LMS Stanier Class 8F

The London Midland and Scottish Railway's 8F class 2-8-0 heavy freight locomotive is a class of steam locomotive designed for hauling heavy freight. 852 were built between 1935 and 1946 (not all to LMS order), as a freight version of William Stanier's successful Black Five, and the class saw extensive service overseas during and after the Second World War.

LMS Stanier Class 8F
Stanier 8F No. 48476 at Lostock Hall shed, late July 1968
Type and origin
Power typeSteam
DesignerWilliam Stanier
Builder
- (50)
Build date1935–1946
Total produced852
Specifications
Configuration:
​
 • Whyte2-8-0
 • UIC1′D h2
Gauge4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Leading dia.3 ft 3 1⁄2 in (1.003 m)
Driver dia.4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1.435 m)
Wheelbase52 ft 7 3⁄4 in (16.046 m)
Length63 ft 0 1⁄2 in (19.22 m)
Loco weight72.10 long tons (73.26 t; 80.75 short tons)
Fuel typeCoal
Fuel capacity9 long tons (9.1 t; 10.1 short tons)
Water cap4,000 imp gal (18,000 l; 4,800 US gal)
Firebox:
 • Firegrate area		28 1⁄2 sq ft (2.65 m2)
BoilerLMS type 3C
Boiler pressure225 lbf/in2 (1.55 MPa)
Heating surface:
 • Tubes		1,479 sq ft (137.4 m2)
 • Firebox171 sq ft (15.9 m2)
Superheater:
​
 • Heating area215–245 sq ft (20.0–22.8 m2)
CylindersTwo, outside
Cylinder size18 1⁄2 in × 28 in (470 mm × 711 mm)
Performance figures
Tractive effort32,440 lbf (144.30 kN)
Career
Operators
Power classLMS & BR: 7F, later 8F
Axle load classRoute Availability 6
WithdrawnBR: 1960–1968
Disposition12 preserved, 2 dumped in Turkey but still extant, 1 parts donor, 23 lost at sea, remainder scrapped

Background

LMS freight traction suffered from the adoption of the Midland Railway's small engine policy which had left it with trains double-headed by underpowered 0-6-0s supplemented by inadequate Garratts and Fowler 7F 0-8-0s.

The 8F design incorporated the two-cylinder arrangement of the Black Fives. They were initially classified 7F, but this was later changed to the more familiar 8F.

On the outbreak of the Second World War, the design was chosen to become the country's standard freight design, reprising the role the GCR Class 8K had in the First World War. The War Department had 208 8Fs built by Beyer Peacock and North British Locomotive Company and requisitioned 51 more.

Stanier 8F production for the WD continued until 1943 when the cheaper WD Austerity 2-8-0 was introduced. Production for British domestic use continued until 1946.

Construction
Construction of LMS Stanier Class 8F: general summary[2][3][4][5]
Ordering organisationNumbersQuantityTotal
London, Midland and Scottish Railway8000–8225226
8301–839999
8490–84956
LMS total331
War Department300–449150
500–52425
540–57132
6231
War Dept total208
Railway Executive Committee8400–847980
8500–855960
8600–8704105
REC total245
London and North Eastern Railway7651–767525
3125–316743
LNER total68
Grand total852
Ordered by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway
Builder Delivered Quantity Original Numbers
LMS Crewe Works 1935–44 137 LMS 8000–8026, 8096–8175, 8301–8330
Vulcan Foundry 1936–37 69 LMS 8027–8095
North British Locomotive Co. 1942 50 LMS 8176–8225
LMS Horwich Works 1943–45 75 LMS 8331–8399, 8490–8495
Total 331

LMS nos. 8012–6/8–25/8/30–2/4/8–49/51/2/8/9/61/6/8/9/71/2/7–80/5–8/91/3/4 were requisitioned by the War Department in 1941 and renumbered 572–622 (not in order).[6][7] These 51 locomotives were intended for service in Persia, but twelve never got there: four (former nos. 8066/8/71/87) were lost in the Irish Sea whilst being shipped in 1941 and eight more were damaged in transit, repaired and returned to LMS stock in 1943 (on loan from 1942), resuming their former LMS numbers 8024/69/78–80/5/8/93.[8] After the war, ten were bought from the WD by British Railways in 1949, and were given BR numbers 48012/6/8/20/39/45/6/61/77/94, being their original numbers increased by 40000. One final locomotive, originally LMS 8025, was bought by BR in 1957 and renumbered 48775.[9] Thus 299 former LMS locomotives were eventually in BR stock.[10]

