Heads of former ruling families

This is a list of the current heads of the former ruling houses of countries where a monarchy has either been abolished, suspended or replaced by a new dynasty.

Entries in this list are based on the relevant succession laws, whether hereditary or elective, irrespective of whether the individual stakes an active claim to the titles associated with the abolished monarchy. Individuals who stake claims to monarchical titles but who are not part of former dynasties are not included. Note that a country may have multiple houses with a claim to the defunct position.

Africa

State	Pretender	Since	House	Claim	Succession	Abolition	Ref(s)
Burundi	Rosa Paula Iribagiza[af 1]	1 May 1977	Ntwero	Daughter of Mwami Mwambutsa IV (1915–1966).	Hereditary	1966
Central African Empire	Jean-Bédel Bokassa, Crown Prince of the Central African Empire	3 November 1996	Bokassa	Heir apparent of Emperor Bokassa I (1976–1979).[af 2]	Hereditary	1979
Egypt	Fuad II	18 June 1953[af 3]	Muhammad Ali	Last reigning King (1952–1953).	Hereditary	1953
Ethiopia	Zera Yacob Amha Selassie[af 4]	7 February 1997	Solomon[af 5]	Grandson of Emperor Haile Selassie (1930–1974).	Hereditary [af 6]	1975
	Girma Yohannes Iyasu[af 7]	1977		Grandson of Emperor Iyasu V (1913–1916).[af 8]
Kongo (Congo-Brazzaville)	Yves Ñzînga Mvêmb'a	October 1962	Kilukeni[af 9]	Descendant of Manikongo Afonso I (1509–1542).	Elective and Hereditary [af 10]	1914
Libya	Muhammad bin Hasan	18 June 1992	Senussi	Son of Hasan ar-Rida, heir apparent of King Idris I (1916–1969).	Hereditary	1969
	Idris bin Abdullah	May 1989		Relative of King Idris I (1916–1969).
Rwanda	Emmanuel Bushayija (Yuhi VI)	9 January 2017[af 11]	Abanyiginya[af 12]	Nephew of Mwami Kigeli V Ndahindurwa (1959–1961).	Hereditary and Elective[af 13]	1961	[8]
Tunisia	Muhammad Al Husain	17 June 2013	Al Husain	Grandson of Bey Muhammad VI al-Habib (1922–1929).	Hereditary	1957
Zanzibar	Jamshid bin Abdullah	12 January 1964[af 14]	Al Bu Sa'id	Last reigning Sultan (1963–1964).	Hereditary	1964

Americas

State	Pretender	Since	House	Claim	Succession	Abolition	Ref(s)
Brazil	Prince Luiz of Orléans-Braganza	5 July 1981	Orléans-Braganza[am 1]	Great-great-grandsons of Emperor Pedro II (1831–1889).	Hereditary	1889	[9][10][11][12] [13][14][15] [16]
	Pedro Carlos	27 December 2007
Mexico	Maximilian von Götzen-Iturbide	November 1949	Habsburg-Iturbide[am 2]	Descendant of Emperor Agustín I (1822–1823).	Hereditary	1867
	Carlos Felipe	18 October 1954	Habsburgo-Lorena	Great-great nephew of Emperor Maximiliano I (1864–1867)			[17][18][19] [20]

Asia

State	Pretender	Since	House	Claim	Succession	Abolition	Ref(s)
Afghanistan	Ahmad Shah	23 July 2007	Barakzai	Heir apparent and son of King Zahir Shah (1933–1973).[as 1]	Hereditary	1973
China	Jin Yuzhang[as 2]	10 April 2015	Aisin Gioro[as 3]	Nephew of Emperor Puyi, last Chinese Emperor (1908-1912).	Hereditary	1912	[21]
Champasak	Champhonesak	17 March 1980	Champasakti[as 4]	Son of Prince Boun Oum (1945–1946), the last reigning prince.	Hereditary	1946
Iran (Pahlavi)	Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran	27 July 1980	Pahlavi	Heir apparent and son of Shah Mohammad Rezā (1941–1979).[as 5]	Hereditary	1979
Iran (Qajar)	Mohammad Hassan Mirza II	5 May 1988	Qajar	Descendant of Shah Mohammad Ali (1907–1909).	Hereditary	1925
Iraq	Ra'ad bin Zeid[as 6]	18 October 1970	Hāshim[as 7]	Relative of King Faisal II (1939–1958).[as 8]	Hereditary	1958
Johor-Singapore	Tengku Muhammad Shawal bin Tengku Abdul Aziz	31 October 1996	Bendahara-Johor	Descendant of Sultan Hussein Shah (1819–1835).	Hereditary	1824	[24]
Korea	Yi Won[as 9]	16 July 2005	Yi[as 10]	Grandnephew of Emperor Sunjong (1907-1910).	Hereditary	1910	[25][26][27][28]
	Yi Seok[as 11]			Nephew of Emperor Sunjong.			[29][30][31][32]
Laos	Soulivong Savang	19 September 1997[as 12]	Khun Lo	Descendant of King Savang Vatthana (1959–1975).	Hereditary	1975
Maldives	Muhammad Nooraddeen	27 May 1969	Huraa	Son of Sultan Hassan Nooraddeen II (1935–1943).	Hereditary	1968
Ottoman Empire (Turkey)	Harun Osmanoğlu	18 January 2021	Osman	Great-grandson of Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876–1909).[as 13]	Hereditary	1922
Ryūkyū	Mamoru Shō	30 August 1996	Shō	Great-great-grandson of King Shō Tai (1848-1879).	Hereditary	1879	[34]
Sulu	Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram	16 February 1986	Kiram	Son of the last Sultan of Sulu, Sultan Mohammed Mahakuttah Abdullah Kiram (1974–1986).	Hereditary	1915	[35]
Syria	Ra'ad bin Zeid	18 October 1970	Hāshim	Relative of King Faisal I (1920).	Hereditary	1920
Vietnam	Bảo Ân	15 March 2017	Nguyễn	Son of Emperor Bảo Đại (1926–1945).	Hereditary	1949
Yemen, North	Ageel bin Muhammad	6 August 1996	Rassid	Eldest son of King Muhammad al-Badr, the last ruling king.[as 14]	Hereditary	1962

