Isotopes of bismuth

Bismuth (₈₃Bi) has 41 known isotopes, ranging from ¹⁸⁴Bi to ²²⁴Bi. Bismuth has no stable isotopes, but does have one very long-lived isotope; thus, the standard atomic weight can be given as 208.98040(1). Although bismuth-209 is now known to be unstable, it has classically been considered to be a "stable" isotope because it has a half-life of approximately 2.01×10¹⁹ years, which is more than a billion times the age of the universe. Besides ²⁰⁹Bi, the most stable bismuth radioisotopes are ^210mBi with a half-life of 3.04 million years, ²⁰⁸Bi with a half-life of 368,000 years and ²⁰⁷Bi, with a half-life of 32.9 years, none of which occur in nature. All other isotopes have half-lives under 1 year, most under a day. Of naturally occurring radioisotopes, the most stable is radiogenic ²¹⁰Bi with a half-life of 5.012 days. ^210mBi, like ^180mTa, ^242mAm and some holmium isomers, is unusual for being a nuclear isomer with a half-life multiple orders of magnitude longer than that of the ground state.

Main isotopes of bismuth (₈₃Bi)

Iso­tope Decay abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct ^207Bi syn 31.55 y β^+ ^207Pb ^208Bi syn 3.68×10^5 y β^+ ^208Pb ^209Bi 100% 2.01×10^19 y α ^205Tl ^210Bi trace 5.012 d β^− ^210Po α ^206Tl ^210mBi syn 3.04×10^6 y IT ^210Bi α ^206Tl
Standard atomic weight Ar, standard(Bi)	208.98040(1)[1]

Commercially, the isotope bismuth-213 can be produced by bombarding radium with bremsstrahlung photons from a linear particle accelerator. In 1997, an antibody conjugate with ²¹³Bi (which has a 45-minute half-life, and decays with the emission of an alpha particle) was used to treat patients with leukemia. This isotope has also been tried in targeted alpha therapy (TAT) program to treat a variety of cancers.[2] Bismuth-213 is also found in the decay chain of uranium-233, which is the fuel "bred" by thorium reactors.