Ordered by the War Department
Builder Delivered Quantity Original Numbers Notes
North British Locomotive Co. 1940–42 158 WD 300–399, 500–524, 540–571, 623 300–337 delivered as LMS 8226–8263, on loan from WD
Beyer, Peacock & Co. 1940–42 50 WD 400–449 400–414 delivered as LMS 8286–8300, on loan from WD
Total 208
Ordered by the Railway Executive Committee
Builder Delivered Quantity Original Numbers Notes
GWR Swindon Works 1943–45 80 LMS 8400–8479
LNER Darlington Works 1944–45 30 LMS 8500–8509, 8540–8559
LNER Doncaster Works 1944–45 30 LMS 8510–8539
SR Eastleigh Works 1943–44 23 LMS 8600–8609, 8650–8662
SR Ashford Works 1943–44 14 LMS 8610–8612, 8618–8624, 8671–8674
SR Brighton Works 1943–44 68 LMS 8613–8617, 8625–8649, 8663–8670, 8675–8704
Total 245
Ordered by the London and North Eastern Railway (Class O6)
Builder Delivered Quantity Original Numbers Notes
SR Brighton Works 1944 25 LNER 7651–7675 renumbered LNER 3100–3124, then LNER 3500–3524, then LMS 8705–8729
LNER Darlington Works 1945–46 23 LNER 3125–3147 renumbered LNER 3525–3547, then LMS 8730–8752
LNER Doncaster Works 1945–46 20 LNER 3148–3167 renumbered LNER 3548–3567, then LMS/(BR) (4)8753–8772
Total 68

Overseas service
Israel Railways 8F 70513 (NBL 24721 of 1941), taking water at Zichron Ya'akov on 4 January 1949. This was one of 24 WD 8Fs sold to Palestine Railways after wartime service in Iran and Palestine.
Israel Railways 8F 70414, after its restoration.

The War Department originally ordered 8Fs for service in support of the British Expeditionary Force, but they were not delivered until after the Fall of France. However, most of them did see wartime military service overseas in Egypt, Palestine, Iran and Italy. Many of these locomotives were later sold to the local railways in these countries, and some were also sold to Turkey and Iraq.[11]

Egypt

The British Army's Middle East Forces (MEF) in Egypt received 42 8Fs in 1941-42, with some having been lost at sea en route (246-304, 322, 370, 371, 415, 416, 428, 429, 444 & 445)[12] possibly on the SS Thistlegorm.[13] Some of these were loaned to Egyptian State Railways (ESR) and the others were used by the MEF on the Western Desert Extension Railway (WDER). The scarcity of water made steam locomotive operations on the WDER difficult, and their smoke also attracted unwanted attention from enemy aircraft, so once American diesels began to arrive from late 1942 the use of 8Fs on the WDER declined. Forty locomotives were sold to ESR in 1942-44. The other two locomotives had accident damage, and were made into one good locomotive which was also sold to ESR in 1945. The remains of the last locomotive were bought by ESR for spares in 1946.

The MEF received another 50 8Fs from Iran in 1944, for use in both Egypt and Palestine, although 15 of these were transferred to Italy later in the year. Some of the 50 were not in operational condition, and 4 were scrapped by the MEF in 1946 without further use. Another 59 former Iranian 8Fs were transferred to the MEF in 1946, most of which were initially used in Palestine. This brought the number of 8Fs in the Middle East Forces up to 90.

After the war the British military presence in the region waned, so the need for military locomotives declined. The MEF's fleet was largely sold off in 1947-48 to British Railways (39), Palestine Railways (24) and ESR (11). Five returned to Britain for continued WD use in 1952. MEF railway operation ended in 1954, with 10 8Fs being sold to ESR, and 1 scrapped by MEF following bomb damage.

ESR thus purchased a total of 62 8Fs from MEF between 1942 and 1954, and operated the type until 1963.

