Caledonian Sleeper

Caledonian Sleeper is the collective name for overnight sleeper train services between London and Scotland, in the United Kingdom. It is one of only two currently operating sleeper services on the railway in the United Kingdom, the other being the Night Riviera which runs between London and Penzance.

Caledonian Sleeper

Caledonian Sleeper with 92038 in Serco midnight teal livery, at Euston, April 2015
Franchise(s)	Part of ScotRail (National Express) 31 March 1997 - 16 October 2004 Part of First ScotRail 17 October 2004 - 30 March 2015 Standalone franchise operated by Serco (31 March 2015 – 31 March 2030)
Main region(s)	West Coast Main Line Edinburgh to Aberdeen Line Highland Main Line West Highland Line
Fleet size	75 Mark 5 carriages
Stations called at	46
Parent company	Serco
Other
Website	www.sleeper.scot
Route map

Two services depart London Euston each night from Sunday to Friday and travel via the West Coast Main Line to Scotland. The earlier departure divides at Edinburgh into portions for Aberdeen, Fort William and Inverness. The later departure serves Edinburgh and Glasgow splitting at Carstairs. Five London-bound portions depart from these destinations each night, combining into two trains at Edinburgh and Carstairs.

Since April 2015, the Caledonian Sleeper has been a standalone franchise operated by Serco, and under the supervision of the Scottish Government. Prior to this it was part of the ScotRail franchise. In 2019 a new fleet of Mark 5 carriages replaced the existing carriages.

Anglo-Scottish sleepers up to 1996

In February 1873 the North British Railway revealed the first sleeping car in Britain. It had been built by the Ashbury Carriage Company and was displayed at Glasgow, Edinburgh and London King's Cross.[1] It became the first sleeping carriage used on British railways when it made a revenue earning trip on 24 February 1873 attached to a train at Glasgow for King's Cross via the East Coast Main Line.[2]

On 1 October 1873 the rival Caledonian Railway introduced a London and North Western Railway sleeping car on mail trains three days per week between Glasgow Buchanan Street and London Euston via the West Coast Main Line.[3] The service ran from Glasgow on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays, and from London on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. An extra charge of ten shillings was made for a sleeping berth.[4]

Sleeping car services operated on both the West and East coast routes to multiple destinations until the East coast were withdrawn in May 1988.[5] For example, in 1976, services from King's Cross ran to Edinburgh and Aberdeen, and from Euston to Glasgow Central, Perth, Inverness, Stranraer Harbour, and Fort William. There was also a service from Bristol Temple Meads to Glasgow and Edinburgh via the West Coast route.[6]

InterCity planned to remove all seating accommodation on the remaining services from May 1992, however it instead concluded a deal with Stagecoach to retain the Mark 2 seating carriages[7][8] however the Stagecoach carriages were withdrawn after 12 months.[9]

Responsibility for operation of the Anglo-Scottish services passed within British Rail from InterCity West Coast to ScotRail on 5 March 1995.[10] British Rail had proposed to cease operating the Fort William portion, however the Highland Regional Council successfully sought a stay pending a formal consultation, after the Scottish Court of Session ruled that the correct service closure process had not been followed.[11][12][13] Eventually British Rail agreed to retain the Fort William portion, but it was reduced from four sleeping carriages to one.[14] The associated motorail service was withdrawn in 1995.[15]

The Caledonian Sleeper

ScotRail

The overnight service was relaunched as the Caledonian Sleeper from 4 June 1996. Each portion had its own identity, with the Night Caledonian to Glasgow, Night Scotsman to Edinburgh, Night Aberdonian to Aberdeen, Royal Highlander to Inverness and West Highlander to Fort William.[16][17] On 31 March 1997 it became part of the ScotRail franchise which was initially operated by National Express.[18] They continued to use the Mark 3 sleeping cars that had been operated by British Rail but did not have suitable locomotives. These were hired from Virgin Trains until March 1998 when English, Welsh and Scottish Railway (EWS) took on the contract.[19][20][21]