List of isotopes

Nuclide [n 1]	Historic name	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da) [n 2][n 3]	Half-life [n 4]	Decay mode [n 5]	Daughter isotope [n 6]	Spin and parity [n 7][n 8]	Natural abundance (mole fraction)
		Excitation energy[n 8]							Normal proportion	Range of variation
^184Bi		83	101	184.00112(14)#	6.6(15) ms			3+#
^184mBi		150(100)# keV			13(2) ms			10−#
^185Bi		83	102	184.99763(6)#	2# ms	p	^184Pb	9/2−#
						α (rare)	^181Tl
^185mBi		70(50)# keV			49(7) µs	α	^181Tl	1/2+
						p	^184Pb
^186Bi		83	103	185.99660(8)	14.8(7) ms	α	^182Tl	(3+)
						β^+ (rare)	^186Pb
^186mBi		270(140)# keV			9.8(4) ms	α	^182Tl	(10−)
						β^+	^186Pb
^187Bi		83	104	186.993158(16)	32(3) ms	α (50%)	^183Tl	9/2−#
						β^+ (50%)	^187Pb
^187m1Bi		101(20) keV			320(70) µs			1/2+#
^187m2Bi		252(1) keV			7(5) µs			(13/2+)
^188Bi		83	105	187.99227(5)	44(3) ms	α	^184Tl	3+#
						β^+ (rare)	^188Pb
^188mBi		210(140)# keV			220(40) ms	α	^184Tl	(10−)
						β^+ (rare)	^188Pb
^189Bi		83	106	188.98920(6)	674(11) ms	α (51%)	^185Tl	(9/2−)
						β^+ (49%)	^189Pb
^189m1Bi		181(6) keV			5.0(1) ms			(1/2+)
^189m2Bi		357(1) keV			880(50) ns			(13/2+)
^190Bi		83	107	189.9883(2)	6.3(1) s	α (77%)	^186Tl	(3+)
						β^+ (30%)	^190Pb
^190m1Bi		420(180) keV			6.2(1) s	α (70%)	^186Tl	(10−)
						β^+ (23%)	^190Pb
^190m2Bi		690(180) keV			>500(100) ns			7+#
^191Bi		83	108	190.985786(8)	12.3(3) s	α (60%)	^187Tl	(9/2−)
						β^+ (40%)	^191Pb
^191mBi		240(4) keV			124(5) ms	α (75%)	^187Tl	(1/2+)
						β^+ (25%)	^191Pb
^192Bi		83	109	191.98546(4)	34.6(9) s	β^+ (82%)	^192Pb	(3+)
						α (18%)	^188Tl
^192mBi		150(30) keV			39.6(4) s	β^+ (90.8%)	^192Pb	(10−)
						α (9.2%)	^188Tl
^193Bi		83	110	192.98296(1)	67(3) s	β^+ (95%)	^193Pb	(9/2−)
						α (5%)	^189Tl
^193mBi		308(7) keV			3.2(6) s	α (90%)	^189Tl	(1/2+)
						β^+ (10%)	^193Pb
^194Bi		83	111	193.98283(5)	95(3) s	β^+ (99.54%)	^194Pb	(3+)
						α (.46%)	^190Tl
^194m1Bi		110(70) keV			125(2) s	β^+	^194Pb	(6+, 7+)
						α (rare)	^190Tl
^194m2Bi		230(90)# keV			115(4) s			(10−)
^195Bi		83	112	194.980651(6)	183(4) s	β^+ (99.97%)	^195Pb	(9/2−)
						α (.03%)	^191Tl
^195m1Bi		399(6) keV			87(1) s	β^+ (67%)	^195Pb	(1/2+)
						α (33%)	^191Tl
^195m2Bi		2311.4+X keV			750(50) ns			(29/2−)
^196Bi		83	113	195.980667(26)	5.1(2) min	β^+ (99.99%)	^196Pb	(3+)
						α (.00115%)	^192Tl
^196m1Bi		166.6(30) keV			0.6(5) s	IT	^196Bi	(7+)
						β^+	^196Pb
^196m2Bi		270(3) keV			4.00(5) min			(10−)
^197Bi		83	114	196.978864(9)	9.33(50) min	β^+ (99.99%)	^197Pb	(9/2−)
						α (10^−4%)	^193Tl
^197m1Bi		690(110) keV			5.04(16) min	α (55%)	^193Tl	(1/2+)
						β^+ (45%)	^197Pb
						IT (.3%)	^197Bi
^197m2Bi		2129.3(4) keV			204(18) ns			(23/2−)
^197m3Bi		2360.4(5)+X keV			263(13) ns			(29/2−)
^197m4Bi		2383.1(7)+X keV			253(39) ns			(29/2−)
^197m5Bi		2929.5(5) keV			209(30) ns			(31/2−)
^198Bi		83	115	197.97921(3)	10.3(3) min	β^+	^198Pb	(2+, 3+)
^198m1Bi		280(40) keV			11.6(3) min	β^+	^198Pb	(7+)
^198m2Bi		530(40) keV			7.7(5) s			10−
^199Bi		83	116	198.977672(13)	27(1) min	β^+	^199Pb	9/2−
^199m1Bi		667(4) keV			24.70(15) min	β^+ (98%)	^199Pb	(1/2+)
						IT (2%)	^199Bi
						α (.01%)	^195Tl
^199m2Bi		1947(25) keV			0.10(3) µs			(25/2+)
^199m3Bi		~2547.0 keV			168(13) ns			29/2−
^200Bi		83	117	199.978132(26)	36.4(5) min	β^+	^200Pb	7+
^200m1Bi		100(70)# keV			31(2) min	EC (90%)	^200Pb	(2+)
						IT (10%)	^200Bi
^200m2Bi		428.20(10) keV			400(50) ms			(10−)
^201Bi		83	118	200.977009(16)	108(3) min	β^+ (99.99%)	^201Pb	9/2−
						α (10^−4%)	^197Tl
^201m1Bi		846.34(21) keV			59.1(6) min	EC (92.9%)	^201Pb	1/2+
						IT (6.8%)	^201Bi
						α (.3%)	^197Tl
^201m2Bi		1932.2+X keV			118(28) ns			(25/2+)
^201m3Bi		1971.2+X keV			105(75) ns			(27/2+)
^201m4Bi		2739.90(20)+X keV			124(4) ns			(29/2−)
^202Bi		83	119	201.977742(22)	1.72(5) h	β^+	^202Pb	5(+#)
						α (10^−5%)	^198Tl
^202m1Bi		615(7) keV			3.04(6) µs			(10#)−
^202m2Bi		2607.1(5) keV			310(50) ns			(17+)
