Committee report on Human Rights, including five motions calling upon the Swedish Government and Parliament to officially recognize the genocide.[393] The MPs adhered to the recommendation by the Swedish Foreign Ministry and Foreign Committee, arguing that there are "disagreements among scholars" in regard to the nature of the World War I events in Turkey, the non-retroactive nature of the UN Genocide Convention, and that the issue "should be left to historians". However, the Foreign Committee report stated that "the Committee understands that what happened to Armenians, Assyrians/Syrians and Chaldeans during the Ottoman Empire's reign would probably be regarded as genocide according to the 1948 convention, if it had been in power at the time of the event".[394] Three days prior to the debate in the Parliament, a petition, signed by over 60 renowned genocide scholars, was published, calling on politicians in general, and Swedish parliamentarians in particular, not to abuse the name of science in denying a historic fact.[395] On March 11, 2010, the Swedish parliament recognized the genocide.[396]

In 2001, Abd al-Qadir Qaddura, speaker of the Syrian Parliament, became the first high-ranking Syrian official to acknowledge the Armenian genocide when he wrote in the Book of Remembrance of the Armenian Genocide Monument and Museum in Yerevan: "As we visit the Memorial and Museum of the Genocide that the Armenian nation suffered in 1915, we stand in full admiration and respect in front of those heroes that faced death with courage and heroism. Their children and grandchildren continued after them to immortalize their courage and struggle. … With great respect we bow our heads in memory of the martyrs of the Armenian nation — our friends — and hail their ability for resoluteness and triumph. We will work together to liberate every human being from aggression and oppression." In 2014 Syrian President Bashar al-Assad became the first Syrian head of state to acknowledge the mass murders of Armenians and identify the perpetrator as Ottoman Turkey, stating, "The degree of savagery and inhumanity that the terrorists have reached reminds us of what happened in the Middle Ages in Europe over 500 years ago. In more recent modern times, it reminds us of the massacres perpetrated by the Ottomans against the Armenians, when they killed a million and a half Armenians and half a million Orthodox Syriacs in Syria and in Turkish territory." Although Assad did not use the world genocide, two days after Assad's statement, Bashar Jaafari, Syria's ambassador to the United Nations in Geneva, stated, "How about the Armenian Genocide where 1.5 million people were killed?"[397]

On September 9, 2004, President Mohammad Khatami of Iran visited the Armenian Genocide Memorial at Tsitsernakaberd in Yerevan.[398]

On June 15, 2005, the German Bundestag passed a resolution that "honors and commemorates the victims of violence, murder and expulsion among the Armenian people before and during the First World War". The German resolution also states:

The German parliament deplores the acts of the Government of the Ottoman Empire regarding the almost complete destruction of Armenians in Anatolia and also the inglorious role of the German Reich in the face of the organized expulsion and extermination of Armenians which it did not try to stop. Women, children and elderly were from February 1915 sent on death marches towards the Syrian desert.

The expressions "organized expulsion and extermination" resulting in the "almost complete destruction of Armenians" is sufficient in any language to amount to formal recognition of the Armenian Genocide, although of course the crime of 'genocide' had not been legally defined in 1915. The Resolution also contains an apology for German responsibility as a then ally of Turkey.[399][400]

On September 4, 2006, Members of the European Parliament voted for the inclusion of a clause prompting Turkey "to recognize the Armenian genocide as a condition for its EU accession" in a highly critical report, which was adopted by a broad majority in the foreign relations committee of the European Parliament.[401][402] This requirement was later dropped on September 27, 2006, by the general assembly of the European Parliament by 429 votes in favor to 71 against, with 125 abstentions.[403] In dropping the pre-condition of acceptance of the Armenian Genocide, (which could not be legally demanded of Turkey), The European Parliament said: "MEPs nevertheless stress that, although the recognition of the Armenian genocide as such is formally not one of the Copenhagen criteria, it is indispensable for a country on the road to membership to come to terms with and recognize its past."

On September 26, 2006, the two largest political parties in the Netherlands, Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) and the Labour Party (PvdA), removed three Turkish-Dutch candidates for the 2006 general election, because they either denied or refused to publicly declare that the Armenian Genocide had happened. The magazine HP/De Tijd reported that the number 2 of the PvdA list of candidates, Nebahat Albayrak (who was born in Turkey and is of Turkish descent) had acknowledged that the term "genocide" was appropriate to describe the events. Albayrak denied having said this and accused the press of putting words in her mouth, saying that "I'm not a politician that will trample my identity. I've always defended the same views everywhere with regard to the 'genocide'".[404] It was reported that a large section of the Turkish minority were considering boycotting the elections.[405] Netherlands' Turkish minority numbers 365,000 people, out of which 235,000 are eligible to vote.

On November 29, 2006, the lower house of Argentina's parliament adopted a resolution recognizing the Armenian Genocide. The bill was overwhelmingly adopted by the assembly and declared April 24, the international day of remembrance for the Armenian genocide as an official "day of mutual tolerance and respect" among peoples around the world.

On April 20, 2007, the Basque Parliament approved an institutional declaration recognising the Armenian Genocide. The Basque Parliament included six articles where it affirms the authenticity of the Armenian Genocide and declares sympathy to the Armenians, while at the same time denouncing Turkey's negation of the genocide and its economic blockade imposed on Armenia.[406]

Russian President Dmitry Medvedev laying a wreath at the Armenian Genocide Memorial, October 2008

On June 5, 2007, the Chilean Senate unanimously adopted legislation recognising the Armenian Genocide and urging its government to support a key 1985 United Nations Subcommission report describing this crime against humanity as a clear instance of genocide.[407]

On November 23, 2007, the Mercosur parliament adopted a resolution recognising the "Armenian Genocide, perpetrated by the Ottoman Empire, which took 1.5 million lives from 1915 to 1923". The Mercosur resolution also expressed its support for the Armenian Cause and called on all countries to recognize the genocide.[408]

On March 5, 2010, the Catalan Parliament recognized the Armenian Genocide on the initiative of the members of Barcelona's Friendship Union with Armenia.[170]

On March 11, 2010, the Swedish Parliament voted to describe the massacre of Armenians by the Ottoman Empire in 1915 as genocide. The resolution was adopted with 131 deputies voting in favour of the resolution and 130 voting against it.

On March 25, 2010, the Serbian Radical Party submitted a draft resolution to the Serbian parliament condemning the genocide committed by Ottoman Turkey against Armenians from 1915 to 1923. SRS submitted the draft so that Serbia can join the countries which have condemned the genocide.[409] As of March 10, 2014, Serbia does not recognize the events as a genocide,[410] thus it can be said the draft has failed.

On February 17, 2011, Chinese foreign minister Yang Jiechi paid tribute to the memory of the Armenian Genocide victims during his visit to Armenia. He also met with the head of Armenia's national church, Catholicos of All Armenians Karekin II, and discussed the recognition of the Armenian Genocide.[411]

Despite the fact that the Czech Republic has not formally recognized the Armenian Genocide, during his meeting with Armenia's President Serzh Sargsyan in January 2014, the Czech President Miloš Zeman stated: "Next year marks the 100th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide. In 1915 1.5 million Armenians were killed."[412]

On June 20, 2014, the Presbyterian Church (USA) adopted a resolution recognizing the Armenian Genocide and adopted the 2015 church calendar designating April 26 as the day for its observance.[56][57] It also directed the church's Mission Agency to prepare educational and liturgical resources for member churches in preparation for this event.[57] This resolution was the first of its kind for a major American church body.[57]

On June 23, 2014, the parliament of Spain's autonomous community of Navarre adopted a measure recognizing the Armenian Genocide. The measure came after a series of visits by members of the Navarre parliament to Armenia and Artsakh.[413]

On November 26, 2014, the Plurinational Legislative Assembly of Bolivia unanimously passed a resolution in solidarity with the claims of the Armenian people and condemning "all denialist policy regarding the genocide and crimes against humanity suffered by the Armenian nation."[414]

On March 11, 2015, American actor George Clooney showed solidarity and support in a day of remembrance marking the 100th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide at an event in New York City. Clooney took to the stage and spoke about the significance of the centennial and of recognizing the genocide. Clooney was joined by his wife Amal Clooney, who went before Europe's top human rights court in January, representing Armenia, to argue against a man convicted of denying the 1915 Armenian Genocide.

On March 17, 2015, the People's Council of Syria — during a session dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the genocide — condemned the Ottoman Empire for its responsibility for the Armenian Genocide. The speaker of the parliament Mohammad Jihad al-Laham issued a statement on behalf of the members, where he expressed solidarity with the Armenians worldwide in their struggle for justice.[415]

On March 27, 2015, Armenian and Greek youth held a protest in the Greek capital of Athens. Protesters demanded that European Union member states end denial policies, recognize the Armenian Genocide, and subject deniers to criminal liability. The protesters further called on the European Union to pressure Turkey to recognize the genocide and take action to compensate for the material and non-material losses and restoration of the historic rights of the Armenian nation.[416]

On April 2, 2015, the popular American band System of a Down embarked on their Wake Up The Souls Tour, which kicked off April 6 and culminated with the band's first performance in Armenia's capital city of Yerevan on April 23. "The goal is to raise awareness about the Armenian Genocide, and also to put the idea into people's minds that justice can prevail, even if it's been a hundred years," said band member Serj Tankian. The group visited a total of 14 cities across the world.[417]

On April 4, 2015, forty-nine members of the United States House of Representatives wrote a letter to U.S. President Barack Obama urging him to recognize the mass killings of the Armenians at the hands of the Ottomans in 1915 as genocide, claiming that the move will help improve Armenia–Turkey relations. The lawmakers said a clear recognition of the 1915 events as genocide, as Armenians mark its centennial this year, would affirm that it is not an allegation but a "widely documented fact supported by an overwhelming body of historical evidence." [418]

On April 6, 2015, Armenian-American reality stars Kim Kardashian and Khloé Kardashian traveled to Armenia. During their stay, the sisters visited the Tsitsernakaberd Genocide Memorial in Yerevan and in doing so, brought global media attention to the recognition of the Armenian Genocide. Kim Kardashian's husband Kanye West also visited Armenia.[419]

On April 7, 2015, Ngāpuhi leader David Rankin called for Māori people to boycott the centennial ANZAC commemorations because the Turkish Government was using the event to deflect attention from the Armenian Genocide. Mr Rankin stated that "the Armenian population was slaughtered by the colonizing Turks and our involvement in the ANZAC centennial at Gallipoli is supporting the genocide of the colonizer." Mr Rankin called on Maori of New Zealand and other indigenous groups to boycott the ANZAC Day events and, as a sign of their solidarity with the Armenians, to stop wearing poppies.[420] The Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand also supported the move to recognize the Armenian Genocide. Green Party human rights spokesperson Catherine Delahunty stated that New Zealand should be using its spot on the United Nations Security Council to advocate for genocide recognition.[421]