Seated carriages were added to the sleeping cars from January 2000 using 11 former Virgin Trains Mark 2 carriages that were refurbished at Wolverton Works and fitted with first class-style reclining seats.[22][23][24] At the same time the sleeping cars were refurbished and given ScotRail's purple and blue livery.[25][26]

The ScotRail franchise (including the Caledonian Sleeper service) was transferred to FirstGroup on 17 October 2004.[27] The rolling stock and locomotive contracts remained unchanged however the carriages and three EWS Class 90 locomotives were painted in FirstGroup's corporate blue, pink and white livery.[28][29][30][31]

Serco

In 2012 the Scottish Government announced that as part of the reletting of the ScotRail franchise from April 2015, the Caledonian Sleeper would be operated by a separate franchise.[32][33] In June 2013, Transport Scotland announced Arriva, FirstGroup and Serco had been shortlisted to bid for the new franchise.[34] The franchise was awarded to Serco in May 2014. They were to invest £100 million in new trains including 'en suite' rooms and a new style of club car. Existing Mark 2 and Mark 3 coaching stock was to be replaced by 2018.[35][36] Serco Caledonian Sleepers Limited took over the operation of the train on 31 March 2015.

In December 2015 staff called a two-day strike because of health and safety concerns with the trains then in use.[37]

Current operations

Caledonian Sleeper destinations
000 Inverness Carrbridge (northbound only) Aviemore Kingussie Newtonmore Dalwhinnie Blair Atholl Pitlochry Dunkeld & Birnam Perth Gleneagles Dunblane 718 Stirling 684 Falkirk Grahamston (southbound only) 853 Aberdeen 827 Stonehaven 788 Montrose 766 Arbroath Carnoustie 738 Dundee 725 Leuchars 685 Kirkcaldy Inverkeithing Forth Bridge 000 Fort William Spean Bridge Roy Bridge (request stop) Tulloch Corrour Rannoch Bridge of Orchy Upper Tyndrum Crianlarich Ardlui (request stop) Arrochar & Tarbet Garelochhead Helensburgh Upper Dumbarton Central Dalmuir Glasgow Queen Street 000 643 Edinburgh Waverley (split/join) 000 Anglo-Scottish border 336 Preston 254 Crewe 28 Watford Junction (northbound only) 000 London Euston 646 Glasgow Central 625 Motherwell 646 Edinburgh Waverley 600 Carstairs (split/join) 000 Anglo-Scottish border 481 Carlisle 28 Watford Junction 000 London Euston

Two trains are operated on six days each week (not Saturday night/Sunday morning). The Highland Sleeper has three portions that serve routes to Aberdeen, Inverness and Fort William. The Lowland Sleeper has two portions serving routes to Edinburgh Waverley and Glasgow Central.[38][39] The trains normally operate at a maximum speed of 80 miles per hour (130 km/h), but are authorised to travel at 100 miles per hour (160 km/h) where line speeds permit if the train has been delayed by more than 20 minutes.

Trains use the West Coast Main Line between Scotland and London, using London Euston as their terminus.[40][41] Sunday services are sometimes diverted via the East Coast Main Line when the West Coast route is closed for engineering work. In these cases they still use London Euston except when the station itself is closed, or there is no possible routing into the station during engineering works, in which case they use nearby London King's Cross instead.

Lounges for Caledonian Sleeper customers are available at Dundee, Fort William, Inverness, Leuchars, Perth and Stirling stations, and passengers may also use lounges shared with other operators at Aberdeen, Edinburgh Waverley, Glasgow Central and London Euston.[42]

Highland Sleeper

The portion for Fort William at Corrour behind a Class 67 in 2015

The northbound Highland Sleeper leaves London Euston at 21:15 (20:59 on Sundays), calling at Watford Junction, Crewe and Preston to pick up passengers, and arrives at Edinburgh Waverley approximately six-and-a-half hours after leaving London.[43] This leg of the journey is formed of 16 carriages[44] and is hauled by an electric Class 92 locomotive.[45][46]

