South African Class 23 4-8-2

The South African Railways Class 23 4-8-2 of 1938 was a steam locomotive.

South African Class 23 4-8-2
No. 2556 in Gideon Joubert park, Touws River, 8 January 2010
Type and origin
♠ Locomotive numbers 2552-2271
♥ Locomotive numbers 3201-3316
Power typeSteam
DesignerSouth African Railways
(W.A.J. Day)
BuilderBerliner Maschinenbau
Henschel and Son
Serial numberBerliner 10738-10744, 10816, 10985-10999, 11001-11015
Henschel 23742-23754, 24155-24239
ModelClass 23
Build date1938
Total produced136
Specifications
Configuration:
​
 • Whyte4-8-2 (Mountain)
 • UIC2'D1'h2
Driver2nd coupled axle
Gauge3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) Cape gauge
Leading dia.34 in (864 mm)
Coupled dia.63 in (1,600 mm)
Trailing dia.34 in (864 mm)
Tender wheels34 in (864 mm)
Minimum curve300 ft (91 m)
Wheelbase♠ 77 ft 8 1⁄2 in (23,686 mm)
♥ 78 ft 2 1⁄2 in (23,838 mm)
 • Engine37 ft 1⁄2 in (11,290 mm)
 • Leading7 ft 2 in (2,184 mm)
 • Coupled16 ft 6 in (5,029 mm)
 • Tender30 ft 8 in (9,347 mm)
 • Tender bogie8 ft 8 in (2,642 mm)
Length:
​
 • Over couplers87 ft 2 1⁄4 in (26,575 mm)
Height12 ft 11 1⁄2 in (3,950 mm)
Frame typeBar
Axle load♠ 18 LT 17 cwt (19,150 kg)
♥ 18 LT 14 cwt (19,000 kg)
 • Leading♠ 20 LT 7 cwt (20,680 kg)
♥ 20 LT 17 cwt (21,180 kg)
 • 1st coupled♠ 17 LT 16 cwt (18,090 kg)
♥ 17 LT 12 cwt (17,880 kg)
 • 2nd coupled♠ 18 LT 17 cwt (19,150 kg)
♥ 18 LT 14 cwt (19,000 kg)
 • 3rd coupled♠ 18 LT 15 cwt (19,050 kg)
♥ 18 LT 13 cwt (18,950 kg)
 • 4th coupled♠ 17 LT 16 cwt (18,090 kg)
♥ 17 LT 11 cwt (17,830 kg)
 • Trailing♠ 17 LT 8 cwt (17,680 kg)
♥ 17 LT 15 cwt (18,030 kg)
 • Tender bogieBogie 1:
♠ 54 LT 14 cwt (55,580 kg)
♥ 53 LT 17 cwt (54,710 kg)
Bogie 2:
♠ 54 LT (54,870 kg)
♥ 53 LT 17 cwt (54,710 kg)
 • Tender axle♠ 18 LT (18,290 kg)
♥ 17 LT 19 cwt (18,240 kg)
Adhesive weight♠ 73 LT 4 cwt (74,370 kg)
♥ 72 LT 10 cwt (73,660 kg)
Loco weight♠ 110 LT 19 cwt (112,700 kg)
♥ 111 LT 2 cwt (112,900 kg)
Tender weight♠ 104 LT 5 cwt (105,900 kg)
♥ 107 LT 14 cwt (109,400 kg)
Total weight♠ 215 LT 4 cwt (218,700 kg)
♥ 218 LT 16 cwt (222,300 kg)
Tender typeEW (3-axle bogies)
Fuel typeCoal
Fuel capacity18 LT (18.3 t)
Water cap♠ 9,200 imp gal (41,800 l)
♥ 9,500 imp gal (43,200 l)
Firebox typeRound-top
 • Firegrate area63 sq ft (5.9 m2)
Boiler:
​
 • ModelWatson Standard no. 3B
 • TypeDomeless
 • Pitch9 ft (2,743 mm)
 • Diameter6 ft 2 1⁄4 in (1,886 mm)
 • Tube plates22 ft 6 in (6,858 mm)
 • Small tubes136: 2 1⁄2 in (64 mm)
 • Large tubes36: 5 1⁄2 in (140 mm)
Boiler pressure225 psi (1,551 kPa)
Safety valveRoss-pop
Heating surface3,400 sq ft (320 m2)
 • Tubes3,168 sq ft (294.3 m2)
 • Arch tubes26 sq ft (2.4 m2)
 • Firebox206 sq ft (19.1 m2)
Superheater:
​
 • Heating area676 sq ft (62.8 m2)
CylindersTwo
Cylinder size24 in (610 mm) bore
28 in (711 mm) stroke
Valve gearWalschaerts
Valve typePiston
Valve travel7 1⁄2 in (191 mm)
CouplersAAR knuckle
Performance figures
Tractive effort43,200 lbf (192 kN) @ 75%
Career
OperatorsSouth African Railways
ClassClass 23
Number in class136
Numbers2552-2571, 3201-3316
Delivered1938-1939
First run1938
Withdrawn1983