On April 12, 2015, Pope Francis described the massacres of 1.5 million Armenians in Ottoman Turkey as "the first genocide of the 20th century" during an unprecedented Vatican Mass dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the tragedy. Francis remembered the victims of "that immense and senseless slaughter" at the start of the Mass at St. Peter's Basilica, which was attended by President Serzh Sarkisian, the supreme heads of the Armenian Apostolic Churches and hundreds of Armenian Catholics.[422] Turkey responded by recalling its ambassador to the Holy See.[423]

On April 14, 2015, the Parliament of Corsica adopted a resolution recognizing the fact of the Armenian Genocide. With this resolution, the Corsican Assembly urged Turkey to recognize the Genocide and normalize relations with Armenia. The resolution was introduced by the Femu, a Corsican political coalition.[424]

On April 15, 2015, the European Parliament adopted a resolution by a majority vote that called the massacre a century ago of up to 1.5 million Armenians by Ottoman Turkish forces a genocide. The motion, which garnered support from all political groups, encouraged Turkey to "use the commemoration of the centenary of the Armenian Genocide as an important opportunity" to open its archives, "come to terms with its past" as well as recognize the genocide. By doing so, Turkey would pave the way for a "genuine reconciliation between the Turkish and Armenian peoples". The document calls on Turkey to restore its diplomatic ties with Armenia, open the border and strive for economic integration. The European Parliament further called on all European Union member states to recognize the Armenian Genocide.[425]

On April 17, 2015, Armenian religious and secular organizations in Georgia petitioned the country's parliament to begin formal debates on the recognition of the Armenian Genocide.[426] On April 24, 2015, thousands marched in the province of Javakheti demanding that Turkey recognize the genocide. Another rally took place near the Turkish embassy in Tbilisi.[427]

On April 18, 2015, the Austrian People's Party and the Social Democratic Party of Austria presented a resolution that condemns the Armenian Genocide to the Parliament of Austria.[428] On April 21, 2015, the Austrian parliament officially adopted a statement condemning the Armenian Genocide and called on Turkey to face its past. All six factions of the Austrian parliament signed up to the statement that also emphasizes the responsibility of Austria-Hungary, as an ally of the Ottoman Empire during World War I, in the Armenian Genocide.[429]

On April 20, 2015, German Chancellor Angela Merkel's spokesman Steffen Seibert said the government of Germany would support a resolution in parliament on Friday declaring the Armenian Genocide an example of genocide. Chancellor Angela Merkel and her coalition, including the Christian Democratic Union of Germany voted on April 24 to label the murders as genocide as defined by the United Nations in 1948. The lower house vote was, on the same day as leaders met in the Armenian capital of Yerevan, to commemorate the massacre that began in April 1915. Germany has been under pressure from some of its European partners to follow their example and more fully recognize the depth of the Armenian tragedy.[430]

On April 21, 2015, members of the Serbian opposition political group New Party, submitted a draft resolution on the recognition and condemnation of genocide perpetrated by the Ottoman Empire to the Parliament of Serbia. New Party called on the Serbian government and citizens to observe April 24 as a day of remembrance of the victims of the Armenian Genocide. The draft resolution also called on other countries, including Turkey, and international organizations to recognize and condemn the genocide against the Armenian people in the hopes of preventing such crimes from happening in the future.[431]

On April 22, 2015, Israeli President Reuven Rivlin spoke out strongly on the question of the Armenian Genocide in a closed session with journalists in Jerusalem. Rivlin drew a direct historical link between the world's failure to prevent the Armenian Genocide and the Holocaust. "The Nazis," he said, "used the Armenian Genocide as something that gave them permission to bring the Holocaust into reality." [432]

On April 22, 2015, the President of Armenia, Serzh Sargsyan expressed his gratitude to the People's Council of Syria for its steps aimed at the recognition of the Armenian Genocide. The speaker of the People's Council of the Syrian Arab Republic, Mohammad Jihad al-Laham, stated that Syria recognizes the Armenian Genocide committed by the Ottoman Empire.[433]

On April 23, 2015, Russian President Vladimir Putin described the 1915 Armenian massacres in Ottoman Turkey as genocide ahead of his participation in upcoming official ceremonies in Yerevan to mark the 100th anniversary of the tragedy. "One century on, we bow our heads in memory of all victims of this tragedy which our country has always perceived as its own pain and calamity," he said.[434]

On April 23, 2015, the Flemish Parliament of Belgium unanimously adopted a resolution to fully recognize the Armenian Genocide. The motion was put forward by all political parties of Flanders including the Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams party. The motion further called on Turkey to recognize the massacres as a genocide.[435]

On April 24, 2015, the President of Serbia, Tomislav Nikolić, stated that the people of Serbia realize what happened to the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire and that a monstrous genocide did occur. The President, along with other world leaders, travelled to the Armenian capital of Yerevan to commemorate the centennial of the genocide. "The denial of historical truth adversely affects the level of awareness," the Serbian president stressed, and added: "We have not come here to be against or for someone, but to honor the memory of the victims of the people of Armenia." [436]

On April 24, 2015, in Los Angeles, more than 130,000 people took part in the March for Justice to mark the centennial of the Armenian Genocide. Demonstrators started the march from the Little Armenia neighborhood and proceeded to walk 10 km (6 mi) to the Turkish consulate. Demonstrators demanded that the killing of around 1.5 million Armenians by Ottoman Turks in 1915 be recognized as a genocide.

On April 24, 2015, the lights of the Eiffel Tower in Paris and the Coliseum in Rome went dark in recognition and remembrance of the Armenian Genocide. Several media outlets reported that Europe stood with Armenia at this time.[437]

On April 25, 2015, the entire political elite of Uruguay participated in commemorating the centennial of the Armenian Genocide in Montevideo. Among the participants were President Tabaré Vázquez and Vice-President Raúl Fernando Sendic Rodríguez. The high-ranking guests talked about the need for international recognition of the Armenian Genocide and criticized Turkey's denial. Uruguay was the first country to recognize the Armenian Genocide in 1965.[438]

Throughout April 2015, several American states adopted resolutions on the occasion of the Armenian Genocide centennial. Wisconsin commemorated the "Day of Remembrance for the 100th Anniversary of the Armenian Genocide of 1915 to 1923 with a joint resolution. Pennsylvania unanimously passed H.R. 265 designating April 24, 2015, as "Pennsylvania's Day of Remembrance of the 100th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide. Tennessee passed HR 100 designating April 24 as the official day of remembrance for the Armenian Genocide. The New York State Assembly passed Res.374 "intended to counter the tide of revisionist history which purports that the Armenian Genocide never took place." The Georgia House of Representatives passed Resolution H.R. 904 which declares April 24 as Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day.[439] As of April 2015, 44 out of 50 U.S. states have, by legislation or proclamation, recognized the Armenian Genocide.[440]

On April 27, 2015, a call to recognize the killing of an estimated 1.5 million Armenians as "genocide" was supported by the leaders of the main Irish churches. Clergy from seven Christian denominations and a representative of the Jewish Community were among those calling on the Republic of Ireland to recognize the genocide. Roman Catholic auxiliary bishop of Dublin Raymond Field said to the Armenians "I stand in solidarity with you, and we share your pain and sadness." Church of Ireland Archbishop of Dublin Dr Michael Jackson also described the killing as a "genocide" which demanded "recognition and response".[441] On the same day, Armenia called on Ireland to recognize the genocide, the call was made by the Armenian Consul to Ireland.[442]

On April 29, 2015, members of the Kurdistan Parliament in Iraq submitted a legislative proposal to recognize the events of 1915 as the Armenian Genocide. The Patriotic Union of Kurdistan extended its support of the proposal. The draft law also proposes to declare April 24 as an official non-working day in Iraqi Kurdistan.[443]

On May 6, 2015, the Chamber of Deputies of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg adopted unanimously a resolution recognizing and condemning the Armenian Genocide.[444]

On May 30, 2015, the Young European Socialists gathered in Riga, Latvia where a resolution recognizing the Armenian Genocide was passed. The group also condemned Turkey's denial of the crime and called on Turkey to begin a process of reparations for the genocide.[445]

On June 2, 2015, the Federal Senate of Brazil passed a resolution recognizing the Armenian Genocide. The resolution expresses its "solidarity with the Armenian people during the course of the centenary of the campaign of extermination of its population" and states that "the Senate recognizes the Armenian Genocide, whose centenary was commemorated on April 24, 2015."[446]

On October 29, 2015, the Senate of the Republic of Paraguay unanimously approved an official recognition of the Armenian Genocide. "The Senate of the Republic of Paraguay recognizes the genocide of the Armenian people in the period 1915-1923, committed by the Turkish-Ottoman Empire, when commemorating this year the centenary of that crime against humanity," reads Article 1 of the statement presented by the Progressive Democratic Party.[447]

On November 30, 2015, the Parliament of South Ossetia considered the issue of recognition of the Armenian Genocide, as announced by Speaker Anatoly Bibilov. "We regret that South Ossetia has not recognized the Armenian Genocide until now. The issue is on the parliament agenda now, and will be put up for discussion. It's necessary to give a proper assessment of the crime committed in the Ottoman Empire and condemn the policy of denial of genocide," he said. He added that South Ossetia is not afraid of damaging ties with Turkey, as there are no relations as such.[448]

On December 2, 2015, the Parliament of Aragon in Spain adopted a declaration recognizing and condemning the Armenian Genocide.[449]

On June 2, 2016, Germany's Bundestag passed a resolution recognizing the Armenian Genocide and admitting its part of responsibility for it, as the main ally of the Ottoman Empire during World War I, which led to a furious reaction in Turkey.[450] Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said German lawmakers of Turkish origin who voted for the resolution have "tainted blood" and that their blood "must be tested in a lab." The president of Germany's parliament, Norbert Lammert said he was shocked that threats against the parliamentarians had been backed by high-ranking politicians, and said parliament would respond with all legal options. Also, Martin Schulz, a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and president of the European Parliament, condemned Erdoğan's comments.[451] The German foreign ministry had warned lawmakers with Turkish origin against travel to Turkey because their safety could not be guaranteed and also they received increased police protection and further security measures for both their professional and private activities.[452]

On June 24, 2016, Pope Francis in a speech described the killing of Armenians as a genocide. Also, the Vatican spokesman Federico Lombardi, told the reporters that "There is no reason not to use this word in this case," "The reality is clear and we never denied what the reality is." Turkey condemned the declaration as "very unfortunate" and also said that it bore traces of "the mentality of the Crusades."[453][454]