At Edinburgh Waverley, the train is divided into three portions; these continue north of Edinburgh to Fort William, Aberdeen and Inverness as separate services. The electric locomotive is uncoupled and replaced by a Class 73/9 diesel locomotive for each of the three northbound sets.[46] The front portion[lower-alpha 1] of the train continues to Fort William, the middle portion is for Aberdeen, and the rear portion[lower-alpha 2] runs to Inverness. These services arrive at their respective destinations in the morning of the next day.[43]

Similarly, going southbound, three separate services depart each of Aberdeen, Inverness and Fort William in the evening, hauled by a Class 73/9 locomotive up to Edinburgh.[46] These services are then combined to form one train at Edinburgh Waverley; the diesel locomotives are detached from each portion and a Class 92 is attached to then take the full-length, 16-car train to London.[44][45][46] The train continues to London Euston with intermediate stops at Preston and Crewe for alighting passengers only (southbound trains do not call at Watford Junction), arriving in London the following morning.[43]

The Inverness portion of the train consists of six sleeper coaches, one seated carriage and one "club car" (lounge car),[47] all running through to/from London. The Aberdeen set consists of between two and four sleeper coaches (depending on demand) plus one seated carriage and one lounge car, all running throughout. The Fort William set consists only of two to four sleeper coaches between London and Edinburgh; the seated and lounge carriages are attached/detached at Edinburgh Waverley for the Edinburgh–Fort William leg of the journey. This means that any seated passengers travelling between England and stations on the Fort William route are required to use the seated carriages intended for Inverness or Aberdeen, and change carriages at Edinburgh Waverley.[48]

Highland Caledonian Sleeper
Route	Calling at (south)	Calling at (north)
London Euston – Fort William	Watford Junction (northbound only), Crewe, Preston, Edinburgh Waverley, Glasgow Queen Street All stations served to pick up only northbound and set down only southbound.	Dalmuir, Dumbarton Central, Helensburgh Upper, Garelochhead, Arrochar & Tarbet, Ardlui,[lower-alpha 3] Crianlarich, Upper Tyndrum, Bridge of Orchy, Rannoch, Corrour,[lower-alpha 4] Tulloch, Roy Bridge,[lower-alpha 3] Spean Bridge
London Euston – Aberdeen	Watford Junction (northbound only), Crewe, Preston All stations served to pick up only northbound and set down only southbound.	Inverkeithing, Kirkcaldy, Leuchars, Dundee, Carnoustie, Arbroath, Montrose, Stonehaven All stations served to pick up only southbound and set down only northbound.
London Euston – Inverness	Watford Junction (northbound only), Crewe, Preston All stations served to pick up only northbound and set down only southbound.	Falkirk Grahamston (southbound only), Stirling, Dunblane, Gleneagles, Perth, Dunkeld & Birnam, Pitlochry, Blair Atholl, Dalwhinnie, Newtonmore, Kingussie, Aviemore, Carrbridge (northbound only) All stations served to pick up only southbound; stations between Stirling and Dalwhinnie served to set down only northbound.

Lowland Sleeper

Going northbound, the Lowland Sleeper departs London Euston at 23:50 (23:30 on Sundays), calling at Watford Junction to pick up passengers. The train then continues with no intermediate calls until Carlisle before reaching Carstairs. Here the train divides into two portions: the front 8 carriages continue to Glasgow Central with one intermediate stop at Motherwell, while the rear 8 carriages reverse at Carstairs and continue non-stop to Edinburgh Waverley, both portions arriving at their respective destinations the following morning.[43] Carlisle, Carstairs and Motherwell are all served for alighting passengers only.

Similarly, in the southbound direction, two separate services depart both Glasgow Central (calling at Motherwell) and Edinburgh Waverley, and combine into one at Carstairs. The train then calls at Carlisle, before running non-stop through to Watford Junction (served for alighting passengers only) and terminating at London Euston the next morning.[43] Motherwell, Carstairs and Carlisle are all served to pick up passengers only.