Burma (Myanmar)

State	Pretender	Since	House	Claim	Succession	Abolition	Ref(s)
Burma	Soe Win	12 January 2019	Konbaung	Great-grandson of King Thibaw Min (1878–1885).	Hereditary	1885
Hsipaw State[as 15]	Sao Oo Kya[as 16]		Shan	Relative of Saopha Sao Kya Seng (1947–1962).	Hereditary	1962
Kengtung[as 17]	Sao Leng	14 September 1997	Mangrāi	Relative of Saopha Sao Kya Seng (1947–1962).	Hereditary	1962
Mongpawn	Hso Hom	2 March 1962[as 18]	Shan	Last reigning Saopha (1947–1962).	Hereditary	1962
Yawnghwe	Haŏ Shwe-Thaike	26 May 1999	Shan	Grandson of Saopha Sao Shwe Thaik (1927–1962).	Hereditary	1962

India and Pakistan

Following the Partition of India in 1947, the majority of princely states in the subcontinent acceded to either the Dominion of Pakistan or the Dominion of India. Official recognition of hereditary royal entitlements and accompanying privy purses was abolished in the Republic of India through a constitutional amendment on 28 December 1971. The same was done in Pakistan on 1 January 1972. In many cases, members of the former ruling families of princely states retain a considerable degree of political influence within their communities. Many leaders continue to be referred to by their claimed titles, including most notably within the Supreme Court. Jammu and Kashmir, subject to an ongoing armed conflict between India, Pakistan and China,[36][37] is the last remaining of the independent princely states once under British suzerainty of which sovereignty continues to be disputed.[38][39]