Iran

Following the occupation of Iran in 1941, WD locomotives were required to operate the Persian Corridor supply route, delivering war materials to the Soviet Union via the Trans-Iranian Railway. 163 8F were dispatched to Iran in 1941-42, but only 143 arrived (12 being lost at sea (246-444, 445, 608, 617, 619, 622 (latter 4 former LMS 8066, 8068, 8071, 8087)[12]) and 8 returned to Britain with sea damage). These operated as Iranian State Railways' Class 41.[14]

The arrival of US Army Transportation Corps units in Iran with their own locomotives (including diesels which were more suitable for use in desert regions) made many of the 8Fs redundant, and 50 locomotives were transferred to the Middle East Forces in 1944. At the end of the war the need for steam locomotives in Iran was further reduced and another 71 locomotives left for the MEF (59) and Iraq (12) in 1945-48. The remaining 22 locomotives in Iran had all been withdrawn by 1963.

Iraq

Ten WD locomotives were transferred from Iran in 1946-47, being purchased by Iraqi State Railways in 1947, and two more locomotive were purchased from Iran in 1948. These became Iraqi Class TD,[15][16][17] and operated until the 1970s. One example, no. 1429, was still in existence in Baghdad, in 2014.[18]

Italy

15 former Iranian 8F were transferred to Italy by way of the MEF during 1944. After the war they were sold to Ferrovie dello Stato, where they operated as FS Class 737 until the early 1950s.[19]

Palestine and Israel

Some MEF 8Fs were loaned to Palestine Railways during 1942, but larger numbers of former Iranian locomotives arrived in 1944, being used on the Haifa Beirut Tripoli Railway and other lines. In 1947 24 MEF 8Fs were sold to Palestine Railways. Following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War 23 of these locomotives were taken over by Israel Railways, being operated until 1958. The war stranded the other 8F, 70372 (NBL works no. 24680),[20] on a small section of the main line near Tulkarm on the West Bank side of the 1949 Armistice line.[21] It remained there, increasingly derelict, until after the 1967 Israeli invasion of the West Bank. The Israelis finally removed and scrapped it in about 1973.[22]

Turkey

Twenty five new WD locomotives were sold to Turkish State Railways (TCDD) in 1941 for diplomatic reasons, but seven of these were lost at sea en route (246-338, 343-345, 354-356.[12] 345 sunk when the SS Jesmore collided with Baron Pentland on 16 February 1941). Two more locomotives were delivered in 1943, making a total of 20. These served as the TCDD 45151 Class, operating until the 1980s.

War Department use in UK

With their intended role in France having ceased to exist, early WD 8Fs were loaned to British railway companies in 1940-42, being given temporary numbers in the LMS series. However, by late 1941 the need for locomotives in Iran and Egypt was such that all of the WD locomotives which had been completed up to that point were recalled for military service, and 50 more locomotives were requisitioned from the LMS. Locomotive WD 407 (LMS 8293) had been damaged in an accident whilst on loan to the Great Western Railway, so a 51st LMS engine was requisitioned as a replacement.[11]

By 1942 the need for locomotives overseas had been satisfied, and the final 24 new WD 8Fs remained in the UK on loan to LMS. Also remaining in the UK were nine damaged locomotives (WD 407 and 8 requisitioned locomotives whose voyage to Iran had been aborted after the SS Pentridge Hill suffered severe storm damage – 4 other locomotives had had to be jettisoned into the sea to save the ship). Two locomotives were sold to Turkey in 1944, and the other 31 were sold to the LMS in 1943.

In 1952 five WD 8Fs returned to the UK from the MEF in poor condition. These were refurbished for WD use at the Longmoor Military Railway (LMR). Three of these were sold to British Railways in 1957 becoming Nos. 48773-75. The other two were transferred to the Cairnryan Military Railway and were scrapped in 1959, ending the WD's use of 8F locomotives.