^203Bi		83	120	202.976876(23)	11.76(5) h	β^+	^203Pb	9/2−
						α (10^−5%)	^199Tl
^203m1Bi		1098.14(7) keV			303(5) ms	IT	^203Bi	1/2+
^203m2Bi		2041.5(6) keV			194(30) ns			25/2+
^204Bi		83	121	203.977813(28)	11.22(10) h	β^+	^204Pb	6+
^204m1Bi		805.5(3) keV			13.0(1) ms	IT	^204Bi	10−
^204m2Bi		2833.4(11) keV			1.07(3) ms			(17+)
^205Bi		83	122	204.977389(8)	15.31(4) d	β^+	^205Pb	9/2−
^206Bi		83	123	205.978499(8)	6.243(3) d	β^+	^206Pb	6(+)
^206m1Bi		59.897(17) keV			7.7(2) µs			(4+)
^206m2Bi		1044.8(5) keV			890(10) µs			(10−)
^207Bi		83	124	206.9784707(26)	32.9(14) y	β^+	^207Pb	9/2−
^207mBi		2101.49(16) keV			182(6) µs			21/2+
^208Bi		83	125	207.9797422(25)	3.68(4)×10^5 y	β^+	^208Pb	(5)+
^208mBi		1571.1(4) keV			2.58(4) ms	IT	^208Bi	(10)−
^209Bi [n 9][n 10]		83	126	208.9803987(16)	2.01(8)×10^19 y [n 11]	α	^205Tl	9/2−	1.0000
^210Bi	Radium E	83	127	209.9841204(16)	5.012(5) d	β^−	^210Po	1−	Trace[n 12]
						α (1.32×10^−4%)	^206Tl
^210mBi		271.31(11) keV			3.04(6)×10^6 y	α	^206Tl	9−
^211Bi	Actinium C	83	128	210.987269(6)	2.14(2) min	α (99.72%)	^207Tl	9/2−	Trace[n 13]
						β^− (.276%)	^211Po
^211mBi		1257(10) keV			1.4(3) µs			(25/2−)
^212Bi	Thorium C	83	129	211.9912857(21)	60.55(6) min	β^− (64.05%)	^212Po	1(−)	Trace[n 14]
						α (35.94%)	^208Tl
						β^−, α (.014%)	^208Pb
^212m1Bi		250(30) keV			25.0(2) min	α (67%)	^208Tl	(9−)
						β^− (33%)	^212mPo
						β^−, α (.3%)	^208Pb
^212m2Bi		2200(200)# keV			7.0(3) min			>16
^213Bi [n 15][n 16]		83	130	212.994385(5)	45.59(6) min	β^− (97.91%)	^213Po	9/2−	Trace[n 17]
						α (2.09%)	^209Tl
^214Bi	Radium C	83	131	213.998712(12)	19.9(4) min	β^− (99.97%)	^214Po	1−	Trace[n 12]
						α (.021%)	^210Tl
						β^−, α (.003%)	^210Pb
^215Bi		83	132	215.001770(16)	7.6(2) min	β^−	^215Po	(9/2−)	Trace[n 13]
^215mBi		1347.5(25) keV			36.9(6) s	IT (76.9%)	^215Bi	(25/2−)
						β^− (23.1%)	^215Po
^216Bi		83	133	216.006306(12)	2.17(5) min	β^−	^216Po	(6-, 7-)
^216mBi		24(19) keV			6.6(21) min	β^−	^216Po	3-#
^217Bi		83	134	217.009372(19)	98.5(8) s	β^−	^217Po	9/2−#
^217mBi		1480(40) keV			2.70(6) µs	IT	^217Bi	25/2−#
^218Bi		83	135	218.014188(29)	33(1) s	β^−	^218Po	(6-, 7-, 8-)
^219Bi		83	136	219.017480(210)#	8.7(29) s	β^−	^219Po	9/2-#
^220Bi		83	137	220.022350(320)#	9.5(57) s	β^−	^220Po	1-#

1. ^mBi – Excited nuclear isomer.
2. ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
3. # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
4. Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.
5. Modes of decay:

   EC:	Electron capture
   IT:	Isomeric transition
   p:	Proton emission

6. Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
7. ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
8. # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
9. Formerly believed to be final decay product of 4n+1 decay chain
10. Primordial radioisotope, also some is radiogenic from the extinct nuclide ²³⁷Np
11. Formerly believed to be the heaviest stable nuclide
12. Intermediate decay product of ²³⁸U
13. Intermediate decay product of ²³⁵U
14. Intermediate decay product of ²³²Th
15. Used in medicine such as for cancer treatment.
16. A byproduct of thorium reactors via ²³³U.
17. Intermediate decay product of ²³⁷Np

References

1. Meija, Juris; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
2. Imam, S (2001). "Advancements in cancer therapy with alpha-emitters: a review". International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics. 51: 271. doi:10.1016/S0360-3016(01)01585-1.

• Isotope masses from:
  • Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
• Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
  • de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
  • Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051. Lay summary.
• Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
  • Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
  • National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
  • Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.