In 1938 and 1939, the South African Railways placed 136 Class 23 steam locomotives in service. The Class 23 was the last and the largest 4-8-2 Mountain type locomotive to be designed by the South African Railways.[1][2][3]

Manufacturers

The Class 23 4-8-2 Mountain type steam locomotive was designed by W.A.J. Day, Chief Mechanical Engineer (CME) of the South African Railways (SAR) from 1936 to 1939. It was intended as a general utility locomotive, capable of operating on 80 pounds per yard (40 kilograms per metre) rail, and was built in two batches by Berliner Maschinenbau and Henschel and Son in Germany. The original order in 1938 was for twenty locomotives, of which Berliner built seven, numbered in the range from 2552 to 2558, and Henschel thirteen, numbered in the range from 2559 to 2571.[1][2][4][5][6][7]

W.A.J. Day

At the time, the urgency brought about by the rapidly deteriorating political climate in Europe led to a further 116 locomotives being ordered even before the first batch could be delivered and tested, contrary to usual SAR practice. Ordering this quantity of a new class of engine before any had been tried out constituted a record for the SAR. Of this second batch, Henschel built 85, numbered in the range from 3201 to 3285, and Berliner 31, numbered in the range from 3286 to 3316. The last locomotive of this second order was delivered in August 1939, just one month before the outbreak of the Second World War.[1][2][4]

Berliner-built locomotive no. 3301 received an out-of-sequence works number, Berliner no. 10816 instead of no. 11000, since works number 11000 was reserved for the new Class 01.10 4-6-2 Pacific type locomotive for the German State Railways.[1]

Characteristics

In general appearance and power, the Class 23 locomotive is very similar to the Classes 15E and 15F. As originally designed, the locomotive would have had 66 inches (1,676 millimetres) coupled wheels which would have required a newly designed boiler to accommodate the extra length brought about by the long coupled wheelbase. The increasing political turmoil in Europe and the resulting urgency, however, prohibited time being spent on designing a new boiler. As a result, the existing Watson Standard no. 3B boiler was incorporated in the design with an extra long smokebox which was extended by 1 foot 6 inches (457 millimetres) to partially compensate for the shorter boiler. This boiler was one of the range of standard type boilers which was designed by Day's predecessor as CME, A.G. Watson, as part of the latter's standardisation policy. To maintain approximately the same tractive effort as the Class 15E, the boiler pressure was raised to 225 pounds per square inch (1,551 kilopascals), at the time the highest yet used on the SAR since the SAR loading gauge did not permit horizontal cylinders of greater bore diameter than 24 inches (610 millimetres) with normal cylinder spacing.[1][2][3][4]

The locomotives were delivered without smoke deflectors, but after the war they were fitted with standard elephant ear smoke deflectors based upon the Deutsche Reichsbahn design.[8]

The inner firebox was of steel and was fitted with five 3 inches (76 millimetres) diameter arch tubes, which supported the brick arch. The rocking grate, with two drop-grates, was actuated by a steam shaker. As was the practice with Watson Standard boilers, the hopper type ashpan was secured to the main frames instead of to the boiler foundation ring, with a 4 inches (102 millimetres) air gap all round. Drench pipes were fitted to facilitate cleaning and the bottom of the ashpan was fitted with a hand-operated sliding door.[2]

To enable them to negotiate 300 feet (91 metres) radius curves, the leading coupled wheels were given a 1 inch (25 millimetres) total side-play in their horn blocks, while the tyre flanges of the intermediate coupled wheels were of reduced thickness and the leading coupling rods were provided with spherical bearings at the knuckle joints and crank pins. In addition, largely also as a result of the decision to use the shorter Watson Standard boiler, it was decided to reduce the coupled wheel diameter from the originally intended 66 inches (1,676 millimetres) to 63 inches (1,600 millimetres), which shortened the coupled wheelbase and would further ease passage on sharp curves.[1][2][4]