On July 1, 2016, France's lower house of parliament unanimously voted to criminalize the denial of all crimes against humanity. The amendment covered all events which the French law defined as genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes or slavery, including the Armenian Genocide. The law set out penalties of up to one year in prison and a 45,000 euro ($50,000) fine for those who contradicted it. It is yet to be passed by France's Senate.[455][456][457] The Turkish Foreign Ministry said that this law is a risk to freedom of expression[457]

On August 1, 2016, the Knesset's Education, Culture and Sports Committee announced its recognition of the Armenian Genocide and urged the Israeli government to formally acknowledge the 1915 mass slaughter of 1.5 million Armenians as such.[458]

On September 17, 2016, the Andean Parliament, a legislative body composed of representatives of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Chile, approved a resolution recognizing the "Armenian Genocide perpetrated by the authorities of the Ottoman Empire between the years 1915–1923" and condemning "any policy of denial with respect to genocide and crimes against humanity suffered by the Armenian nation."[459]

On October 14, 2016, the French Senate — the upper house of the Parliament of France — approved a draft law criminalizing the denial of the Armenian Genocide. The bill, which was unanimously passed by the lower house of the French parliament on July 1, set out penalties of up to a year in prison and a 45,000 Euro (US$50,000) fine for those who publicly deny the genocide.[460]

On January 26, 2017, the Parliament of Denmark approved a resolution that condemns Turkish legislation for banning citizens and mass media from using the term 'genocide' and that it is an unreasonable restriction on academic freedom and freedom of speech. The resolution also condemned the acts of violence committed against the Armenian people.[461]

In a letter dated April 21, 2017, and addressed to the Armenian National Committee of America Western Region (ANCA-WR), Wyoming Governor Matt Mead has recognized the Armenian Genocide and praised the work of Armenian American grassroots. Wyoming became the 45th U.S. state to recognize the Armenian Genocide.[462]

On April 25, 2017, the Parliament of the Czech Republic approved a resolution, condemning the genocide of Armenians and other religious and national minorities in the Ottoman Empire during the First World War.[463]

On May 19, 2017, the Texas House of Representatives unanimously passed House Resolution 191, titled “Recognizing the Armenian Genocide". Texas became the 46th U.S. State to recognize the Armenian Genocide.[464]

On August 24, 2017, Iowa Governor Kim Reynolds signed a proclamation memorializing the Armenian Genocide and declaring October 2017 as "Armenia Awareness Month" in the Hawkeye State. Iowa is now the 47th U.S. state to officially recognize the Armenian Genocide.[465]

On November 6, 2017, Indiana Governor Eric Holcomb issued a powerful proclamation memorializing the Ottoman Turkish Empire's centrally planned and executed annihilation of close to three million Armenians, Greeks, Assyrians, and Syriacs, making the Hoosier State the 48th U.S. state to properly recognize and condemn the Armenian Genocide.[213]

On February 22, 2018, the parliament of the Netherlands adopted two resolutions on the Armenian Genocide with an absolute majority of votes. The first resolution reaffirms the decision of the Netherlands in 2004 to recognize the Armenian Genocide, while by the second resolution, the foreign minister of the Netherlands will be obliged to visit Armenia and pay tribute to the victims of the Armenian Genocide at Tsitsernakaberd memorial complex every 5 years.[466]

On November 21, 2018 Derby City Council in England, United Kingdom, passed a resolution in Full Council to recognise the Armenian Genocide.[212]

Due to the ongoing deterioration of relations between Egypt and Turkey, the Government of Egypt, led by el-Sisi, has been receiving proposals to recognize the Armenian Genocide, a sensitive subject which Turkey has many times denounced.[467] Filmmaker Mohamed Hanafi had produced a movie, "Who Killed the Armenians?", in response to ongoing tensions between Turkey and Egypt, as an act of Egyptian solidarity to Armenia.[468] In February 2019, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi announced it had implicitly recognized the Armenian Genocide, further deteriorated the relationship between Turkey and Egypt.[146]

On February 5, 2019, French President Emmanuel Macron declared April 24 as Armenian Genocide commemoration day in France.[92]

On March 20, 2019, Alabama became the 49th US state to formally recognize the Armenian Genocide.[469]

On April 10, 2019, the Executive Committee of the Centrist Democrat International political alliance met in Brussels where participants officially adopted the resolution recognizing and condemning the Armenian Genocide.[470]

On April 10, 2019, the Italian Chamber of Deputies adopted an initiative calling on the Italian government to recognize the Armenian Genocide and give the issue an international dimension.[100]

On April 26, 2019, the Parliament of Portugal adopted a resolution recognizing the Armenian Genocide.[471]

On October 29, 2019, the US House of Representatives passed a resolution on a 405–11 vote to recognize the Armenian genocide.[472] Moreover, the House backed a legislation calling on President Donald Trump to impose sanctions on Turkey,[473] following the Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria.[474] On December 12, 2019, the US Senate passed unanimously a resolution to recognize the genocide.[475]

On February 13, 2020, the Syrian Parliament unanimously adopted a resolution recognizing the Armenian Genocide.[476]

On May 20, 2020, the Czech Senate recognized the Armenian Genocide committed by the Ottoman Empire in a resolution unanimously adopted.[477]