Accidents and incidents
  • On 21 January 1941, Locomotive No. 8247 of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway was derailed at Wallneuk Junction, Paisley, Renfrewshire. Three cranes were needed to recover it.[23]
  • On 2 July 1941, locomotive WD 407 (LMS 8293) was hauling a freight train which was in a head-on collision with an express passenger train at Slough, Berkshire. Five people were killed and 21 were injured.[11][24] Despite suffering a buckled main frame, fractured pony truck, and crushed cab, the locomotive – on loan to the Great Western Railway from the War Department – was repaired at the GWR's Swindon Works and returned to the LMS in October 1941.[25]
  • On 8 May 1954, locomotive No. 48462 of British Railways was hauling a freight train that became divided and was derailed at Plumpton, Cumberland.[26]
  • On 9 February 1957, locomotive No 48188 was hauling a freight train that ran away due to the failure of the steam brake pipe in the cab. It collided with a diesel multiple unit at Chapel-en-le-Frith station, Derbyshire. Staff there had enough warning to be able to evacuate the train before the collision. Driver John Axon had remained with the freight and was killed. He was awarded a posthumous George Cross.[27]
  • In 1959, locomotive No. 48193 ran into the turntable pit at Kirkby in Ashfield, Nottinghamshire.[28]
  • On 17 June 1960, locomotive No. 48616 collided with some empty coaches and eventually derailed and rolled down an embankment. Nobody was hurt and the locomotive was withdrawn and scrapped a few days later.[29]
  • On 12 November 1961, locomotive No. 48674 was derailed bycatch points between Four Oaks and Sutton Coldfield.[30]
  • On 16 December 1962, locomotive No. 48263 was derailed by trap points at Spon End, Warwickshire.[28]
  • On 14 August 1964, locomotive No. 48734 collided with a train of oil tankers at Didcot, Oxfordshire. Eleven tankers were derailed and caught fire, severely damaging the locomotive. It was declared a write-off and was scrapped at Crewe Works in November 1964.[31]

British civilian use

'The Big Four' railways

Some 331 locomotives were built for the London Midland and Scottish Railway between 1935-45. A further 245 were built by the London and North Eastern Railway, Great Western Railway and Southern Railway in 1943-45 for LMS stock, though mostly retained on loan by the other railways during the war. The LNER also purchased 68 Stanier 8Fs for its own use in 1944-46, classifying them O6, though these were also sold to the LMS after the war. As noted above, 51 LMS locomotives were requisitioned by the WD in 1941, but 31 WD locomotives were subsequently purchased by the LMS in 1943 (including 8 of the requisitioned engines).

British Railways

As a result, 624 8Fs passed into British Railways ownership when Britain's railways were nationalised in 1948. A further 39 (10 requisitioned) were purchased from MEF stock in 1948, and a final 3 (1 requisitioned) from the Longmoor Military Railway in 1957, bringing the total to 666. The 8Fs were concentrated on the London Midland Region, but were also allocated to former LMS sheds on other regions. Despite some having operated in Scotland by the LMS, they were not common on the Scottish Region under BR ownership as the later WD 'Austerity' 2-8-0 and 2-10-0 types were used instead.

8F No. 48600 was used in the 1953 Glenn Ford film Time Bomb, also called Terror on a Train.

Withdrawal
End of the line: withdrawn 8Fs in spring 1968 at Newton Heath, Manchester awaiting scrapping

The 8Fs were successful and durable locomotives in BR service, with all 666 locomotives surviving until 1960 and routine withdrawals not beginning until 1964. The first to go in 1960 was 48616, followed two years later by 48009. 48773–48775 (the former Longmoor Military Railway locomotives which were the only 8Fs on the Scottish Region) were also withdrawn in 1962, but these were reinstated into London Midland Region stock in 1963. The remaining 664 were withdrawn between 1964 and 1968, with 150 surviving to the last year of steam on BR.

During the late 1960s, no. 48773 had diagonal yellow stripes painted on the cabsides to indicate that it could not run south of Crewe due to it being out of gauge for the new 25 kV AC overhead electrification.[32]

YearQuantity in
service at
start of year		Quantity
withdrawn		Locomotive number(s)
1960666148616
19616650–
1962665448009/773–775[33]
1963661-3(48773–775 reinstated)[33]
19646642648008/69
48140/44/50/72/79
48209–10/16
48306/41/96
48420/31/55/63
48508/24
48611/42/54/57
48734/72
19656389548001/04/06–07/16/20/27/37/39/78/94–97/99
48102/112/116/135/138/145/148/156/173/183–184/189/198
48217/259–60/262/273/285/290/295/297
48312/314/328/330/333/355/360/366/378/387/389/391
48401/403/406/409/416/427/429–30/446/461/478/490
48500/518/525/558
48601/607/610/624/630/634/649/653/656/658/660–61/682/688–89
48704/716/719/732–33/737/759/761/769/771/774
1966543162etc.
1967381231etc.
196815015048010/12/26/33/36/45–46/56/60/62–63/77/81/90
48107/11/15/17/24/32/51/53/67–68/70/82/91–93/97
48200–01/06/12/24/47/52–53/57/67/72/78/82/92/94
48304–05/07–08/17/19/21–23/25/27/29/34–35/38/40/44–45/48/51/56/65/68–69/73–74/80/84/90/92–93
48400/10/21/23–24/33/37/41–42/45/48/51/53/65/67–68/71/76/91–93
48503–04/07/10/29/32–33/44/46/49/51/53/59
48609/12/14/17/20/26/31–32/39/46/52/65–66/77–78/83–84/87/92
48700/02/15/20/22–23/27/30/40/44–46/49–50/52/63/65/73/75