State	Pretender	Since	House	Claim	Succession	Abolition	Ref(s)
Pre-unification
Baroda	Samarjitsinh Gaekwad	2012	Gaekwad	Great-grandson of last ruling Maharaja Pratap Singh Rao Gaekwad	Hereditary	1947
Bhopal state	Saif Ali Khan	2011		Great-grandson of Nawab Hamidullah Khan	Hereditary	1949
Bharatpur	Vishvendra Singh	July 1995	Sinsiniwar Jat	Son of last ruling Maharaja Brijendra Singh	Hereditary	1947
Bikaner	Ravi Raj Singh	2003		Grandson of last ruling Maharaja Sadul Singh	Hereditary	1947
Burdwan	Saday Chand Mehtab	1984		Son of last ruling Maharaja Uday Chand Mahtab	Hereditary	1947	[40]
Cochin	Ravi Varma VI	2014		Descendant of last ruling Maharaja Rama Varma XVIII	Hereditary	1949
Dholpur	Hemant Singh	1954	Bamraulia	Grandson of last ruling Maharaja Udaybhanu Singh	Hereditary	1949
Faridkot	Amrit Kaur	1989		Daughter of last ruling Maharaja Harinder Singh Brar	Hereditary	1948	[41]
Gwalior	Jyotiraditya Scindia	2001	Scindia	Grandson of last ruling Maharaja Jivajirao Scindia	Hereditary	1948
Hyderabad State	Mukarram Jah	1967	Asaf Jah	Grandson of last Nizam Osman Ali Khan	Hereditary	1948
Indore	Usha Devi Holkar	1961	Holkar	Daughter of last ruling Maharaja Yashwant Rao Holkar II	Hereditary	1948	[42]
Jaipur State	Padmanabh Singh	2011	Kachwaha	Great-grandson of last ruling Maharaja Man Singh II	Hereditary	1948
Jammu and Kashmir	Karan Singh	April 1961	Dogra	Son of last ruling Maharaja Hari Singh	Hereditary
Jodhpur	Gaj Singh	26 January 1952	Rathore-Jodhpur	Son of last ruling Maharaja Hanwant Singh	Hereditary	1947
Karauli	Ganesh Pal	1985		Grandson of last ruling Maharaja Ganeshpal Deo	Hereditary	1947
Khanate of Kalat	Suleman Daud	1998	Ahmadzai	Grandson of last ruler Ahmad of Kalat	Hereditary	1948	[43]
Kolhapur	Shahu II	1983	Bhonsle	Son of last ruling Maharaja Shahaji II	Hereditary	1949
Kota	Brijraj Singh	21 June 1991		Son of last ruling Maharaja Bhim Singh II	Hereditary	1948
Kutch	Pragmulji III	17 October 1991	Jadeja Rajput	Son of last ruling Maharaja Madansinhji	Hereditary	1948
Maratha Empire (India)	Udayanraje Bhosale	4 March 1978	Bhonsle	Grandson of Shahu III of Satara, who was adopted by the widow of Pratapsinh Raje-II, who was the younger son of Rajaram Maharaj-III, who was adopted by the widow of Pratapsinh Raje, who was adopted by Venkata Raje, who was adopted by Shahaji II of Satara, who was the adopted son of Chhatrapati Pratap Singh (1808–1818).	Hereditary	1818
Mewar	Arvind Singh	19 November 1984	Sisodia	Grandson of last Maharana Bhupal Singh	Hereditary	1948
	Mahendra Singh
Mughal Empire (India)	Mirza Ghulam Moinuddin Muhammad Javaid Jah Bahadur	3 August 1975	Timurid	Eldest son of Shahzada Muhammad Khair ud-din Mirza, Khurshid Jah Bahadur (1931–1975).	Hereditary	1857
Mysore	Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar	28 May 2015	Wadiyar	Great-grandson of last ruling Maharaja Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar	Hereditary	1948
Nawanagar	Shatrusalyasinhji	1933		Son of last ruling Maharaja Digvijaysinhji	Hereditary	1948
Junagadh State	Muhammad Jahangir Khanji	30 July 1989	Khanji	Grandson of last ruling Nawab Muhammad Mahabat Khan III	Hereditary	1948	[44]
Patialia	Amarinder Singh	June 1974	Phulkian	Son of last Maharaja Yadavindra Singh	Hereditary	1948
Sikkim	Wangchuk Namgyal	29 January 1982	Namgyel	Son of Chogyal Palden Thondup Namgyal (1963–1975).	Hereditary	1975
Swat	Miangul Adnan Aurangzeb	September 2014	Miangul	Grandson of last Wali Miangul Jahan Zeb	Hereditary	1969
Travencore	Moolam Thirunal Rama Varma	16 December 2013	Venad Swaroopam	Grandson of last ruling Maharaja Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma	Hereditary	1949

Nepal

Nepal's numerous small monarchies were collectively abolished by the federal government on 7 October 2008. At the time, the thrones of both Salyan and Jajarkot had been vacant since the deaths of rajas Gopendra Bahadur and Prakash Bikram respectively (both in 2003), and have remained vacant.

State	Pretender	Since	House	Claim	Succession	Abolition	Ref(s)
Nepal	Gyanendra	28 May 2008[as 19]	Shah[as 20]	Last reigning Maharajdhiraja (2001–2008).	Hereditary	2008
Bajhang	Binod Bahadur	7 October 2008[as 21]		Last reigning Raja (1989–2008).	Hereditary[as 22]		[45]
Bhirkot	Prakash	7 October 2008[as 23]		Last reigning Raja (2002–2008).	Hereditary[as 22]
Mustang[as 24]	Jigme Singhe Palbar	16 December 2016[as 25]	Bista[as 26]	Nephew and adopted son of last reigning Raja (1964–2008).	Hereditary[as 22]

Thailand

State	Pretender	Since	House	Claim	Succession	Abolition	Ref(s)
Chiang Mai	Wongsak Na Chiangmai	1989	Thipchak	Grandson of Kaew Nawarat, the last King of Lanna and Prince Ruler of Chiang Mai	Hereditary	1939	[46]
Lampang	Srirat Na Lampang	2015	Thipchak	Grandson of Phromma Phiphongthada, the 11th Prince Ruler of Lampang	Hereditary	1922
Lamphun	Wattanan Na Lamphun	1995	Thipchak	Grandson of Chak Kham Kachornsak, the last Prince Ruler of Lamphun	Hereditary	1943
Nan	Somprathana Na Nan	1993	Tin Mahawong	Great-granddaughter of Maha Phrom Surathada, the last Prince Ruler of Nan	Hereditary	1931