See also

Notes

    References
    1. Academic consensus:
    2. Loytomaki, Stiina (2014). Law and the Politics of Memory: Confronting the Past. Routledge. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-136-00736-1. To date, more than 20 countries in the world have officially recognized the events as genocide and most historians and genocide scholars accept this view.
    3. Frey, Rebecca Joyce (2009). Genocide and international justice. New York: Facts On File. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-8160-7310-8.
    4. Öktem, Emre (2011). "Turkey: Successor or Continuing State of the Ottoman Empire?". Leiden Journal of International Law. Cambridge University Press. 24 (3): 561–583. doi:10.1017/S0922156511000252.
    5. a survey on memories of the 20th century among 31,172 young people aged between 16 and 29, carried out in 24 languages across 31 countries. presented by Dominique Reynié
    6. "How Many People Worldwide Recognize the Armenian Genocide?". Armenian National Committee of America. December 8, 2015. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
    7. "E/CN.4/W.19". UN.org.
    8. Avedian, Vahagn (2018). Knowledge and Acknowledgement in the Politics of Memory of the Armenian Genocide. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-13-831885-4. :83–4
    9. Sassounian, Harut (2010). "Genocide Recognition and a Quest for Justice". Loyola Law Review. 32 (115).
    10. "E/CN.4/Sub.2/1985/6 - E - E/CN.4/Sub.2/1985/6". undocs.org.
    11. "Pope Francis denounces Armenian 'genocide' during visit to Yerevan". The Guardian. Associated Press. June 24, 2016. Retrieved November 17, 2016.
    12. "'Mentality of the Crusades': Turkey and Pope Francis in row over Armenian genocide". The Guardian. Associated Press. June 26, 2016. Retrieved November 17, 2016.
    13. The Armenian Genocide Resolution Unanimously Passed By The Association of Genocide Scholars of North America Archived July 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, The Armenian Genocide Resolution was unanimously passed at the Association of Genocide Scholars' conference in Montreal on June 13, 1997.
    14. Open letter to President Obama calling for acknowledgment of the Armenian Genocide Archived July 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, website of the IAGS, March 7, 2009. p. 2
    15. International Association of Genocide Scholars Resolution, website of the IAGS 2007
    16. "IAGS, Resolutions & Statements". Archived from the original on March 14, 2009.
    17. Open letter to President Obama calling for acknowledgment of the Armenian Genocide Archived July 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, website of the IAGS, March 7, 2009. p. 1
    18. "The Applicability of the UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide to Events which Occurred During the Early Twentieth Century",The International Center for Transitional Justice
    19. "Letter from Nobel laureates published by Elie Wiesel Foundation, 9 April 2007" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 9, 2007.
    20. Nobel Laureates Call For Armenian–Turkish Reconciliation, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, April 10, 2007
    21. David L. Phillips (April 9, 2007). "Nobel Laureates Call for Turkish–Armenian Reconciliation" (PDF). The Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 9, 2007.
    22. "Texts adopted – Wednesday, 15 April 2015 – Armenian genocide 100th anniversary – P8_TA-PROV(2015)0094". europa.eu. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    23. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey): 12 April 2015, Press Release Regarding the Statements Delivered During the Liturgy in Vatican on April 12, 2015
    24. "European Parliament Resolution". armenian-genocide.org. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    25. "European Parliament Resolution". armenian-genocide.org. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    26. "European Parliament Resolution". armenian-genocide.org. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    27. "European Parliament Resolution". armenian-genocide.org. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    28. "Armenian genocide centenary: MEPs urge Turkey and Armenia to normalize relations". European Parliament.
    29. European Parliament votes to call 1915 Armenian killings genocide. Reuters, April 15, 2015.
    30. European Parliament Urges Turkey to Recognize Armenian Genocide. The New York Times, April 15, 2015.
    31. Agence France-Presse in Ankara. "Turkey cannot accept Armenian genocide label, says Erdoğan | World news". The Guardian. Retrieved July 15, 2018.
    32. "Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Written Declaration No. 320 – Recognition of the Armenian Genocide". Council of Europe. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    33. "Union of American Hebrew Congregations Passes Armenian Genocide Resolution (Senate – November 09, 1989)". Thomas.loc.gov. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    34. ADL Statement on the Armenian Genocide Archived August 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine www.adl.org, Press Release
    35. AJC Pays Tribute to Memories of Victims of the Meds Yeghern Archived October 2, 2015, at the Wayback Machine www.ajc.org, Press Release
    36. Turkey's DC Envoy Angered by Jewish Group's Genocide Recognition, Asbarez News
    37. Resolution on Armenian Genocide, Jewish Council for Public Affairs, October 16, 2015. International resolution, adopted at the 2015 JCPA Town Hall. www.jewishpublicaffairs.org, Press Release
    38. German Jewish leader calls for recognition of Armenian 'genocide'. World Jewish Congress, Wed, April 15, 2015.
    39. Völkermord an den Armeniern; Zentralrat der Juden: Es war ein Genozid. Der Tagesspiegel, April 15, 2015.
    40. "German Jewish leader urges government to recognize Armenian Genocide". News.am. April 17, 2015. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
    41. "EuFoA – Latest News". eufoa.org. Archived from the original on March 11, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    42. "Final Res Armenian Genocide" (PDF). epp.eu. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 2, 2015. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    43. "World Council of Churches". armenian-genocide.org.
    44. "European Green Party". Armeniangenocide100.org. Archived from the original on May 28, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    45. "Mercosur Parliament, November 24, 2007". Armenian-genocide.info. November 24, 2007. Archived from the original on December 3, 2008. Retrieved March 23, 2009.
    46. "Latin American Parliament, August 1, 2015". Prensaarmenia.com.ar. August 1, 2015.
    47. "Interparliamentary Assembly on Orthodoxy". eiao.org. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    48. "European Alliance of YMCAs". armenian-genocide.org. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    49. "Andean Parliament recognizes Armenian Genocide". asbarez.com. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
    50. "Centrist Democrat International adopts resolution condemning Armenian Genocide". armenpress.am. Retrieved April 10, 2019.
    51. "Central American Parliament recognizes and condemns the Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire". arminfo.info. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
    52. "Greens call for genuine reconciliation on the Armenian genocide". globalgreens.org. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
    53. Chaliand, Gérard (1985). A Crime of Silence: The Armenian Genocide. Zed Books. ISBN 978-0-86232-423-0.
    54. "Permanent Peoples' Tribunal, Verdict of the Tribunal". armenian-genocide.org. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    55. Simm, Gabrielle (2016). "The Paris Peoples' Tribunal and the Istanbul Trials: Archives of the Armenian Genocide". Leiden Journal of International Law. 29 (1): 245–268. doi:10.1017/S0922156515000734.
    56. OCP (July 16, 2014). "U.S. Presbyterian Church recognizes Armenian Genocide – News | Orthodoxy Cognate PAGE". Theorthodoxchurch.info. Archived from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
    57. "Presbyterian Church Recognizes Armenian Genocide". Mirrorspectator.com. July 18, 2014. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
    58. Akcam, Taner (2005). "Turks, Armenians and the "G word"". World Policy Journal.
    59. Güncellenme, Son (June 3, 2016). "Hrant Dink'ten Almanya'ya Ermeni soykırımı tepkisi" [Armenian genocide reaction from Hrant Dink to Germany]. Milliyet (in Turkish). Retrieved June 24, 2019.
    60. Original telegram sent by the Department of State, Washington in 1915, containing the French, British and Russian joint declaration. R.G. 59, 867.4016/67
    61. Affirmation of the United States Record on the Armenian Genocide Resolution 106th Congress, 2nd Session, House of Representatives
    62. Affirmation of the United States Record on the Armenian Genocide Resolution (Introduced in House of Representatives) 109th Congress, 1st Session, H.RES.316, June 14, 2005. September 15, 2005, House Committee/Subcommittee:International Relations actions. Status: Ordered to be Reported by the Yeas and Nays: 40–7.
    63. "Turkey 'must admit Armenia dead'". BBC News. December 13, 2004. Archived from the original on June 29, 2006.
    64. "French in Armenia 'genocide' row". BBC News. October 12, 2006. Retrieved January 4, 2010.
    65. "Cyprus government condemns Armenian genocide". Financial Mirror. April 24, 2007. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007.
    66. "Countries that Recognize the Armenian Genocide". Armenian National Institute. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
    67. "Resolutions, Laws, and Declarations". Armenian National Institute. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
    68. "States Resolutions, Laws, and Declarations". Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute. Archived from the original on April 25, 2019. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
    69. Argentine President expresses 'solidarity' on Armenian Genocide centennial. Public Radio of Armenia, April 15, 2015.
    70. [Закон Армянской Советской Социалистической Республики "Об осуждении геноцида армян 1915 года в Османской Турции", Ведомости Верховного Совета Армянской ССР, 1988, 30 ноября, № 22, с. 312]
    71. "Austrian parliamentarians acknowledge Armenian genocide". Deutsche Welle. April 22, 2015.
    72. "Drucken Versenden Vorlesen AAA Schriftgröße Kommentieren Parlamentsklubs verurteilen Völkermord an Armeniern" (in German). Die Presse. April 21, 2015.
    73. Belgium Recognizes Genocide Urges Turkey to Acknowledge Crime. Asbarez, March 27, 1998.
    74. Belgian Prime Minister recognizes the Armenian Genocide. Horizon Weekly, June 18, 2015.
    75. Bolivia Unanimously Approved a Resolution on the Armenian Genocide. Horizon Weekly, November 30, 2014.
    76. "Turkey recalls ambassador to Brazil over Armenian genocide legislation". Reuters. June 8, 2015. ...Brazil for consultation, after the Latin American country's Senate passed legislation recognizing the massacre of Armenians during World War One in Turkey as genocide.
    77. "Brazil Recognition Confirmed: Senate resolution on Genocide official". ArmeniaNow. June 3, 2015.
    78. "Bulgaria's Parliament recognizes the armenian genocide". STANDART. April 24, 2015. Retrieved April 24, 2015.
    79. "Bulgaria ambassador to Turkey summoned to MFA due to Armenian Genocide issue". NEWS.AM. April 28, 2015. Retrieved April 28, 2015.
    80. "Parliament Passes Resolution on Armenians' Mass Extermination in Ottoman Empire in 1915–1922 Period". BNA. April 24, 2015. Retrieved April 24, 2015.
    81. Canadian Parliament recognizes Armenian genocide. CBC News, 2004.
    82. "Stephen Harper, Prime Minister of Canada". www.armenian-genocide.org.
    83. Cámara solidariza con nación armenia y condena genocidio. Camara de Diputados, Chile. April 14, 2015.
    84. Chilean parliament once again condemns Armenian Genocide and expresses solidarity with Armenian people. Panorama, 2015.
    85. "Cyprus criminalizes denial of 1915 Armenian genocide by Turks". Reuters. April 2, 2015.
    86. "Sněmovna poprvé uznala genocidu Arménů z období první světové války. Zeman události označil za zvěrstva" (in Czech). Ihned. April 25, 2017.
    87. "Czech Parliament panel adopts Resolution on Armenian Genocide centennial". Armradio.am.
    88. "Czech Republic Parliament Recognizes Armenian Genocide". Horizon. April 25, 2017.
    89. "Czech Senate Unanimously Recognizes Armenian Genocide". Asbarez. May 20, 2020.
    90. Auron, Yair (2003). The Banality of Denial. Transaction Publishers. p. 102. ISBN 1-4128-1784-6.
    91. "French Senate adopts bill criminializing Armenian Genocide denial". Armenpress. October 14, 2016.
    92. "Macron declares April 24 Armenian Genocide commemoration day in France". News.am.