Lowland Caledonian Sleeper
Route	Calling at (south)	Calling at (north)
London Euston – Glasgow Central	Watford Junction Served to pick up only northbound and set down only southbound.	Carlisle, Carstairs, Motherwell Served to pick up only southbound and set down only northbound.
London Euston – Edinburgh Waverley	Watford Junction Served to pick up only northbound and set down only southbound.	Carlisle, Carstairs Served to pick up only southbound and set down only northbound.

Rolling stock

Suite in a Mark 5 sleeping car.

The ScotRail franchise inherited the coaches used by British rail, Mark 3 sleeping coaches and Mark 2 seated carriages, some of which were fitted out as lounge cars where refreshments could be obtained. In 2019 these were replaced by Mark 5 carriages. These operated on the Lowland services from April and the Highland services from October.[51][52][53] Heavy maintenance on the carriage stock was performed at Inverness until April 2015, when the work was contracted out to Alstom and transferred to Polmadie.[54]

Two types of motive power are used for the Caledonian Sleeper. On the electrified routes between Glasgow/Edinburgh and London electric locomotives haul the trains. There were none of these included in the ScotRail franchises, instead they contracted Virgin Trains to provide Class 87s. These were replaced by English, Welsh and Scottish Railway (EWS) Class 90s in March 1998.[19][20]

Serco now have a contract with GB Railfreight who use Class 92s.[55][56] However, due to mechanical problems, a Class 90 locomotive was used, initially hired DB Cargo UK, but later changed to Freightliner.[57][58][59] From 2015 until 2019 AC Locomotive Group heritage Class 86s and 87s were used to move empty carriages in London and Glasgow and occasionally operated the overnight passenger services.[60][61][62]

On the unelectrified routes in Scotland, the trains were hauled by EWS Class 37s to Fort William and 47s to Aberdeen and Inverness until June 2001 when Class 67s began to replace the 47s. The 67s were also used on the Fort William route from June 2006. Four locomotives (67004/007/009/011) were fitted with cast iron brakes and restricted to 80 miles per hour (130 km/h) for this additional service. When GB Railfreight started to provide the trains and crews for the Serco franchise in 2015, it was planned to use rebuilt Class 73/9s.[55] The first of these came into service in February 2016[63] but the Class 67s continued to be used on some services for another couple of years.[64]

Current fleet

Class	Image	Type	Top speed		Fleet size	Numbers	Usage	Built	Notes
			mph	km/h
73/9		Electro-diesel locomotive	90	145	6	73966–71	Edinburgh - Aberdeen/Fort William/Inverness	1962, 1965-7 (Rebuilt 2014-7)	Hired from GB Railfreight.
92		Electric locomotive	87	140	7	92006, 92010, 92014, 92018, 92023, 92033, 92038	London - Glasgow/Edinburgh	1993-6
Mark 5		Passenger carriage	100	161	75		Full network	2016-8

Past fleet

Former train types operated by Caledonian Sleeper include:

Class	Image	Type	Top speed		Fleet Size	Numbers	Usage	Built	Left fleet	Notes
			mph	km/h
37/4		Diesel-electric locomotive	90	140		Varying locos from owner pool.	Edinburgh - Fort William	1960-1965	2006	Replaced by Class 67.
67			125	200			Edinburgh - Inverness	1999-2000	2019	Returned to DB Cargo UK after hire period.
86		Electric locomotive	110	177	2	86101	London - Edinburgh/Glasgow Sleeper Portions. Empty Coaching Stock (London - Wembley)	October 1965		Returned to AC Locomotive Group after hire period.
			100	161		86401		January 1966
87			110	177	1	87002		June 1973
90					-	Varying Locos from both Freightliner Fleets.	London - Glasgow/Edinburgh	1987–90		Returned to Freightliner after hire period.
Mark 2		Lounge car Seated coach	100	160	22		Full Network	1969-74		Some scrapped or preserved, replaced by Mark 5 carriages.
Mark 3		Sleeping car	125	200	53			1975-88

