CSAR Class E 4-10-2T

The Central South African Railways Class E 4-10-2T of 1901 was a South African steam locomotive from the pre-Union era in Transvaal.

This article is about one of several different Central South African Railways locomotive types to be designated "Class E". For the others, see Central South African Railways Class E locomotives.

IMR Reid Tenwheeler 4-10-2T
CSAR Class E 4-10-2T
CSAR Class E, ex IMR Reid Tenwheeler, c. 1902
Type and origin
Power typeSteam
DesignerNatal Government Railways
(G.W. Reid)
BuilderDübs and Company
Neilson, Reid and Company
Serial numberDübs 4086-4100
Neilson 6196-6215
ModelNGR Reid Tenwheeler
Build date1901-1902
Total produced35
RebuilderCentral South African Railways
Rebuild date1903-1905
Number rebuilt6 to 4-8-2T (Mountain)
29 to 4-8-0TT (Mastodon)
Specifications
Configuration:
​
 • Whyte4-10-2T (Reid Tenwheeler)
 • UIC2'E1'n2t
Driver2nd coupled axle
Gauge3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) Cape gauge
Leading dia.25 3⁄4 in (654 mm)
Coupled dia.45 in (1,143 mm)
Trailing dia.25 3⁄4 in (654 mm)
Minimum curve300 ft (91 m)
Wheelbase30 ft 6 in (9,296 mm)
 • Leading5 ft 4 in (1,626 mm)
 • Coupled16 ft 8 in (5,080 mm)
Length:
​
 • Over couplers37 ft 6 in (11,430 mm)
Height12 ft 6 in (3,810 mm)
Frame typePlate
Axle load12 LT 5 cwt (12,450 kg)
 • Leading9 LT 17 cwt (10,010 kg)
 • 1st coupled10 LT 18 cwt (11,070 kg)
 • 2nd coupled12 LT 5 cwt (12,450 kg)
 • 3rd coupled10 LT 13 cwt (10,820 kg)
 • 4th coupled10 LT 10 cwt (10,670 kg)
 • 5th coupled10 LT 10 cwt (10,670 kg)
 • Trailing4 LT 4 cwt (4,267 kg)
Adhesive weight54 LT 16 cwt (55,680 kg)
Loco weight68 LT 17 cwt (69,950 kg)
Fuel typeCoal
Fuel capacity4 LT (4.1 t)
Water cap1,880 imp gal (8,500 l)
Firebox typeRound-top
 • Firegrate area21.15 sq ft (1.965 m2)
Boiler:
​
 • Pitch6 ft 10 in (2,083 mm)
 • Diameter4 ft 7 7⁄8 in (1,419 mm)
 • Tube plates10 ft 4 in (3,150 mm)
 • Small tubes287: 1 3⁄4 in (44 mm)
Boiler pressure175 psi (1,207 kPa)
Safety valveRamsbottom
Heating surface1,493.5 sq ft (138.75 m2)
 • Tubes1,358.71 sq ft (126.228 m2)
 • Firebox134.79 sq ft (12.522 m2)
CylindersTwo
Cylinder size19 in (483 mm) bore
27 in (686 mm) stroke
Valve gearAllan
CouplersJohnston link-and-pin
Performance figures
Tractive effort28,440 lbf (126.5 kN) @ 75%
Career
OperatorsImperial Military Railways
Central South African Railways
ClassIMR Reid Tenwheeler
CSAR Class E
Number in class35
NumbersIMR & CSAR 220-254
Delivered1901-1902
First run1901
The leading & trailing coupled axles had flangeless wheels

In 1901 and 1902, during the Second Boer War, the Imperial Military Railways placed 35 tank locomotives with a 4-10-2T wheel arrangement in service, built to the design of the Reid Tenwheeler of the Natal Government Railways. In 1902, they came onto the roster of the Central South African Railways and were designated Class E.[1][2][3]

Origin

When the Natal Government Railways (NGR) identified a requirement for a tank locomotive which could haul at least one-and-a-half times as much as a Dübs A 4-8-2T locomotive, a 4-10-2 tank locomotive was designed by George W. Reid, Locomotive Superintendent of the NGR at the end of the nineteenth century. On the NGR, these locomotives became known as the Reid Tenwheelers, later designated the NGR Class C.[1][2]

Manufacturers
G.W. Reid

In 1901, during the Second Boer War, the Imperial Military Railways (IMR) of the invading British forces experienced a shortage of locomotives as a result of damage caused during hostilities and the transportation demands of the British Military. Lieutenant-Colonel E.P.C. Girouard KCMG DSO RE, the Commissioner of Railways for the Transvaal and Orange River Colony, therefore placed urgent orders for 35 locomotives of the NGR's Reid Tenwheeler type.[1][2][3][4]

To ensure rapid delivery, the order was split between Dübs and Company, who built engine numbers 220 to 234, and Neilson, Reid and Company, who built numbers 235 to 254.[1][2][3][4]