    93. Deutsche Welle. "Bundestag passes Armenia 'genocide' resolution unanimously, Turkey recalls ambassador". dw.com. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    94. "German Parliament Recognizes Armenian Genocide, Angering Turkey". The New York Times. June 2, 2016.
    95. Greece parliament ratifies bill criminalizing Armenian genocide denial. Jurist, September 10, 2014.
    96. Pascal, Julia (January 26, 2001). "A people killed twice". The Guardian.
    97. "Italy Senate moves to outlaw Holocaust denial". Local.it. February 11, 2015.
    98. "Italy Senate moves to outlaw Holocaust and genocides denial". Armenpress. February 12, 2015.
    99. "Arminfo: Senate of Italy adopts a bill criminalizing denial of Holocaust and other genocides". Arminfo.am. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
    100. "Italian Chamber of Deputies calls on government to recognize Armenian Genocide". News.am.
    101. The country is divided by a Civil war and the eastern-based interim administration is not recognized by the UN.
    102. "INTERIM GOVERNMENT RECOGNISES ARMENIAN GENOCIDE". Almarsad. April 18, 2019.
    103. Lithuanian Parliament Recognizes Armenian Genocide. RFERL, December 16, 2005.
    104. "Lebanon Recognizes the Armenian Genocide". Cilicia. May 11, 2000.
    105. Luxembourg, Chambre des Deputes, Resolution, May 6, 2015.
    106. A la Une, Luxembourg, Chambre des Deputes, May 6, 2015.
    107. Dutch Parliament Recognizes Greek, Assyrian and Armenian Genocide. Greek Reporter, April 11, 2015.
    108. Dutch Parliament Recognizes Assyrian, Greek and Armenian Genocide. AINA, April 10, 2015.
    109. Dutch Parliament Recognizes Armenian Genocide; Minister to Attend Commemoration, NL Times
    110. "Motie van het lid Voordewind c.s. over erkennen van de Armeense genocide". Tweede Kamer der Staten General. February 22, 2018.
    111. Kamer erkent voor het eerst zonder reserve Armeense genocide (in Dutch), Algemeen Dagblad
    112. "Paraguay's Senate Recognizes Armenian Genocide". Asbarez. October 29, 2015.
    113. "Poland's Parliament Adopts Armenian Genocide Legislation". Asbarez.com. April 20, 2005.
    114. "Portugal's Parliament Recognizes the Armenian Genocide". MassisPost. April 26, 2019.
    115. "Naryshkin: Russia's Duma recognized Armenian Genocide 21 years ago". News.am. June 6, 2016.
    116. "Russian State Duma adopts statement on Genocide Centennial". Armenianow. April 24, 2015.
    117. "SLOVAKIA IS THE 16TH COUNTRY TO RECOGNIZE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE". Panarmenian.net. December 2, 2004.
    118. "Denial of Armenian Genocide punished in Slovakia". News.am. November 23, 2011.
    119. Sweden: Parliament Approves Resolution on Armenian Genocide. Library of Congress, March 16, 2010.
    120. "Parliament recognises Armenian genocide". Swissinfo. December 17, 2003.
    121. "Syria recognizes the Armenian Genocide committed by the Ottoman Empire, Parliament Speaker says - Հորիզոն շաբաթաթերթ - Horizon Weekly". Horizonweekly.ca. April 22, 2015. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
    122. "Syrian President Finally Recognizes the Armenian Genocide". Asbarez. January 28, 2014. Retrieved October 5, 2015.
    123. "Syrian Parliament unanimously recognizes Armenian Genocide". Panarmenian.net. February 13, 2020. Retrieved February 13, 2020.
    124. "U.S. House Votes Overwhelmingly to Lock in Armenian Genocide Recognition, Rejecting Turkey's Denial of This Crime". anca.org. October 29, 2019.
    125. "Senate recognizes Armenian genocide over objections of Trump and Turkish government". USA Today. December 12, 2019.
    126. "US House votes to recognise Armenian genocide". BBC. October 29, 2019.
    127. Menendez, Robert (April 9, 2019). "S.Res.150 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): A resolution expressing the sense of the Senate that it is the policy of the United States to commemorate the Armenian Genocide through official recognition and remembrance". www.congress.gov. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
    128. Kelly, Laura. "Trump administration rejects Senate resolution recognizing Armenian genocide". The Hill. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
    129. "URUGUAY RECOGNIZES THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE". Milwaukeearmenians.com. April 17, 2015.
    130. Parliament of Uruguay (April 20, 1965). "Law No. 13.326: Day of Remembrance for the Armenian Martyrs". Armenian National Institute. Retrieved April 24, 2015.
    131. "Pope Francis' acknowledgement of the Armenian Genocide". Globalcitizen. April 24, 2015.
    132. "Venezuelan Parliament Adopts Armenian Genocide Resolution". Asbarez.com. July 20, 2005.
    133. "Armenian Genocide Commemoration". nsw.gov.au. Archived from the original on January 19, 2012.
    134. "blanked". anc.org.au. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    135. "City of Ryde recognizes Armenian Genocide". Armenpress.am. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
    136. "Willoughby City Council in Australia recognizes Armenian Genocide". News.am. Retrieved May 11, 2015.
    137. "Parliament of Flanders adopted resolution recognizing Armenian Genocide – Press Releases – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Armenia". mfa.am. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    138. "Ceara State of Brazil Recognized Armenian Genocide". Panarmenian.net. July 17, 2006.
    139. "Brazil's state of Parana recognizes Armenian Genocide". News.am. March 29, 2013.
    140. "State of Rio de Janeiro recognizes Armenian Genocide". Armeniangenocide100.org. July 25, 2015. Archived from the original on December 23, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
    141. "San-paulo brazilian state recognized armenian genocide in ottoman turkey in 1915". Panarmenian.net. April 30, 2003.
    142. "The Legislative Assembly of British Columbia Recognizes The Armenian Genocide". asbarez.com. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    143. "Legislature of Ontario, Canada". armenian-genocide.org. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
    144. "An Act to proclaim Armenian Genocide Memorial Day". gouv.qc.ca. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    145. "Thousands of Armenian-Canadians Expected to Attend Commemorations Across Canada to Mark the 98th Anniversary of the Armenian Genocide". anccanada.org. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
    146. "Egypt implicitly recognizes Armenian Genocide". EgyptToday.
    147. "Egypt President Takes 'First Step' in Recognizing Armenian Genocide, Says ANC of Egypt". February 19, 2019.
    148. "Corsican Assembly demands Armenian Genocide recognition from Turkey". Armenpress.am.
    149. "جمهوري اسلامي ايران نسل کشي ارامنه را به رسميت شناخته است !". تیتر 1. Retrieved April 24, 2016.
    150. "Knesset Education Committee recognizes Armenian Genocide". Timeofisrael.com.
    151. "Italian Abruzzo region passes resolution on Genocide recognition". Armeniangenocide100.org. October 29, 2015. Archived from the original on December 23, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
    152. "Genocidio popolo armeno, approvata mozione Pace". Consiglio.basilicata.it. September 27, 2016.
    153. "Italy's Emilia-Romagna region recognizes the Armenian Genocide". En.Hayernaysor.am. August 3, 2016. Archived from the original on September 18, 2016. Retrieved August 3, 2016.
    154. "Italy's Lazio recognizes Armenian Genocide". panorama.am. March 18, 2019.
    155. "Genocidio armeno, il Consiglio chiede all'unanimità la commemorazione". consiglio.regione.lombardia.it. August 3, 2016. Archived from the original on April 11, 2017. Retrieved August 3, 2016.
    156. "Italian region of Marche recognizes the Armenian Genocide". Armradio.am. October 12, 2015.
    157. "Ordine del Giorno n. 253, Cenrenario del Genocidio del Popolo Armeno". Consiglioregionale.piemonte.it. August 3, 2015.
    158. "Sicilian Parliament unanimously recognizes the Armenian Genocide". Slaq.am. April 21, 2016.
    159. "Italy's Tuscany Region recognizes the Armenian Genocide". Hayernaysor.am. March 26, 2015. Archived from the original on October 25, 2016. Retrieved October 3, 2019.
    160. "Riconoscimenti del genocidio in Italia". Comunitaarmena.it. October 1, 2016.
    161. "Congress of Mexican state of Michoacán adopts statement recognizing and condemning Armenian Genocide". armenpress.am. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
    162. "Parliament of Dutch province of Overijssel recognizes Armenian Genocide". news.am. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    163. https://asbarez.com/155235/turkish-consul-in-manila-attempts-to-prevent-armenian-genocide-liturgy/
    164. "Armenia seeks Turkish apology on genocide anniversary". Saudigazette. April 24, 2020.
    165. "Saudi Arabia will financially sponsor Armenian Genocide resolution in U.S." www.aravot-en.am.
    166. "Saudi Arabia's Ambassador to Lebanon visits Armenian Genocide Memorial in Antelias". armenpress.am.
    167. "Parliament of Aragon in Spain Recognizes Armenian Genocide". Asbarez. December 2, 2015.
    168. "Balearic Islands Parliament recognises the Armenian Genocide". Panorama.am.
    169. "Basque Parliament recognises Armenian Genocide". Panarmenian.net. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    170. Mher Margaryan. "Catalonia Parliament recognises the Armenian Genocide". Armradio.am. Archived from the original on March 14, 2010.
    171. "Parliament of Navarre Recognizes Armenian Genocide". Asbarez. June 24, 2014.
    172. "Two cities in Spain recognize the Armenian Genocide". Armenpress.am. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    173. "Two Spanish cities recognize the Armenian Genocide". Armradio.am. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    174. "Spanish city of Benalmádena officially recognized and condemned Armenian Genocide". Panorama.am. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
    175. "The City Council of Spanish Marbella City Recognized the Armenian Genocide". Armedia.am. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
    176. "Malaga recognizes the Armenian Genocide". Armradio.am. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
    177. "Spanish municipality recognizes Armenian Genocide". armenianow.com. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    178. "Spain's San Sebastian officially recognizes Armenian Genocide". Arka.am. April 18, 2015. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
    179. "City Council of Spanish Burgos City recognizes Armenian Genocide". armenpress.am. Retrieved April 12, 2019.
    180. "Spain's Soria recognizes Armenian Genocide". news.am. Retrieved May 9, 2019.
    181. "Santa Coloma de Gramenet Recognizes The Armenian Genocide". Armeniancause.net. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
    182. "Spain's Sabadell recognizes the Armenian Genocide". Hayernaysor.am. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
    183. "Catalonia's city of Sant Hilari Sacalm recognizes Armenian Genocide". armenpress.am. Retrieved October 23, 2019.
    184. "Italy's Tuscany, Spain's Pinto Recognize Armenian Genocide". Asbarez. March 26, 2015.
    185. "Alcorcon recognizes the Armenian Genocide". Armnpress.am. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
    186. "Spanish city of Merida recognizes the Armenian Genocide". Armradio.am. Retrieved June 11, 2016.
    187. Helix Consulting LLC. "Spain's Manises recognizes Armenian Genocide". panorama.am.
    188. "Armenian Genocide commemorative events to be held in Spain". Armenian Genocide Centennial. Archived from the original on March 27, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    189. "Spanish city of Xirivella recognizes the Armenian Genocide | Public Radio of Armenia". Armradio.am. March 30, 2015. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
    190. "Spanish city of Silla recognizes the Armenian Genocide". Public Radio of Armenia. September 30, 2015.
    191. "Spain's Burjassot city recognizes Armenian Genocide". Horizonweekly.ca. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    192. "Spain's Betera recognizes Armenian Genocide". PanArmenian.net. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
    193. "Spanish City of Aldaia Recognizes Armenian Genocide". Asbarez.com. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    194. "Alzira becomes 12th city of Spain to recognize the Armenian Genocide". Horizonweekly.ca. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    195. "Three Spanish cities recognize Armenian Genocide". Armenpress.am. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    196. "Spanish city of Paiporta recognizes the Armenian Genocide". Armradio.am. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
    197. "Spanish City of Alicante Officially Recognizes Armenian Genocide". Massispost.com. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
    198. "Guanyant Torrent saca adelante una propuesta a favor del pueblo Armenio". Guanyanttorrent.org. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