• 
  Sleeping cabin in a Mark 3 sleeper
• 
  Saloon of a Mark 2 seated coach

Incidents

New Mark 5 carriages were introduced in April 2019 but the inaugural journey was more than three hours late arriving at London Euston. Other services in 2019 were reported as delayed due to "technical faults"[65]

Services run joined together between London and Scotland where they are split into shorter trains to serve multiple destinations. After being split at Carstairs on 1 August 2019, a brake isolated valve was closed preventing control of the train brakes from the locomotive, resulting in the Edinburgh portion running past the platform at Edinburgh Waverley.[66] The incident was investigated by the Rail Accident Investigation Branch with two recommendations. One was addressed to the Rail Safe and Standards Board to change the wording of the railway rule book to make it clear that the brake continuity test should be undertaken after all coupling-related activities have been completed. The second was addressed to Caledonian Sleeper to review the vulnerability of the isolating cocks on its rolling stock, to prevent inadvertent operation by persons or objects.[67]

Notes

1. The front set of the train as it leaves London; this becomes the rear set at Edinburgh, since all three portions reverse at the station.
2. The rear set of the train as it leaves London; this becomes the front set at Edinburgh, since all three portions reverse at the station.
3. Request stop
4. It is unclear whether Corrour is a request stop:
   * National Rail lists it as a request stop;[49]
   * The Caledonian Sleeper timetable shows the station to be a request stop towards London but a mandatory stop towards Fort William;[43]
   * The ScotRail timetable indicates that it is a mandatory stop for all services, including the Caledonian Sleeper in both directions.[50]