Europe

State	Pretender	Since	House	Claim	Succession	Abolition	Ref(s)
Albania	Prince Leka of Albania	30 November 2011	Zogu	Grandson of King Zog I (1928–1939).	Hereditary	de facto 1939 de jure 1944
Austria-Hungary	Karl von Habsburg[eu 1]	4 July 2011[eu 2]	Habsburg-Lorraine[eu 3]	Grandson of Emperor and King Charles I & IV (1916–1918).[eu 4]	Hereditary	1918	[47]
Bulgaria	Simeon II	15 September 1946[eu 5]	Saxe-Coburg and Gotha[eu 6]	Last reigning Tsar (1943–1946).	Hereditary	1946
Finland	Donatus, Landgrave of Hesse	23 May 2013	Hesse	Great-grandson of King Frederik-Kaarle (1918).	Hereditary	1918
France (Legitimist)	Prince Louis, Duke of Anjou	30 January 1989	Bourbon[eu 7]	9th-great-grandson of King Louis XIV (1643–1715).	Hereditary	1830	[48][49]
France (Orléanist)	Prince Jean, Duke of Vendôme	21 January 2019	Orléans[eu 8]	4th-great-grandson of King Louis Philippe I (1830–1848).	Hereditary	1848	[50][51]
France (Bonapartist)	Charles Napoléon	3 May 1997[eu 9]	Bonaparte	Direct descendant of Napoleon's youngest brother Jérôme Bonaparte.	Hereditary	1870	[52][53]
	Jean Christophe
Georgia	David Bagration	16 January 2008	Mukhrani[as 27]	Descendant of King Konstantine II (1478–1505).	Hereditary	1801
	Nugzar Bagration	13 August 1984	Gruzinsky[as 27]	Descendant of King Giorgi XII (1798–1800).
Greece	Constantine II	1 June 1973[eu 10]	Glücksburg[eu 11]	Last reigning King (1964–1973).	Hereditary	1973
Montenegro	Nikola	24 March 1986	Petrović-Njegoš	Great-grandson of King Nikola I (1910–1918).	Hereditary	1918
Duchy of Warsaw	Rüdiger	6 October 2012	Wettin[eu 12]	4th-great-grandnephew of King Fryderyk August I (1807-1815).	Hereditary	1815
	Alexander	23 July 2012	Saxe-Gessaphe
Portugal	Duarte Pio	24 December 1976	Braganza[eu 13]	Great-grandson of King Miguel I (1828–1834).	Hereditary	1910
Romania	Margareta[eu 14]	5 December 2017	Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen[eu 15]	Daughter of King Michael I (1927–1930 and 1940–1947).	Hereditary	1947	[54]
	Paul-Philippe Hohenzollern	27 January 2006		Grandson of King Carol II (1930–1940).
	Karl Friedrich	5 December 2017		Great-grand-nephew of King Ferdinand I (1914–1927).[eu 16]
Russia	Maria Vladimirovna	21 April 1992	Romanov[eu 17]	Great-great-granddaughter of Emperor Alexander II (1855–1881).[eu 18]	Hereditary	1917
	Karl Emich of Leiningen	1 June 2013		Great-great-grandson of Emperor Alexander II (1855-1881).
	Andrew Romanov	31 December 2016		Great-great-grandson of Emperor Nicholas I (1825–1855).[eu 18]
Serbia	Predrag Jakovljevic	July 2015	Obrenović	Descendant of the brother of Prince Miloš (1815–1860).	Hereditary	1903	[55]
	Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia	3 November 1970	Karađorđević	Great-grandson of King Peter I (1903–1918), of the Karađorđević line of kings.	Hereditary	1918
Yugoslavia	Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia	3 November 1970	Karađorđević	Son of King Peter II (1934–1941).	Hereditary	de facto 1941 de jure 1945

Germany

The German Empire was a federation of a score of smaller monarchies, all of which are now abolished under modern republican Germany, although a handful of monarchs never abdicated their titles. Also, some smaller states ceased to exist at an earlier stage e.g. they were annexed by Prussia after the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. As a result, there are a large number of claimants to various German thrones. Since the dissolution of the German empire, however, a number of former royal dynasties have become extinct in the male line, and are therefore not included in the list below. Mecklenburg–Schwerin became extinct in 2001, Saxe-Altenburg in 1991, and Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen in 1971.

In all cases the succession is hereditary.