Tender

Since these locomotives were intended for working in the Karoo where good quality water is a scarce resource, they were equipped with very large Type EW tenders which rode on six-wheeled bogies to enable longer runs to be undertaken between watering stops or to skip bad watering places. They were the largest tenders to have been used in South Africa up to that time and as originally designed, would have had a water capacity of 10,000 imperial gallons (45,500 litres) and a coal capacity of 18 long tons (18.3 tonnes). Owing to axle load restrictions, however, it was necessary to reduce the water capacity to 9,200 imperial gallons (41,800 litres). The first batch of twenty locomotives were delivered with such tenders.[1][2][4][6][7]

The second batch of 116 locomotives were delivered with a modification to the tender's underframe. To improve the weight distribution, both tender pivot centres were relocated 6 inches (152 millimetres) towards the rear. This enabled the water capacity to be increased to 9,500 imperial gallons (43,200 litres) on these 116 tenders. While the locomotive-and-tender's length over couplers was not affected, the total wheelbase of the second batch was 6 inches (152 millimetres) longer since the distance between the engine's trailing wheel and the first tender wheel was increased from 10 feet (3,048 millimetres) to 10 feet 6 inches (3,200 millimetres).[1][2][6][7]

Four vacuum cylinders operated clasp brakes on all tender wheels and a hand brake was included. Since experience showed that a firegrate of 63 square feet (5.9 square metres) cannot be served effectively under all conditions by manual stoking, particularly on long runs, a type H.T-1 mechanical stoker was fitted, supplied by the Standard Stoker Company of America. The mechanical stoker engine was mounted on the tender.[1][2][4]

Streamlining

During the 1930s, the streamlining of locomotives was fashionable in Europe and the United States of America. It was proposed to adopt streamlining on some of the Class 23 locomotives which were intended for the Cape mainline and the manufacturers were requested to submit estimates to that effect. Since streamlining would increase the cost by £500 per locomotive and increase the weight by approximately 2 long tons (2.0 tonnes), the idea was abandoned, especially in light of the negligible performance benefit of streamlining at the official maximum 55 miles per hour (89 kilometres per hour) goods train speeds on Cape gauge and the reduced accessibility of working parts on a streamlined locomotive.[1][2][4]

Locomotive naming

Although the naming of locomotives in South Africa dates back to the Cape Town Railway and Dock Company's 0-4-2 locomotives of 20 March 1860 and the Natal Railway's 0-4-0WT Natal of 13 May 1860, it was rarely done. In 1945, the Minister of Transport at the time, the Honourable F.C. Sturrock MP, instructed that a number of Classes 15F and 23 engines should be named after various South African cities and towns and fitted with suitable nameplates in both official languages. The decorative plates were fitted to the sides of the smokebox or to the elephant ear smoke deflectors of engines which were so equipped. Thirteen Class 23 locomotives were named.[9]

Kroonstad nameplate on Class 23 no. 3300, off Class 15F no. 3044

In later years, some of these names migrated to other engines and classes, several eventually ending up on Class 25NC locomotives. Other names were also added later and, for example, by 1969 no. 3229 bore the name Springs.[10]

Service

The new class soon formed the bulk of the motive power on the lines from Touws River to Beaufort West and from De Aar to Welverdiend via Kimberley and Klerksdorp.[4][8]

When new, a few Class 23s were briefly allocated to Braamfontein to haul the Union Limited and other Cape express passenger trains from Johannesburg, and the Class 16DA and Class 16E were transferred to Bloemfontein. Since the electric turntable at Braamfontein could not accommodate the locomotive and its long Type EW tender, engines coming in from Klerksdorp had to detach at Johannesburg station and run light to India Junction near Germiston to be turned on the triangular junction. The Braamfontein Class 23s were therefore soon transferred to the Cape Northern System and Braamfontein was provided with Class 15Fs that could fit onto its turntable.[8][11]

Upon the arrival of the new Classes 25 and 25NC in 1953, the Class 23 was transferred to Bloemfontein to work south from there to Noupoort and Burgersdorp. Occasionally they worked north to Kroonstad and west across to Kimberley, but the Class 15F generally did most of that work.[4][10]

When ore traffic from Postmasburg to Durban began to increase in the late 1950s, caboose-working was instituted c. 1959. Block loads of manganese ore were worked by steam over the route from Postmasburg via Kimberley and Bloemfontein to Kroonstad and four block loads were dispatched from Postmasburg to Maydon Wharf in Durban every 24 hours, seven days per week. Four crews on a pair of Class 23 locomotives with a caboose attached for crew accommodation worked in 21-day cycles out of Bloemfontein. The crews were supposed to work eight hours on and eight hours off, but by agreement they usually worked twelve-hour shifts instead.[10]