    199. "Spanish city Petrer recognizes Armenian Genocide". Horizonweekly.ca. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
    200. "Spanish city Villena recognizes Armenian Genocide". Armenpress. Retrieved April 28, 2017.
    201. "Spanish city Cullera recognizes Armenian Genocide". Public Radio of Armenia. Retrieved May 3, 2017.
    202. "Spain's Sueca officially recognizes the Armenian Genocide". Hayernaysor.am. Retrieved June 3, 2017.
    203. "Spain's Ontinyent recognizes Armenian Genocide". News.am. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
    204. "Spain's Valencia recognizes Armenian Genocide". News.am. Retrieved June 10, 2017.
    205. "Government of Swiss Canton of Geneva Recognized Fact of 1915 Genocide of Armenians". panarmenian.net. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
    206. "Swiss Canton of Vaud recognized the Armenian Genocide of 1915 in Ottoman Turkey". panarmenian.net. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    207. "UAE also will recognize of the Armenian genocide in April - ANHA | HAWARNEWS | English". hawarnews.com.
    208. "Abu Dhabi to recognize Armenian genocide | Biyokulule.com".
    209. David Leigh. "Britain accused of 'genocide denial' over Armenia | World news". The Guardian. Retrieved December 14, 2017.
    210. "Parliament of Scotland passes motion on Armenian Genocide". News.am. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    211. "First Minister of Wales recognises the Armenian Genocide on Holocaust Memorial Day – European Armenian Federation". Eafjd.eu. Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved March 15, 2010.
    212. Pollard, Russell (November 22, 2018). "Derby City Council (England, UK) unanimously passes a resolution to formally recognise the Armenian Genocide". Artsakh.Org.UK. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
    213. "Alabama Becomes 49th U.S. State to Recognize the Armenian Genocide". Armenian Weekly. March 20, 2019.
    214. The number of states in the United States recognising the Armenian Genocide. Mississippi is the only U.S. state that has not yet officially memorialized and condemned the Armenian Genocide.Armenian National Institute, Armenian National Institute, Inc.
    215. "District of Columbia Council passes Armenian Genocide recognition resolution". Armenpress.am. Retrieved November 27, 2019.
    216. https://news.am/eng/news/292264.html
    217. "Historia del Quindío". Carlos A. Rodríguez O. 2013. Archived from the original on March 13, 2013.
    218. "History and Current Realities". nkr.am. Archived from the original on April 16, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    219. "The Office of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic in USA". nkrusa.org. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    220. "Crimean supreme rada recognized armenian genocide". Panarmenian.net. May 20, 2005.
    221. Antos, Jason D. (March 28, 2012). "Armenian Genocide Survivors Remember". The Queens Gazette. Archived from the original on July 26, 2017. Retrieved April 28, 2015. Only one Turkish government, under Damad Ferit Pasha, has ever recognized the Armenian Genocide. His administration held war crime trials and condemned most of the instigators to the massacre. Every other Turkish government has continued to deny the genocide.
    222. v. Voss, Huberta (2007). Portraits of Hope: Armenians in the Contemporary World. Berghahn Books. p. 293. ISBN 978-1-84545-257-5.
    223. Cassese, Antonio; Acquaviva, Guido; Akande, Dapo; Baig, Laurel; Bing, Jia; Cryer, Robert; Dé, Urmila (2009). The Oxford Companion to International Criminal Justice. Oxford University Press. pp. 898–99. ISBN 978-0-19-102149-7.
    224. Eltringham, Nigel; Maclean, Pam (2014). Remembering Genocide. Routledge. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-317-75422-0.
    225. Totten, Samuel; Bartrop, Paul R. (2008). Dictionary of Genocide: A-L. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-34642-2.
    226. "Only 9 percent of Turks say Armenian killings genocide: poll". The Daily Star. AFP. January 13, 2015. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
    227. "Human Rights Association of Turkey, Istanbul Branch". armenian-genocide.org. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    228. "Ermenilerden özür dileyenler tarihî gerçekleri saptırıyor". Zaman (in Turkish). Archived from the original on April 19, 2013. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    229. "Turkish pres defends apology campaign to Armenians". Hurriyet English. December 16, 2008.
    230. "Turkish PM scorns Armenia apology". BBC News. December 17, 2008.
    231. "Turkish cities to host events in commemoration of Armenian Genocide victims, Apr 23, 24". Tert Am. April 23, 2013.
    232. Cheterian, Vicken (2018a). "Censorship, indifference, oblivion: The Armenian genocide and its denial". Truth, Silence, and Violence in Emerging States. Histories of the Unspoken. Routledge. p. 196. ISBN 978-1-351-14112-3.
    233. Galip, Özlem Belçim (2016). "The Politics of Remembering: Representation of the Armenian Genocide in Kurdish Novels". Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 30 (3): 458–487 [465–466]. doi:10.1093/hgs/dcw063. S2CID 151771070.
    234. Galip 2020, pp. 87, 163.
    235. "Turkey's Green Party recognizes Armenian Genocide | ARMENPRESS Armenian News Agency". Armenpress.am. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
    236. "US Advisory Opinion to International Court of Justice" (PDF). icj.org. p. 25.
    237. Von Voss, Huberta (2007). Portraits of hope: Armenians in the contemporary world. Bergahn Books. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-84545-257-5.
    238. Summaries for Joint resolution to designate April 24, 1975, as National Day of Remembrance of Man's Inhumanity to Man. U.S. House Joint Resolution 148, 94th Congress (1975–1976).
    239. "U.S. House of Representatives Joint Resolution 247". Armenian-genocide.org. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    240. "U.S. House of Representatives Resolution 3540". Armenian-genocide.org. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    241. "Ronald Reagan, Proclamation, 22 April 1981". Armenian-genocide.org. April 22, 1981.
    242. Hadjilyra, Alexander-Michael (2009). The Armenians of Cyprus. Kalaydjian Foundation. p. 32.
    243. "U.S. House panel approves Armenia genocide resolution". Xinhua. May 3, 2010.
    244. Bush opposes Armenian genocide measure Archived October 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Desmond Butler, Associated Press, October 10, 2007
    245. Cameron, Fraser United States foreign policy after the Cold War The Armenian-American´lobby, Routledge 2002 p. 91
    246. Turkey Recalls Ambassador to U.S. Over Armenian Genocide Bill Archived June 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Associated Press, October 11, 2007.
    247. "Barack Obama on the Importance of US-Armenia Relations". barackobama.com. January 19, 2008. Archived from the original on February 20, 2009. Retrieved February 16, 2009.
    248. "Statement of President Barack Obama on Armenian Remembrance Day, 2009". Whitehouse.gov. April 24, 2009. Retrieved June 7, 2012.
    249. "Obama Marks Genocide Without Saying the Word". The New York Times. April 25, 2010. Retrieved April 24, 2016.
    250. Poirier, John. "Obama calls 1915 Armenia massacre an atrocity". Reuters. Retrieved June 7, 2012.
    251. "Today's Zaman – Meds Yeghern". Todayszaman.com. Archived from the original on June 23, 2009.
    252. "Statement of President Barack Obama on Armenian Remembrance Day". Armenian Weekly. April 24, 2010. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    253. "Statement by the President on Armenian Remembrance Day". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    254. "Statement by the President on Armenian Remembrance Day". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    255. "Statement by the President on Armenian Remembrance Day". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    256. The Washington Post: Obama's statement on Armenia avoids 'genocide'
    257. Türkisches Außenministerium: Press release 131
    258. "Despite Campaign Vow, Obama Declines to Call Massacre of Armenians 'Genocide'". The New York Times. April 22, 2016. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
    259. "President Obama Announces Presidential Delegation to the Republic of Armenia to Attend the Centennial Commemoration of the Events of 1915". whitehouse.gov. April 21, 2015.
    260. whitehouse.gov: Press release 21 April 2015
    261. "US Senate defies Trump in unanimous vote to recognize Armenian genocide". theguardian.com. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
    262. Shamon, Ramsen. "Biden pledges to recognize 1915 Armenian genocide". POLITICO. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
    263. "Many Christians Killed; Kurds and Turks Slaughter Armenians Around Van. Nearly Three Thousand Men. Women, and Children Dead – Every Male over Eight Years of Age in Forty Villages Perishes – Graphic Account of the Horrible Massacre Given in Letters from an American Missionary". The New York Times. July 26, 1896.
    264. HULIQ. "An important Kurdish Leader in Turkey apologizes to Arameans". HULIQ. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    265. "Kurds Apologize to Armenians: The Armenian News by A1". A1plus.am. June 1, 2012.
    266. "PDK-XOYBUN; wiha, di xizmeta, Kurd û Kurdistanê daye : Pirojeya Kurdistana Mezin, Pirojeyên Aborî û Avakirin, Pirojeyên Cand û Huner, Lêkolîna Dîroka Kurdistanê, Perwerdeya Zimanê Kurdî, Perwerdeya Zanîn û Sîyasî, Weşana Malper û TV yên Kurdistane. - Content". Xoybun.com. March 9, 2004. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
    267. "Pro-Kurdish party leader apologizes to Armenians for 1915 incidents". Hurriyet.com.tr. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
    268. "'Kurdish question' can't be understood ignoring the Armenian genocide". The Kurdistan Tribune. May 1, 2014. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
    269. "France recognises Armenian genocide". BBC News. May 29, 1998. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
    270. (in French) Proposition de loi complétant la loi n° 2001–70 du 29 janvier 2001 relative à la reconnaissance du génocide arménien de 1915, National Assembly of France, April 12, 2006: bill proposing that denying the Armenian genocide shall be punished likewise to the denial of the Jewish Holocaust
    271. Chrisafis, Angelique (October 10, 2006). "Turkey warns France over Armenian Genocide Bill". The Guardian.
    272. (in French) legislative file of the French National Assembly; vote tally
    273. "Accusation of an attempt to garner votes". BBC News. Archived from the original on February 7, 2007. Retrieved February 7, 2007.
    274. "French politicians pass Armenian genocide bill". CBC News. October 12, 2006.
    275. (in Turkish) Orhan Pamuk Fransa'yi kinadi Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Internet Haber, October 13, 2006
    276. "Sarkozy in bid to make up for Armenia remarks through aide". Todayszaman.com. October 14, 2011. Archived from the original on October 15, 2011.
    277. Jarry, Emmanual (October 6, 2011). "Sarkozy challenges Turkey to face its history". Reuters. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
    278. French Senate passes bill outlawing genocide denial, France 24, January 23, 2012.
    279. French genocide law 'unconstitutional' rules court, France 24, February 28, 2012
    280. French Court Rules Against Criminalization of Genocide Denial Archived 20 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Asbarez. 27 January 2017.
    281. "The Jihad Rampant in Persia by Rev. Robert M. Labaree-reporting from Tabriz, Persia". Cilicia.com. July 1915. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
    282. "Jamalzadeh, Mohammad-Ali". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
    283. "What is Iran's position on Armenian Genocide?". www.panorama.am. July 22, 2013. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
    284. "Iranian Official: We Helped Azerbaijan In Karabakh War | Eurasianet". eurasianet.org.
    285. Kouhi-Esfahani, Marzieh. "Nagorno-Karabakh: why Iran is trying to remain neutral over the conflict on its doorstep". The Conversation.
    286. "Khatami Pays Respects to Armenian Genocide Victims". asbarez.com. September 9, 2004. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
    287. "Turkey ruffled by Iranian official's comment on Armenian genocide". Haaretz.com.
    288. "Iranian-Armenian students urge Hassan Rouhani to recognize the Armenian Genocide". armenpress.am.
    289. "Armenia: Early Day Motion #357". House of Commons. November 29, 2006. Retrieved August 16, 2020.
    290. "Over 200 British MPs recognise Armenian Genocide 25 October 2007". Panarmenian.net.
    291. "Armeniangenocide – epetition Government's response;". December 7, 2007. Archived from the original on December 17, 2007.