State	Pretender	Since	House	Claim		Abolition	Ref(s)
Empire
Germany	Georg Friedrich	26 September 1994	Hohenzollern	Great-great-grandson of Kaiser Wilhelm II (1888–1918).	Hereditary	1918	[56][57]
Kingdoms
Bavaria	Franz, Duke of Bavaria	8 July 1996	Wittelsbach	Great-grandson of King Ludwig III (1913–1918).	Hereditary	1918
Hanover	Ernst August	9 December 1987	Hanover[eu 19]	Great-great-grandson of King Georg V (1851–1866).	Hereditary	1866	[58]
Prussia	Georg Friedrich	26 September 1994	Hohenzollern	Great-great-grandson of King Wilhelm II (1888–1918).	Hereditary	1918	[56]
Saxony	Rüdiger	6 October 2012	Wettin[eu 12]	Great-grandson of King Friedrich August III (1904–1918).	Hereditary	1918
	Alexander	23 July 2012	Saxe-Gessaphe	Great-grandson of King Friedrich August III (1904–1918).
Württemberg	Charles	17 April 1975	Württemberg	Grandnephew of King Wilhelm II (1891–1918).	Hereditary	1918
Grand Duchies
Baden	Maximilian	27 October 1963	Zähringen	Great-great-grandson of Grand Duke Leopold I (1830–1852).	Hereditary	1918
Hesse and by Rhine	Donatus	23 May 2013	Hesse	11th cousin twice removed of Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig (1892–1918).	Hereditary	1918
Mecklenburg-Strelitz	Borwin	26 January 1996	Mecklenburg[eu 20]	Great-great-great-grandson of Grand Duke Georg (1816–1860).	Hereditary	1918
Oldenburg	Christian	20 September 2014	Holstein-Gottorp[eu 21]	Great-grandson of Grand Duke Friedrich August II (1900–1918).	Hereditary	1918
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach	Michael	14 October 1988	Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach[eu 6]	Grandson of Grand Duke Wilhelm Ernst (1901–1918).	Hereditary	1918
Duchies
Anhalt	Julius Eduard	9 October 1963	Ascania	Son of Duke Joachim Ernst (1918).	Hereditary	1918
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha	Andreas	23 January 1998	Saxe-Coburg and Gotha[eu 6]	Grandson of Duke Carl Eduard (1900–1918).	Hereditary	1918	[59]
Saxe-Meiningen	Konrad	4 October 1984	Saxe-Meiningen[eu 6]	Great-grandson of Duke Georg II (1866–1914).	Hereditary	1918
Schleswig-Holstein	Christoph	30 September 1980	Glücksburg[eu 11]	Great-great-grandnephew of Duke Frederik VII (1808–1863).	Hereditary	1866
Principalities
Hohenzollern[eu 22]	Karl Friedrich	16 September 2010	Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen[eu 23]	Great-great-grandson of Prince Karl Anton (1848–1849).	Hereditary	1850	[60]
Lippe	Stephan	20 August 2015	Lippe	Grandson of Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe (1905–1918).	Hereditary	1918
	Friedrich Wilhelm	15 June 1990		Grandnephew of Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe (1905–1918).
Reuss[eu 24]	Heinrich XIV	20 June 2012	Reuss	Relative of Prince Heinrich XXVII (1913–1918).[eu 25]	Hereditary	1918
Schaumburg-Lippe	Alexander	28 August 2003	Lippe	Grandnephew of Prince Adolf II (1911–1918).	Hereditary	1918	[61]
Schwarzburg	Friedrich Magnus	4 November 1984	Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt	Great-grandson of Prince Friedrich Günther (1807–1867).	Hereditary	1918	[62][63]
	Friedrich Magnus	4 November 1984	Schwarzburg-Sondershausen	Relative of Prince Günther Victor (1909–1918).		1918	[62][63]
Waldeck and Pyrmont	Wittekind	30 November 1967	Waldeck	Grandson of Prince Friedrich (1893–1918).	Hereditary	1918	[64]

Italy

Until the mid-nineteenth century, the Italian peninsula comprised a number of states, some of which were monarchies. During the Italian unification, the monarchs of such agglomerated states lost their sovereignty and their titles became purely ceremonial. The resultant throne of the Kingdom of Italy was held by the former king of Sardinia.

State	Pretender	Since	House	Claim	Succession	Abolition	Ref(s)
Italy	Amedeo	18 March 1983	Savoy	Great-great-grandson of King Vittorio Emanuele II (1861–1878).	Hereditary	1946	[65][66]
	Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples[eu 26]	15 December 1969		Heir apparent and son of King Umberto II (1946).
Pre-unification
Mantua	Maurizio	18 September 1943	Gonzaga	Descendant of Marquis Federico I (1478–1484).	Hereditary	1708	[68]
Modena	Lorenzo	7 February 1996	Austria-Este[eu 3]	Great-grandnephew of Franz Ferdinand, adopted heir of Duke Francesco V (1846–1859).	Hereditary	1859
Parma	Carlos	18 August 2010	Bourbon-Parma[eu 8]	Great-grandson of Duke Roberto I (1854–1859).	Hereditary	1859	[69][70]
Tuscany	Sigismondo[eu 27]	18 June 1993	Habsburg-Lorraine[eu 3]	Great-great-grandson of Grand Duke Ferdinando IV (1859).	Hereditary	1859	[71]
Two Sicilies	Pedro of Calabria	5 October 2015	Bourbon[eu 28]	Descendants of King Ferdinando II (1830–1859).	Hereditary	1861
	Carlo of Castro	20 March 2008

Lithuania

Following the country's independence from Russia in 1918, the Council of Lithuania voted to establish a monarchy, and invited Prince Wilhelm, the Duke of Urach[eu 29], to take the throne as king. Wilhelm accepted the nomination in July 1918, and adopted the regnal name Mindaugas II. During the subsequent German Revolution, however, the Council withdrew its decision in November 1918, and Wilhelm was never crowned. His grandson Wilhelm Albert, Duke of Urach, is the head of the family since 9 February 1991. His marriage in 1992 was morganatic and so in 2009 his brother, Prince Inigo of Urach, visited Lithuania and announced that if offered the throne he would be ready to assume it.[72]

State	Pretender	Since	House	Claim	Succession	Abolition	Ref(s)
Lithuania	Wilhelm Albert	9 February 1991	Württemberg	Grandson of King Wilhelm Karl (1918–1928).	Hereditary	1918

Oceania

In each case the succession is hereditary.