Each caboose-working cycle began with the picking up of a string of 34 empty hopper wagons and a guard's van in Bloemfontein. These were worked through to Postmasburg, with the engines recoaling at Kamfersdam outside Kimberley. At Postmasburg they picked up 34 loaded hopper wagons and a guard's van, an approximate load of 2,700 tons, and worked all the way through to Kroonstad, where the loads were re-marshalled into 1,500 ton bites for the 1 in 66 (1½%) grades east of there to Harrismith. At Kroonstad the loaded hoppers were exchanged for empties and the whole cycle repeated. Recoaling points were at Postmasburg, Kamfersdam, Hamilton and Kroonstad and en route rewatering points were at Kloofeind and Glen. It took roughly two days to complete a loaded-empty cycle over the full route and an average of ten cycles were managed on each three-week tour of duty. Caboose-working was always with pairs of Class 23 locomotives, until the Class 25 condensers took over the section from Postmasburg to Kamfers Dam c. 1962 and the practice was discontinued. After electrification of the Postmasburg branch late in 1966, steam only came on at Beaconsfield and crews and engines were once more being changed in the traditional manner at Bloemfontein, Kroonstad and Bethlehem.[10]

Due to metal fatigue cracks which developed in their 5 inches (127 millimetres) thick rolled steel bar frames, the Class 23 was withdrawn from mainline service considerably earlier than the similar and contemporary Class 15F. They were all retired by 1983, many of them in the process donating their large Type EW tenders to increase the range of the Class 15F. At least one of these tenders, that of no. 3209, was later rebuilt to a water-only tender.[3][4]

Works numbers

The table shows the Class 23 engine numbers, builders and works numbers. On the builders' works lists, all the locomotives are recorded as having been built in 1938.[1][5][6][7]

Preservation

Two of these locomotives still exist:

NumberWorks nmrTHF / PrivateLeaselend / OwnerCurrent LocationOutside SOUTH AFRICA?
2556Berliner 10742PrivateTowsrivier Municipality
3300Berliner 10999THFTransnet Heritage FoundationBloemfontein Locomotive Depot

Illustration

The main picture shows Berliner-built no. 2556 which was plinthed next to the High School in Gideon Joubert Park in Touws River on occasion of that Railway town's centenary in 1977. It was officially presented to the town on 24 September 1977 by SAR chief executive Dr. Kobus Loubser.[12]

References
  1. Holland, D. F. (1972). Steam Locomotives of the South African Railways. 2: 1910-1955 (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, Devon: David & Charles. pp. 98–100. ISBN 978-0-7153-5427-8.
  2. Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1947). The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter VII - South African Railways (Continued). South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, January 1947. pp. 29-31.
  3. Durrant, A. E. (1989). Twilight of South African Steam (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, London: David & Charles. p. 105. ISBN 0715386387.
  4. Paxton, Leith; Bourne, David (1985). Locomotives of the South African Railways (1st ed.). Cape Town: Struik. pp. 10–11, 75–76. ISBN 0869772112.
  5. Henschel & Son works list, compiled by Dietmar Stresow
  6. South African Railways & Harbours/Suid Afrikaanse Spoorweë en Hawens (15 Aug 1941). Locomotive Diagram Book/Lokomotiefdiagramboek, 3'6" Gauge/Spoorwydte. SAR/SAS Mechanical Department/Werktuigkundige Dept. Drawing Office/Tekenkantoor, Pretoria. pp. VIII, 46.
  7. South African Railways & Harbours/Suid Afrikaanse Spoorweë en Hawens (15 Aug 1941). Locomotive Diagram Book/Lokomotiefdiagramboek, 2'0" & 3'6" Gauge/Spoorwydte, Steam Locomotives/Stoomlokomotiewe. SAR/SAS Mechanical Department/Werktuigkundige Dept. Drawing Office/Tekenkantoor, Pretoria. pp. VIII, 6a-7a, 29, 46.
  8. Soul of A Railway, System 7, Western Transvaal, based in Johannesburg, Part 1. Johannesburg between the Home Signals, Part 1. Captions 21-24, 26-27. (Accessed on 20 March 2017)
  9. Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1947). The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter VII - South African Railways (Continued). South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, February 1947. p. 131.
  10. Soul of A Railway, System 5, Part 1: Bloemfontein. Captions 1, 10. (Accessed on 1 March 2017)
  11. Soul of A Railway, System 7, Western Transvaal, based in Johannesburg, Part 22: Braamfontein by Les Pivnic: Braamfontein Yard, Loco, ERS and Old Kazerne Goods Yard, Part 1. Introduction, Caption 23. (Accessed on 4 May 2017)
  12. Touwsrivier – Daos Ab – 1877-1977 (J.H. Stassen, 1977), pp79, 83-85
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