References

1. "Sleeping Cars on Railways". Huddersfield Chronicle. England. 15 February 1873. Retrieved 31 August 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive.
2. "Sleeping Carriage". Derbyshire Courier. England. 1 March 1873. Retrieved 31 August 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive.
3. "Caledonian Railway. Sleeping Carriage to London". Glasgow Herald. England. 15 October 1873. Retrieved 31 August 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive.
4. "The Glasgow Herald - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
5. "No sleepers on ECML". The Railway Magazine (1049): 690. 1 November 1987.
6. Great Britain Time Table, May 1976, tables 26 and 65
7. "Stagecoach, InterCity Launch Trend-setting Marketing Deal" The Railway Magazine issue 1093 May 1992 page 6
8. "Stagecoach Rail Livery Unveiled" The Railway Magazine issue 1094 June 1992 page 10
9. "The Stagecoach Story" Rail issue 286 28 August 1996 pages 34-37
10. "Inverness depot to remain open" The Railway Magazine issue 1128 April 1995 page 31
11. "Sleeper cuts to go ahead" Rail Privatisation News issue 23 March 1995 page 4
12. "Court rules on Fort William Sleeper" Rail issue 253 24 May 1995 page 6
13. "BR loses appeal over W Highlands sleeper" Rail issue 255 21 June 1995 page 8
14. "Fort William sleeper reprieved" Rail issue 262 27 September 1995 page 6
15. "Thirty years of the Mk 3 sleepers" Rail Express issue 190 March 2012 pages 14-21
16. "Caledonian Sleepers relaunched" Rail Privatisation News issue 33 27 June 1996 page 4
17. "Sleeper service relaunch" Rail issue 283 17 July 1996 page 11
18. "ScotRail prize goes to National Express" The Railway Magazine issue 1152 April 1997 page 9
19. "EWS to power ScotRail sleepers" The Railway Magazine issue 1164 April 1998 page 60
20. "EWS starts electric Sleeper operations" Rail issue 328 8 April 1998 page 59
21. "EWS and ScotRail agree Class 67s for sleepers" The Railway Magazine issue 1219 November 2002 page 71
22. "ScotRail sleepers - seats for all at £7m" Rail issue 356 5 May 1999 page 8
23. "Scotrail refurbishes day coaches for sleepers" Rail issue 371 1 December 1999 page 11
24. "Seat back on sleeper trains for ScotRail" Rail issue 377 23 February 2000 page 11
25. "ScotRail's Caledonian Sleepers go purple" Rail Express issue 41 October 1999 page 54
26. "ScotRail sleeper upgrade" The Railway Magazine issue 1182 October 1999 page 63
27. FirstGroup clinches Scottish rail franchise The Daily Telegraph 12 June 2004
28. Operating enhancements for First Scotrail sleeper to be delivered by EWS and Axiom Rail English Welsh & Scottish 26 May 2006
29. "Hybrid identity for Scottish Class 90s" Rail issue 541 7 June 2006 page 7
30. "EWS paints first Class 90 for ScotRail" Today's Railways UK issue 55 July 2006 page 51
31. "Class 90 gets First Group livery" The Railway Magazine issue 1266 October 2006 page 7
32. Scottish rail services plan outlined by government BBC News 21 June 2012
33. "Scotland to split Sleepers from next ScotRail franchise" Rail issue 700 11 July 2012 page 8
34. Caledonian sleeper train service bidders named BBC News 28 June 2013
35. Serco wins franchise for Caledonian sleeper train service BBC News 28 May 2014
36. "Serco awarded contract to run the famous Caledonian Sleeper railway line". The Independent. 28 May 2014.
37. "Strike halts Caledonian Sleeper train". The Guardian. 22 December 2015.
38. https://www.scotrail.co.uk/plan-your-journey/travel-connections/caledonian-sleeper
39. https://www.seat61.com/CaledonianSleepers.htm
40. https://www.sleeper.scot/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/csroutes.pdf
41. https://moovitapp.com/index/en-gb/public_transportation-line-CALEDONIAN_SLEEPER-Scotland-402-898254-481066-5
42. Guest Lounge Facilities - Caledonian Sleeper
43. Timetables - Caledonian Sleeper
44. Caledonian Sleeper suffers major delays - Business Traveller
45. GBRf’s £2m Class 92 locomotive to enter service with Caledonian Sleeper - Rail Advent
46. UK’s GBRf to provide train drivers and traction for Caledonian Sleeper franchise - Railway Technology
47. Our Club Room - Caledonian Sleeper
48. Our Comfort Seats - Caledonian Sleeper
49. Station facilities for Corrour - National Rail Enquiries
50. West Highlands timetable - ScotRail
51. Brand new Caledonian Sleeper trains from 2018 Archived 4 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine Serco 17 February 2015
52. New £150m Caledonian Sleeper train arrives three hours late BBC News 29 April 2019
53. Caledonian Sleeper launches new CAF coaches Railway Gazette International 29 April 2019
54. Alstom to maintain sleeper trains in the UK Alstom 12 February 2015
55. GB Railfreight boosts rail services business with Serco Caledonian Sleeper contract Europorte 17 February 2015
56. Serco signs GB Railfreight to run Scots sleeper services BBC News 17 February 2015
57. "The Sleepers are stirring" Rail issue 756 3 September 2014 page 70
58. "Class 90s for Sleepers until 92s prove their reliability Rail issue 783 16 September 2015 page 10
59. "Caledonian Sleeper uses Class 86s" Railway Magazine issue 797 30 March 2016 page 28
60. Preservation 2015 AC Locomotive Group
61. "Repaint into Midnight Teal livery" Rail issue 771 1 April 2015 page 29
62. "86/4 to receive Sleeper livery" Rail issue 776 10 June 2015 page 27
63. "Rebuilt 73/9s take over all Caledonian Sleeper work" Rail issue 805 20 July 2016 page 32
64. "HML morning sleeper" Steven Crozier, Flikr 30 June 2018
65. "Caledonian Sleeper: Passengers stranded in Preston after train breaks down". The Independent. 9 August 2019.
66. Loss of brake control on a sleeper train approaching Edinburgh (PDF) (Report). Rail Accident Report. Rail Accident Investigation Branch. 22 May 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
67. "Loss of brake control on a passenger train approaching Edinburgh Waverley". RAIB. 12 August 2019.

External links

• The Company Website