State	Pretender	Since	House	Claim	Abolition	Ref(s)
Easter Island	Valentino Riroroko Tuki	July 2011	Miru	Descendant of King Riro Kāinga (1892–1898/1899).	1888	[73]
Hawaiʻi	Abigail Kawānanakoa	20 May 1969	Kawānanakoa[oc 1]	Descendant of David Kawānanakoa, heir apparent of Queen Liliʻuokalani (1891–1893).	1895
	Quentin Kawānanakoa	29 July 1997
	Owana Salazar[oc 2]	19 September 1988	Laʻanui[oc 3]	Descendant of Kalokuokamaile, half-brother of King Kamehameha I (1795–1819).
Tahiti	Léopold Pōmare[oc 4]		Pōmare	Descendant of Queen Pōmare IV (1827–1877).	1880	[78]
	Joinville Pōmare[oc 5]	28 May 2009

See also

• Abolition of monarchy
• List of current sovereign monarchs
• List of current constituent monarchs
• List of living former sovereign monarchs
• List of usurpers
• Monarchism
• List of titles and honours of the Spanish Crown (incl. the Kingdom of Cyprus, Kingdom of Sardinia, Archduchy of Austria etc.)

Notes

Africa

1. As the last living sister and daughter of the last and second-to-last kings respectively, Princess Rosa Paula Iribagiza is considered the head of the royal household. According to the relevant laws of succession, however, the crown must pass to a male member of the family.
2. Jean-Bédel Bokassa was Crown Prince of the Central African Empire from its inception on 4 December 1976 until its abolition on 20 September 1979.
3. Fuad II previously reigned as King of Egypt and the Sudan during his infancy, from 26 July 1952 until the monarchy's official abolition in 1953. He reigned in absentia, and under a regent.
4. Designated heir presumptive by his grandfather the Emperor on 14 April 1974. Confirmed as heir apparent by his father Amha Selassie I on 6 April 1988. He has used the title of crown prince since 7 April 1989, when his father was proclaimed emperor-in-exile. He is recognised as heir to the throne by the Imperial Crown Council.
5. The Solomonic dynasty of Ethiopia claims descent from King Solomon of Israel, who belonged to the House of David. Both of the current claimants are from the House of Shoa, which represents the junior branch of the dynasty.
6. According to the 1955 Constitution,[1] the Emperor designated his successor from members of his own family, with the rule of primogeniture preferred but not necessarily followed. Candidates for the succession must be descendants of the Solomonic dynasty, in the male or female line. They must also be practising members of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, and their candidature must be approved by the Imperial Crown Council. If the Emperor has no direct descendants, or if the crown prince is unable to perform his dynastic duties, the Crown Council selects the successor from amongst the members of the Solomonic dynasty.
7. Lij Girma claims that all governments in Ethiopia since the 1916 deposition of his grandfather are illegitimate, and as such, as the seniormost descendant of Iyasu V, he claims to be the nation's rightful monarch.
8. Iyasu V was heir apparent of Menelik II and succeeded as Emperor upon the latter's death, but was never crowned. His reign was terminated with the sanction of the Church following allegations of conversion to Islam.
9. Succession is limited to members of two lineages of the Kilukeni: the Kinlaza and the Kimpanzu, both descended from Afonso I. It is unclear as to which of the two lines the current pretender belongs.
10. During the civil war period beginning in 1669, the line of succession was disputed between two lines of descendants of Afonso I: the Kinlaza and the Kimpanzu.[2] Under Pedro IV (1695–1718), who restored unity to the kingdom in 1709, it was established that the Manikongo was to be elected by a council of six, and that succession would rotate between the two lineages. This system functioned sporadically, with considerable fighting, until the kingship was extinguished by the Portuguese in 1914.[3]
11. Emmanuel Bushayija was chosen on 9 January 2017[4] to succeed his paternal uncle Kigeli V Ndahindurwa, who was deposed on 28 January 1961.[5]
12. The royal Abanyiginya clan of Tutsis.[6]
13. The mwami is selected from amongst members of the various royal clans by the Abiru, a traditional council of Tutsi and Hutu elders.[7]
14. Jamshid previously reigned as sultan from 1 July 1963 until the monarchy's abolition in 1964.

Americas

1. The imperial family of Brazil is descended from the Houses of Bragança and Orléans. The current line of succession is disputed between two branches: the Vassouras branch, headed by Prince Luiz, and the Petrópolis branch, headed by Prince Pedro Carlos.
2. The current line of succession to the Mexican throne is descended from the House of Iturbide and Habsburg, which respectively ruled the First (1822–1823) and Second (1864–1867) Empires of Mexico. Succession in the Habsburg line passed to the Iturbide family through Emperor Maximilian I's formal adoption of Agustín de Iturbide y Green and Salvador de Iturbide y Marzán, two grandsons of Emperor Agustín I.