    292. Geoffrey Robertson QC: "Was there an Armenian Genocide?" Archived March 26, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. October 9, 2009.
    293. "A genocide denied". www.newstatesman.com. Retrieved April 24, 2015.
    294. Britain accused of 'genocide denial' over Armenia. The Guardian. November 3, 2009. Retrieved January 13, 2013
    295. "Britain sidesteps Armenian genocide recognition a century after killings". The Guardian. April 23, 2015.
    296. Travis, Hannibal. "Genocide in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire, Iraq, and Sudan." Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2010, 2007, pp. 237–77, 293–294.
    297. Travis, Hannibal. "'Native Christians Massacred': The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians During World War I Archived 16 July 2012 at Archive.today." Genocide Studies and Prevention, Vol. 1, No. 3, December 2006, pp. 327–371. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
    298. "New report details Germany's role in Armenian genocide | DW | 05.04.2018". DW.COM.
    299. Dabag, Mihran (2007). "The Decisive Generation: Self-authorization and delegations in deciding a genocide". In Kinloch, Graham C. (ed.). Genocide : Approaches, Case Studies, And Responses. New York: Algora Pub. pp. 113–135. ISBN 978-0875863818. OCLC 437191890.
    300. Robert Fisk (October 21, 2012). "Photograph links Germans to 1915 Armenia genocide". The Independent. London.
    301. Balakian, Peter (2003). The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-019840-0.
    302. Auswärtiges Amt, West German Foreign Office Archives, K170, no. 4674, folio 63, in Balakian, The Burning Tigris, p. 186.
    303. Ambrosio, Thomas (2002). Ethnic identity groups and U.S. foreign policy. Westport (Conn.): Praeger. pp. 155–6. ISBN 0275975320.
    304. Wegner, Armin T. Armin T. Wegner e gli Armeni in Anatolia, 1915: Immagini e testimonianze (Armin T. Wegner and the Armenians in Anatolia, 1915 : images and testimonies), Milan, Guerini, 1996. Alloa, Emmanuel, "Afterimages. Belated Witnessing of the Armenian Catastrophe", in Journal of Literature and Trauma Studies 4.1 (2015), 43–54 on Armin T. Wegner's photographs See also Wegner. "Photo collection". Armenian Genocide. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
    305. Nazer, James (1968). The first genocide of the 20th century: the story of the Armenian massacres in text and pictures. T & T Publishing, inc. p. 123.
    306. Der Mugrdechian, Barlow (May 2000). ""Destination Nowhere" Premieres in Fresno". Hye Sharzhoom. Archived from the original on September 20, 2003.
    307. "Germany Parliament Resolution". www.armenian-genocide.org.
    308. "German Bundestag Recognises The Armenian Genocide – Zoryan Institute".
    309. Zhanar, Kozhabekova (July 3, 2013). "Turkic Kaganate and China by Sources and the Latest Archeological Research". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 82: 117–121. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.234.
    310. https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/why-is-turkey-breaking-its-silence-on-chinas-uyghurs/
    311. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-xinjiang-turkey/turkish-protesters-march-in-support-of-uighurs-after-ozil-comments-idUSKBN1YO2CB
    312. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8145451.stm
    313. https://mirrorspectator.com/2020/09/17/the-confluence-of-armenian-chinese-interests/
    314. https://anca.org/china-as-refuge-for-armenian-genocide-survivors/
    315. https://en.armradio.am/2020/04/12/turkey-asks-china-to-clarify-aid-packages-to-armenia/
    316. https://armenianweekly.com/2009/07/21/china-should-retaliate-against-turkey-by-recognizing-the-armenian-genocide/
    317. https://armenpress.am/eng/news/789194/armenian-genocide-to-be-presented-through-music-in-china.html
    318. https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/china-and-armenian-genocide
    319. "100 Years on, Australia's still out of Step on the Armenian Genocide". International Affairs. April 24, 2015.
    320. Raphael Ahren, Why Israel still refuses to recognize a century-old genocide, Times of Israel, April 24, 2015
    321. Aron Heller, Israel grapples with question of Armenian genocide recognition, Associated Press, April 23, 2015
    322. "www.armeniandiaspora.com/forum/showthread.php?t=26904". armeniandiaspora.com. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    323. "The Armenian Church". armenianchurch.org. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    324. "World Jewish Congress: Israeli Chief Rabbi says killing of Armenians in 1915 was genocide".
    325. "Survey Shows Many Want Israel to Recognize Armenian Genocide". Asbarez.com. October 3, 2007. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
    326. Stoil, Rebecca Anna (May 18, 2011). "Knesset moves toward recognizing Armenian genocide". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved May 19, 2011. For years, consecutive governments had blocked attempts by MKs to raise the subject of recognizing the genocide out of concern that such recognition could damage relations with Ankara. This year, however, the government did not block the hearing.
    327. Lis, Jonathan (May 31, 2011). "Knesset Speaker working to boost recognition of Armenian genocide". Haaretz. Retrieved June 2, 2011. Knesset Speaker Reuven Rivlin said Monday that he wanted to convene an annual parliamentary session of the full Knesset to mark the Armenian genocide of 1915 and 1916 at the hands of the Turks. 'It is my duty as a Jew and Israeli to recognize the tragedies of other peoples,' Rivlin said, speaking to an Israel-based Armenian action committee.
    328. "Israeli minister calls to recognize Armenian genocide". Reuters. June 12, 2012. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
    329. Israel won't recognize Armenian genocide, says ambassador Haaretz, January 9, 2015
    330. Nir Hasson, Armenian Patriarch 'disappointed' in Israeli policy on Armenian genocide, Haaretz, April 28, 2015
    331. Jonathan Lis (April 23, 2013). "In Israel, both coalition and opposition urge remembrance of Armenian genocide". Haaretz.com.
    332. Moran Azulay, Knesset discusses Armenian Genocide, Ynetnews, April 24, 2013
    333. Lahav Harkov, 'Recognizing Armenian genocide is a moral imperative for Jews', Jerusalem Post, March 13, 2014
    334. Elhanan Miller, Citing Holocaust, Israeli Armenians demand genocide recognition, Times of Israel, April 26, 2015
    335. Pileggi, Tamar. "Rivlin backtracks on Armenian genocide recognition". www.timesofisrael.com.
    336. Raphael Ahren, Rivlin used term 'Armenian genocide' two weeks ago, Times of Israel, April 28, 2015
    337. Harut Sassounian (February 11, 2015). "Sassounian: Auron Blasts Israel's President for Calling 'Armenian Genocide' a Massacre". Armenian Weekly. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    338. Adiv Sterman, In marking Armenian tragedy, Rivlin skirts term 'genocide' Times of Israel, April 26, 2015
    339. "No one denies the massacre of Armenians, says President of Israel". mediamax.am. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    340. Knesset News
    341. Special Cable to The New York Times (February 23, 1915). "Massacre By Turks in Caucasus Towns; Armenians Led Out into the Streets and Shot or Drowned – Old Friends Not Spared". Select.nytimes.com.
    342. Darbinyan, Asya (May 20, 2016). "Russia's Humanitarian Response to the Armenian Genocide". The Armenian Weekly.
    343. New York Times Dispatch. Russians Slaughter Turkish IIIrd Army: Give No Quarter to Men Held Responsible for the Massacre of Armenians. The New York Times, 6 March 1916.
    344. "Dmitry Medvedev lays a wreath at the Armenian Genocide Memorial". government.ru.
    345. https://gagrule.net/japanese-saved-armenians-greeks-genocide/
    346. http://www.armenia.com.au/news/Feature-Articles/English/1555/Vicken-Babkenian--Japan-and-the-Armenian-Genocide
    347. https://neareastmuseum.com/2018/04/20/forgotten-ally-part-one-reverend-wirt-viscount-shibusawa/
    348. https://neareastmuseum.com/2018/05/22/a-forgotten-ally-part-two-answering-the-call/
    349. Dixon, Jennifer M. (2018). Dark Pasts. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9781501730269. JSTOR 10.7591/j.ctt21h4vrf.
    350. "Edukacja Międzykulturowa: Turcy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 3, 2010. (48.9 KB)
    351. http://dspace.uni.lodz.pl:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11089/16589/095_125_grajewski.pdf
    352. "Poland supports Turkey's EU bid, says President Duda". POLITICO. October 17, 2017.
    353. "Garegin Thanks Poland For Genocide Recognition". «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան.
    354. Hovannisian, Irina (October 5, 2006). "Romanian leader rules out Armenian Genocide recognition". Radio Liberty.
    355. "Cătălin Avramescu: Romania has special duty to recognize Armenian Genocide". NEWS.am. September 1, 2016.
    356. "Varujan Vosganian urges Romania parliament to adopt statement recognizing Armenian Genocide". NEWS.am. September 13, 2019.
    357. Sassounian, Harut. "How many people worldwide recognize the Armenian Genocide?". Armenian National Committee of America. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
    358. Necșuțu, Mădălin (October 17, 2019). "Moldova MP pushes for debate on Armenian "Genocide"". Balkan Insight.
    359. "Armenian Genocide recognition resolution to be introduced in Moldovan Parliament". The Armenian Mirror-Spectator. October 17, 2019.
    360. Ghazanchyan, Siranush (October 16, 2019). "Resolution on Armenian Genocide recognition to be brought to Moldovan Parliament". Armradio.
    361. "Saudi Arabia not to establish diplomatic relations with Armenia, until Azerbaijan's territorial integrity to be restored: Ambassador". en.trend.az. April 8, 2009. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
    362. "Armenia No Friend To Muslim States, Says Aliyev". «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան.
    363. "Why the Armenian Genocide won't be forgotten". Arab News. April 24, 2019.
    364. "Saudi prince calls for boycott of Turkey". Middle East Monitor. May 7, 2019.
    365. "Saudis must boycott 'everything Turkish,' says commerce head after Erdogan remarks". Al Arabiya English. October 3, 2020.
    366. Blogger, Guest. "Saudi Arabia And Armenia: Historical Chance".
    367. "How the Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict could ignite a Middle East flare-up". Middle East Eye.
    368. [Azerbaijani Soviet Encyclopedia, Vol. IV, Baku, 1980, p. 84]
    369. Ben Aharon 2019, pp. 346–347. "Importantly, the territorial conflict between the Azeris and the Armenians over control of Nagorno-Karabakh, triggered by the collapse of the Soviet Union, turned Azerbaijan into a stakeholder in the discourse on the Armenian genocide, and it led an extensive international campaign against recognition."
    370. "Denmark does not recognize Armenian genocide: minister". AFP. January 10, 2008.
    371. Hairenik (January 26, 2017). "Danish Parliament Passes Questionable Bill Regarding Armenian Genocide". Armenian Weekly. Retrieved December 14, 2017.
    372. "Bulgarian Parliament Rejected Armenian Genocide Recognition Bill". January 10, 2008.
    373. "Bulgaria's Dobrich Recognizes Armenian Genocide". May 27, 2009.
    374. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey): Press Release Regarding the Decision Adopted by the Bulgarian Parliament Regarding the Events of 1915
    376. Potocari Memorial Center Preliminary List of Missing Persons from Srebrenica '95
    377. Sandford, Alasdair (November 29, 2017). "Slobodan Praljak: Croatian theatre director turned war criminal". euronews.
    378. "Remembering the 1995 Srebrenica massacre of Bosniaks | DW | 11.07.2020". DW.COM.
    379. "Turkey lashes out at Netherlands over Armenia slaughter; Cites Srebrenica tragedy". NL Times.
    380. "Mothers of Srebrenica condemn pope's 'genocide' remarks". www.aa.com.tr. July 21, 2015. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
    381. Lupis, Vinicije. "Paradigm of the Armenian Genocide and Armenian and Croatian contacts (2).docx" – via www.academia.edu.
    382. "r/europe - Turkey has asked the Croatian minister of Education to remove "unfair" references on the 1915 Armenian genocide from school textbooks [Document]". reddit.
    383. "Armenian Genocide Resolution submitted to Serbian Parliament". horizonweekly.ca. April 20, 2015. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
    384. Pierzynska, Justyna. ""Exotic Brotherhoods" in Serbian Media Discourses: The Caucasus" (PDF). www.researchingcommunication.eu. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
    386. Waal, Thomas de (January–February 2015). "The G-Word". Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on August 21, 2015. Retrieved June 6, 2019.
    387. "Heather S. Gregg Divided They Conquer: The Success of Armenian Ethnic Lobbies in the United States" (PDF).
    388. "Kolkata, Armenian celebrates Christms". Business Line. January 6, 2004. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