Characteristics

To be able to negotiate sharp curves, both the first and fifth pairs of coupled wheels of the Reid Tenwheeler locomotive were flangeless. The locomotive used saturated steam and was equipped with Allan straight link valve gear. The trailing Bissel truck was of the Cartazzi type, which allowed the axle some lateral movement.[1]

The main shortcoming of the Reid Tenwheeler was a tendency to derail while reversing, particularly over points, since the trailing drivers were flangeless. On the NGR, this was overcome by increasing the tyre width of these wheels from 6 inches (152 millimetres) to 7 inches (178 millimetres).[1]

While the IMR locomotive was identical in construction to those built for the NGR, it had a weatherboard affixed to the coal bunker to offer the crew better protection against the elements when travelling bunker forward. The locomotives were more ornate than those in Natal and, in true military style, their brass domes, chimney caps and boiler bands were polished. The practice of polished brasswork was a trade mark of the IMR and was done with all their new locomotives. It was continued on the Central South African Railways (CSAR) after the IMR was disbanded.[1]

Service

Imperial Military Railways

The Royal Engineer officers of the IMR considered the Reid Tenwheeler as an excellent and handy type of locomotive for the heavy gradients of 1 in 100 (1%) to 1 in 50 (2%). Most of the IMR's Reid Tenwheelers had been in service for less than a year when peace was declared on 1 June 1902. On 1 July 1902, the control of the railways was handed back to civilian authority.[3][5]

Central South African Railways

The IMR was transformed into the CSAR, who took control of all railways in the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. One of the first steps taken by the CSAR was to classify and renumber all the locomotive stock, with tank locomotives classified alphabetically and tender locomotives numerically. The Reid Tenwheeler engines were designated Class E, but retained their IMR engine numbers.[1][3][5]

Rebuilding to 4-8-2T Mountain

From c. 1903, six locomotives, numbers 222, 233 to 235, 245 and 252, were converted to 4-8-2T Mountain type engines by removing the fifth pair of coupled wheels and blanking off the resulting opening in the frame, similar to the modification which was being done by the NGR on its own Reid Tenwheelers to make them better suited for the tight curves encountered on points during yard working.[1][2]

Rebuilding to 4-8-0TT Mastodon

Since the small coal and water capacity of the Reid Tenwheelers limited their radius of action, one of them was converted to a tank-and-tender configuration in 1904. The coal bunker, trailing bissel truck and the fifth pair of coupled wheels were removed, the frame was shortened and the locomotive was equipped with a tender from an obsolete Cape 4th class locomotive. As a tank-and-tender type, the modified locomotive was able to haul the same load as before, used less oil, was less troublesome and was considered by crews to be much more comfortable. As a result, the remaining 28 unmodified Reid Tenwheelers were similarly modified to the 4-8-0TT Mastodon type configuration, using three-axle tenders from CSAR Class 6-L2 locomotives. This increased the coal capacity from 4 to 5 1⁄2 long tons (4.1 to 5.6 tonnes) and the water capacity from 1,880 to 4,320 imperial gallons (8,500 to 19,600 litres), which resulted in a considerable increase in the operating range of the locomotive.[1][2][3]

Both modified versions of the locomotive were not reclassified on the CSAR, but were referred to as the Class E Converted. By 1912, when the classification and renumbering of all the rolling stock of the Cape Government Railways, NGR and CSAR onto the South African Railways roster took place, none of these locomotives survived in their original 4-10-2T Reid Tenwheeler configuration.[1][2][4][6]

Works numbers

The CSAR Class E builders, works numbers, rebuilding and disposition are listed in the table.[1][6][7]

References
  1. Holland, D.F. (1971). Steam Locomotives of the South African Railways. 1: 1859–1910 (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, Devon: David & Charles. pp. 92–95, 123–124, 134–135. ISBN 978-0-7153-5382-0.
  2. Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1944). The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter III - Natal Government Railways. (Continued). South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, June 1944. pp. 424-425.
  3. Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1945). The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter VI - Imperial Military Railways and C.S.A.R. (Continued). South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, January 1945. pp. 12-14.
  4. Paxton, Leith; Bourne, David (1985). Locomotives of the South African Railways (1st ed.). Cape Town: Struik. pp. 32, 56. ISBN 0869772112.
  5. The South African Railways - Historical Survey. Editor George Hart, Publisher Bill Hart, Sponsored by Dorbyl Ltd., Published c. 1978, pp. 22-23, 25.
  6. Classification of S.A.R. Engines with Renumbering Lists, issued by the Chief Mechanical Engineer's Office, Pretoria, January 1912, pp. 7, 11, 13, 22-23 (Reprinted in April 1987 by SATS Museum, R.3125-6/9/11-1000)
  7. Neilson, Reid works list, compiled by Austrian locomotive historian Bernhard Schmeiser
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