Asia

1. Ahmad Shah, second son of the last reigning king, was Crown Prince of Afghanistan from 26 November 1942 until the monarchy's end in 1973.
2. Jin Yuzhang is a nephew of Puyi (1908–1912), the last emperor of China, and the eldest son of Jin Youzhi.
3. The emperors of the Qing dynasty were from the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro.
4. The House of Champasakti is a branch of the Khun Lo dynasty of Laos.
5. Rezā, eldest son of the last reigning shah, was Crown Prince of Iran from birth, on 31 October 1960, until the monarchy was deposed in 1979.
6. Another claimant to the throne (since 1956) is Sharif Ali bin al-Hussein, of the same family, but his claim is not considered by some to fulfill the requirements of the former monarchy's laws of succession. Furthermore, his reigning Hāshemite relatives in Jordan have supported Ra'ad's claim, rather than Sharif Ali's.[22]
7. The name "Hashimites" refers to members of the Hāshim clan, a sept of the Quraysh tribe to which the Prophet Muhammad belonged.[23]
8. Ra'ad's father, Prince Zeid, was appointed Head of the Royal House of Iraq following the assassination of King Faisal II during the coup d'état in 1958. Zeid was the son of Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz.
9. Yi Ku appointed Yi Won, one of his first cousins once removed, as his heir in 10 July 2005 before his death.[25] The status of Yi Won as the leader of Jeonju Lee Royal Family Association, however, didn't become valid until 22 July 2005.[26] Yi Won later officially became the director of the family association on June 27, 2007.[27]
10. The House of Yi consists of the descendants of the Joseon dynasty.
11. Yi Seok claimed that, in the will of late crown princess Yi Bangja, he was named as "first successor”.[29]
12. After the monarchy was abolished in 1975, the senior members of the royal family were imprisoned by the military. The deaths of the former king, queen, and crown prince were confirmed by the Lao authorities on 17 December 1989. The dates of actual death were not released, but the current heir, who is the eldest son of the late crown prince, escaped imprisonment and arrived in Thailand on 3 August 1981. He was confirmed as the successor to his grandfather by the Royal Council in Exile on 19 September 1997.
13. The sultans of the Ottoman Empire also held the title Caliph of Islam, thus claiming to be the spiritual leaders of all Muslims. The Ottoman Caliphate was abolished by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey in 1924.[33]
14. Many of the kings of the Qasimid dynasty also held the title Imam and Commander of the Faithful, and were the spiritual leaders of the Zaidiyyah branch of Shi'a Islam. The Imamate ended with the republican revolution in 1962.
15. Alternatively known as Thibaw, or officially as Dutawadi.
16. Sao Oo Kya was imprisoned by the Burmese military regime in 2005.
17. Alternatively written as Kyaingtong or Keng Tung.
18. Sao Hso Hom reigned as saopha from 19 July 1947, until the national coup d'état deposed him in 1962.
19. Gyanendra reigned as King of Nepal between 7 November 1950 and 8 January 1951, and again from 4 June 2001 until the monarchy was abolished in 2008.
20. Members of the Shah dynasty of Nepal are descended from the Parmar clan of Rajputs from the former state of Narsinghgarh in modern India.
21. Binod is the eldest son of Princess Shanti Singh of Nepal (one of the ten people who died in the Nepalese royal massacre). Binod is also the Director of Hotel Sherpa.
22. Succession to the throne, whilst hereditary, is also subject to confirmation from the reigning King of Nepal.
23. Prakash reigned as raja from 13 November 2002 until 2008, when the constituent monarchies of Nepal were abolished.
24. A Tibetan kingdom known locally as Lo, the name "Mustang" is actually a Nepalese corruption of Manthang, the state's capital. Its ruler was styled Raja of Mustang by the Nepalese, and Lo rGyal-po (King of Lo) in Tibetan.
25. Jigme reigned as raja from 1964 until 2008, when the constituent monarchies of Nepal were abolished.
26. The surname "Bista" was adopted by the last reigning raja and his family.
27. A branch of the House of Bagrationi. During the partition of the kingdom in the 15th Century, the Bagratid dynasty split into two main lineages: the Mukhrani line of Kartli, and the Gruzinsky line of Kakheti. It is between these two lineages that the leadership of the Royal House of Georgia is now disputed.