    389. Banerjee, Poulami (May 23, 2010). "Church Children". The Telegraph. Calcutta. Calcutta, India. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
    390. "Kolkata's Armenians mark 100th year of genocide". The Times of India. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    391. "Armenians in India Commemorated the Armenian Genocide". armedia.am. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    392. "Sweden Parliament Report". Armenian-genocide.org. March 29, 2000.
    393. "PanArmenian.net – Swedish Parliament Refuses to Recognize Armenian Genocide". June 12, 2008. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011.
    394. The Foreign Affairs Committee report 2007/08: UU9 - Human rights in Swedish Foreign policy Foreign Affairs Committee response to motions calling on the Swedish Parliament to recognize the Armenian Genocide (in Swedish)
    395. 60 named international scholars. "Recognize the 1915 genocide for what it is". Itwasgenocide.armenica.org. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
    396. "Sweden approves resolution on "Armenian genocide"". Reuters. March 11, 2010. Archived from the original on March 14, 2010 – via AlertNet.
    397. Sassounian, Harut (January 29, 2014). "Sassounian: Syrian President Finally Recognizes Armenian Genocide". Armenian Weekly. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
    398. "International Affirmation and Recognition of the Armenian Genocide". OurArarat.com. April 2005. Archived from the original on July 15, 2007.
    399. "Germany Parliament Resolution". Armenian National Institute. June 15, 2005. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
    400. "Germany to Turkey: Own Up to Massacre". Deutsche Welle. April 22, 2005. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
    401. Kubosova, Lucia (September 5, 2006). "MEPs back Armenia genocide clause in Turkey report". EU Observer. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
    402. "Parliament faces crucial enlargement decisions". EurActiv. September 25, 2006. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007.
    403. "European Parliament critical of slowdown in Turkey's reform process" (Press release). European Parliament. September 27, 2006.
    404. "I did not say proved genocide took place". Turkish Daily News. October 9, 2006. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007.
    405. "Turkish to boycott election over Armenian 'genocide'". Expatica News. October 5, 2006.
    406. "En el 90.º aniversario del genocidio armenio" (in Spanish). Basque Parliament. April 27, 2007. Archived from the original on January 21, 2016. Retrieved May 12, 2007.
    407. "Chilean Senate Unanimously Recognizes Armenian Genocide". Anca.org.
    408. "Mercosur recognises the Armenian Genocide". Mercopress.com. November 23, 2007.
    409. "Info – SRS submits "draft Armenian genocide resolution"". B92. Archived from the original on March 27, 2010.
    410. "Serbian FM commemorates Armenian Genocide victims". Armenpress. March 10, 2014. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
    411. "China and the Armenian genocide". Tamil Guardian. February 16, 2011. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    412. "Czech President Recognizes Genocide". Asbarez. January 31, 2014. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
    413. "Basque Country, Artsakh Consider Establishing Relations". Asbarez. June 30, 2014. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
    414. "Bolivia Unanimously Approved a Resolution on the Armenian Genocide". Prensaarmenia.com.
    415. مجلس الشعب السوري: متضامنون مع الشعب الأرمني في ذكر المجزرة العثمانية. arabi-press.com (in Arabic). March 17, 2015. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016.
    416. "Greek-Armenian youth submit requisition to EU representative for Armenian Genocide recognition". Armenpress. March 27, 2015. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
    417. Duelund, Theis (April 2, 2015). "System of a Down Push for Recognition of the Armenian Genocide". LA Weekly. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
    418. "49 US lawmakers urge Obama to recognize Armenian 'genocide' in letter". TodaysZaman. April 4, 2015.
    419. Harris, Rachel Lee (April 14, 2015). "The Kardashians Show Support for Armenia". The New York Times. Retrieved April 24, 2016.
    420. David, Rankin (April 7, 2015). "Iwi leader calls for Maori Boycott of ANZAC Day". Scoop (Press release). Retrieved March 19, 2019.
    421. Kay Gregory. "Green Party calls for NZ recognition of Armenian Genocide". newstalkzb.co.nz. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    422. Danielyan, Emil (April 12, 2015). "Pope Reaffirms Armenian Genocide Recognition". Azatutyun.
    423. Onyanga-Omara, Jane (April 12, 2015). "Turkey angry at pope after 'genocide' remarks". USA Today. Retrieved April 12, 2015.
    424. "Corsican Assembly demands Armenian Genocide recognition from Turkey". artsakhpress.am. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    425. "[UPDATED] European Parliament Adopts Bill Urging Turkey to Recognize Genocide". Asbarez. April 15, 2015. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
    426. "Georgia Armenians demand country's parliament to discuss Genocide issue". News.am. April 17, 2015. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
    427. "Armenians of Javakhk March: Demand Genocide Recognition from Turkey". hetq.am. April 23, 2015.
    428. "Austria parliament to condemn Armenian Genocide?". News.am. April 18, 2015. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
    429. "Austrian parliament adopts statement condemning Armenian Genocide". Panarmenian.Net. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
    430. Nicola, Stefan; Parkin, Brian (April 20, 2015). "Germany Plans to Recognize Armenian Massacre in 1915 as Genocide". Bloomberg. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
    431. "Draft resolution on Armenian Genocide recognition and condemnation introduced in Serbian parliament". Yerkir Media. April 21, 2015. Archived from the original on April 16, 2016.
    432. "Breaking: Israel's President Endorses Pope's Comments on Armenian Genocide – The Tower". The Tower. April 22, 2015. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    433. Ghazanchyan, Siranush (April 22, 2015). "Syria recognizes the Armenian Genocide committed by the Ottoman Empire, Parliament Speaker says". Public Radio of Armenia. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    434. "Putin Reaffirms Russian Recognition of Armenian Genocide". Asbarez. April 23, 2015. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    435. "Flemish Parliament adopts resolution recognizing Armenian Genocide". Armenpress. April 23, 2015. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
    436. "Serbia President: Do we have the right not to honor Armenian Genocide victims? (PHOTOS)". news.am. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    437. "Eiffel Tower and Coliseum go dark to mark Armenian Genocide". Horizon Weekly. April 25, 2015. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    438. "President of Uruguay Tabaré Vázquez participated in Armenian Genocide Centennial event". Armenpress. April 25, 2015. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
    439. "State of Georgia has declared April 24th as Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day". Armenpress. April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
    440. "Several American states pass resolutions on Armenian Genocide Centennial". news.am. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    441. Ghazanchyan, Siranush (April 27, 2015). "Irish religious leaders support call to recognise Armenian Genocide". Public Radio of Armenia. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    442. Ghazanchyan, Siranush (April 27, 2015). "Calls for Ireland to recognise Armenian Genocide". Public Radio of Armenia. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    443. "Parliament of Iraqi Kurdistan to discuss proposal for Armenian Genocide recognition". Armenpress. April 29, 2015. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
    444. "Luxembourg Recognizes Armenian Genocide". Asbarez. May 6, 2015. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
    445. "Young European Socialists Bureau Adopts Resolution on Armenian Genocide". Asbarez. June 2, 2015. Retrieved April 24, 2016.
    446. "Federal Senate of Brazil Recognizes Armenian Genocide". Armenian Weekly. June 3, 2015.
    447. "Paraguay's Senate Recognizes Armenian Genocide". Asbarez. October 29, 2015. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
    448. Ghazanchyan, Siranush (November 30, 2015). "South Ossetia considers recognition of Armenian Genocide". Public Radio of Armenia. Retrieved April 24, 2016.
    449. "Spain's Aragon recognizes Armenian Genocide". Armeniangenocide100.org. Archived from the original on September 27, 2016. Retrieved September 20, 2016.
    450. "German MPs recognise Armenian 'genocide' amid Turkish fury". BBC News. June 2, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    451. "German parliament condemns Turkish 'threats' against lawmakers". Hürriyet Daily News. June 9, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
    452. "Germany warns MPs with Turkish roots against travel to Turkey: Reports". Hürriyet Daily News. June 12, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
    453. "Pope says 'never again' to tragedies like 'Armenian genocide'". Hürriyet Daily News. June 25, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
    454. "Turkey says pope's 'Armenian genocide' declaration bears stamp of 'Crusades' mentality'". Hürriyet Daily News. June 26, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
    455. "French parliament votes to criminalize denial of Armenian genocide". Deutsche Welle. July 2, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
    456. Pells, Rachael (July 3, 2016). "French MPs vote to criminalise denial of Armenian genocide". The Independent. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
    457. "Turkish Foreign Ministry calls French genocide denial bill a risk to freedom of expression". Hürriyet Daily News. July 7, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
    458. Newman, Marissa (August 1, 2016). "Knesset Education Committee recognizes Armenian genocide". The Times of Israel. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
    459. "The Andean Parliament Recognized the Armenian Genocide and Condemned Denialism". Prensa Armenia. September 19, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
    460. "French Senate Approves Bill Criminalizing Armenian Genocide Denial". Armenian Weekly. October 14, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
    461. "Turkey's denial of Armenian Genocide is "unreasonable restriction" – Parliament of Denmark". Armenpress. January 26, 2017. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
    462. "Wyoming Becomes 45th U.S. State to Recognize the Armenian Genocide". Armenian Weekly. April 21, 2017. Retrieved March 17, 2019.
    463. Ghazanchyan, Siranush (April 26, 2017). "Czech Republic Parliament recognizes the Armenian Genocide". Public Radio of Armenia. Archived from the original on May 19, 2017.
    464. "Texas Recognizes the Armenian Genocide; Becomes 46th State to Acknowledge the Crime". Armenian Weekly. May 19, 2017. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
    465. "Iowa Becomes 47th State to Officially Recognize the Armenian Genocide". Armenian Weekly. August 24, 2017. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
    466. "Parliament of Netherlands reaffirms the 2004 resolution to recognize the Armenian Genocide". Horizonweekly.ca.
    467. "Egypt First Islamic Country to Raise Armenian Genocide Issue says ANC Egypt Chair". November 29, 2016.
    468. "'Who Killed the Armenians?': Egyptian Filmmakers Tackle the Genocide". December 4, 2015.
    469. "Alabama Becomes 49th U.S. State to Recognize the Armenian Genocide". Armeniaweekly.com.
    470. "Centrist Democrat International adopts resolution condemning Armenian Genocide". Armenpress.am.
    471. "Parliament of Portugal recognizes Armenian Genocide". News.am.
    472. "House Passes Resolution Recognizing Armenian Genocide". The New York Times. October 29, 2019.
    473. "US House recognises Armenian genocide, backs Turkey sanctions". euronews. October 29, 2019.
    474. "Trump's dealings with Turkey pave way for House vote acknowledging Armenian genocide". The Washington Post. October 30, 2019.
    475. "Senate passes resolution to formally 'commemorate the Armenian Genocide'". CNN. December 12, 2019.
    476. "Syrian Parliament unanimously recognizes Armenian Genocide". Panarmenian.net.
    477. "Czech Senate Unanimously Recognizes Armenian Genocide". Asbarez.com.

    Further reading

    Media related to Armenian Genocide recognition at Wikimedia Commons

    This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.