Europe

1. If reigning, he would be known as "Karl II of Austria" and "Károly V of Hungary".
2. On 31 May 1961, Karl's father Otto renounced all claims to the Austrian throne in order to return from exile. He relinquished his position as head of the House of Habsburg to Karl on 1 January 2007.
3. A branch of the House of Lorraine cognatically descended from the House of Habsburg. The ducal family of Modena, which was historically descended from the House of Este, traditionally uses the name Austria-Este, which has continued to be adopted as a title by the current line.
4. The Austro-Hungarian monarch held the crowns of Austria and Hungary, and also reigned as King of Bohemia, King of Croatia, and more.
5. Simeon II reigned as Tsar of Bulgaria from 28 August 1943 until the monarchy was deposed in the Communist revolution of 1946. After returning to the country from exile in 1996, he later served as elected Prime Minister between 24 July 2001 and 17 August 2005.
6. A sept of the Ernestine branch of the House of Wettin.
7. The House of Bourbon is a branch of the Capetian Dynasty.
8. A branch of the House of Bourbon.
9. Charles Napoléon is the current head of the House of Bonaparte. His son, Jean Christophe, was posthumously appointed heir to the imperial claim in the will of his grandfather, Louis Napoléon.
10. Constantine II reigned as King of the Hellenes from 6 March 1964 until the monarchy's abolition in 1973.
11. Officially the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, which is a branch of the House of Oldenburg.
12. The kings of Saxony belonged to the Albertine branch of the House of Wettin.
13. A branch of the House of Aviz.
14. Margareta's father Michael I reigned as King of Romania between 20 July 1927 and 8 June 1930, and again from 6 September 1940 until the monarchy's abolition during the Communist revolution of 1947. A rival claim to the throne is maintained by the descendants of Carol Lambrino, Michael's elder half-brother from his father's first marriage. Carol Lambrino's eldest son, Paul-Philippe, has maintained his claim to the throne since his father's death on 27 January 2006.
15. A line of the House of Hohenzollern.
16. Heir under the 1923 constitution, which stipulates Salic law.
17. The House of Romanov is a line of the House of Holstein-Gottorp, which itself is a branch of the House of Oldenburg.
18. Full title: Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias, used since 1721, although commonly designated Tsar. The emperors of Russia were also the Grand Dukes of Finland from 1809 until 1917, and the Kings of Poland from 1815 until 1916.
19. The House of Hanover is a branch of the House of Welf, which itself is a branch of the House of Este.
20. The royal family of Mecklenburg-Strelitz belongs to the Strelitz branch of the House of Mecklenburg.
21. A branch of the House of Oldenburg.
22. The principalities of Hohenzollern-Hechingen and Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen were created in 1576 from the partition of the territory of Hohenzollern. When the Hechingen lineage became extinct in 1869, the heirs of the Princes of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen reclaimed the title Prince of Hohenzollern.
23. A branch of the House of Hohenzollern.
24. The territory of Reuss was partitioned between the sons of the reigning prince in 1564, eventually resulting in the principalities of Reuss Elder Line and Reuss Younger Line. The elder lineage expired in 1927 through the death of Heinrich XXVII, and inheritance passed to the junior line of Köstritz, whose heirs now claim the title Prince Reuss.
25. For details on the unusual numbering system of the Reuss-Köstritz lineage, see the main article.
26. Vittorio Emanuele, only son of King Umberto II, was heir presumptive to the throne of Italy from his birth on 12 February 1937 until the monarchy was abolished in 1946. He declared himself King of Italy in 1969, claiming that his father, having agreed to submit to a referendum on his position as head of state, had thereby abdicated his throne. The declaration came after his father called for Amedeo, Duke of Aosta to visit him in Cascais, allegedly to name him his heir.[67] Umberto II died on 18 March 1983.
27. Leopold Franz, the previous head of the house, abdicated his right to the throne in favour of his son Sigismund upon the date of the former's second marriage in 1993. Sigismund succeeded as Grand Master of the Tuscan Orders (the Order of Saint Joseph and Order of Saint Stephen) on 12 April 1994.
28. This branch is known as the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies. The right to succession is currently disputed between two branches of the family.
29. A branch of the House of Württemberg.

Oceania

1. The House of Kawānanakoa was a collateral line of succession of the reigning Kalākaua dynasty.[74] The last queen, Liliʻuokalani, not having had any issue of her own, adopted and appointed the head of the Kawānanakoa as heir apparent. The House of Kawānanakoa is historically recognised as providing presumptive heirs to the throne should the monarchy be revived. Because of an early succession dispute within the family, there are currently two claimants from this dynasty.
2. Noa Kalokuokamaile DeGuair is a descendant of the House of Kalokuokamaile, which was a collateral line of succession of the Kamehameha dynasty, the first line of Hawaiʻian kings. It became extinct in the male line during the time of the monarchy, and now survives through the female line as the House of Laʻanui.[75] The current descendants also belong to the Wilcox lineage of English and Italian descent. His claim on the throne is disputed.
3. The House of Laʻanui consists of maternal descendants of the House of Kalokuokamaile,[75] the seniormost branch of the chiefly House of Keōua Nui.[76] It descends from the eldest half-brother of Hawaiʻi's first king, Kamehameha the Great, who united the small chiefdoms of the Hawaiʻian Islands under the Kamehameha dynasty in 1810. When the male heirs of this lineage died out in 1872, it was replaced by the Kalākaua dynasty who ruled till 1893. It claims closer kinship to the kingdom's first dynasty while the Kawānanakoa line claims closer kinship to the kingdom's last dynasty.[77]
4. Recognised as the rightful heir to the Tahitian throne by a majority of the royal family's current members. He has migrated overseas, however, and currently lives in Paris.[78]
5. An adopted member of the family. He was "enthroned" as Pomare XI during a ceremony attended by descendants of local chiefs. The enthronement was rejected by other members of the royal family.[78]

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Further reading

• McNaughton, Arnold (1973). The Book of Kings: A Royal Genealogy. London: Garnstone Press. ISBN 978-0-8129-0280-8.
• Truhart, Peter (2003). Regents of Nations: Systematic Chronology of States and Their Political Representatives in Past and Present. Volume 3: Asia & Pacific Oceania. K. G. Saur Verlag. ISBN 978-3-598-21545-2.