Preservation

Fourteen 8Fs are known to have survived with six LMS/BR locomotives being preserved in the UK, a seventh was used a spares donor for other preserved 8Fs as well as a number of new build projects. None of the prewar 8Fs survived into preservation. Of the six LMS/BR locomotives that exist only 48773 was purchased directly from BR for preservation following withdrawal from Rose Grove in July 1968, the remaining five including 48518 which would later be used as a donor engine were all rescued from Barry Scrapyard. Three members of the class have over the years been repatriated to the UK from Turkey, with one later sent to a museum in Israel. Two of the Turkish based 8F's which were to be repatriated to the UK no's 45166 & 45170 made an appearance on the Channel 5 TV programme Monster Moves,[34] this episode showed the two engines being moved 850 miles by rail across Turkey from Sivas to Izmir. 45166 would later end up in Israel as a static exhibit while 45170 is presently under restoration at Bo'ness. In addition, two Turkish Railway (TCDD) locomotives have been preserved in Turkey, and some more remain there in a derelict state. One locomotive has even survived in Iraq.[35] The complete list is shown below. Two more are also visible underwater on the wreck of the SS Thistlegorm.

Of the fourteen engines known to have survived into preservation, all the British located examples except 48173 & 45170 “Sir William McAlpine” have run in preservation (both are undergoing restoration). Two of the British-based engines have even seen main line operation: Nos. 48151 and 48773. These have been regular main line performers in recent years with 48773 being withdrawn from operation in 2000. As of 2019 none of the class are operational on the main line.

Some of the preserved examples have stars on their cabsides indicating that they have specially balanced wheelsets/motion. This practice began under the auspices of British Railways, to denote that locomotives thus treated were able to work fast, vacuum-braked goods services.[36] Other members of the class have a yellow stripe on the cab meaning that they were not permitted to run south of Crewe as the WCML south of Crewe had been electrified with overhead wires. Another difference between the British engines and the locos that were exported from Britain is the position of the driver's controls. The British based engines like all LMS engines were left hand drive, the locos exported to Turkey and other countries were right-hand drive.

Loco numbers in bold mean their current number.

Number Manufacturer Built Withdrawn Balanced Motion LH Drive Location Status Notes
LMS BR WD TCDD
8151 48151 — — Crewe Works Sept 1942 Jan 1968 Yes Yes West Coast Railway Company (Carnforth) Under Overhaul In November 1995 it was loaned to Tunstead Quarry to haul a 975-ton train of hopper wagons for a special train out of Tunstead, it also on 19 December 2000 worked a special one off freight train along the Settle and Carlisle line from Hellifield to Ribblehead Quarry where the hopper wagons were loaded and it then worked the loaded train on from Ribblehead Quarry to Carlisle.
8173 48173 — — Crewe Works Jun 1943 Jul 1965 Yes Yes Churnet Valley Railway Under restoration. Restoration started in 2018.
8233 48773 307 — North British Locomotive Co. Jun 1940 Aug 1968 Yes Yes Severn Valley Railway Static Display Built as WD 307 and loaned to LMS as 8233. To Iran as 41.109, then War Department (MEF) 70307, WD (Longmoor Military Railway) 500 and BR 48773. Currently on static display in the Engine House awaiting overhaul.
8305 48305 — — Crewe Works Nov 1943 Jan 1968 Yes Yes Great Central Railway Operational Built at Crewe Works, 48305 spent much of its career operating across the Midlands. It was withdrawn in 1968, just before the end of steam. During the time spent at Barry scrapyard it was sprayed with the words "Please don't let me die!" on the smokebox door, but was saved by Roger Hibbert in 1985 and was restored back to steam in the next 10 years. In 2011, half way through its boiler ticket the decision was taken to perform another overhaul, which was completed in 2019. Boiler ticket expires in 2029.
8431 48431 — — Swindon Works Mar 1944 May 1964 No Yes Keighley and Worth Valley Railway Static Display Only surviving Swindon-built example.
8624 48624 — — Ashford Works Dec 1943 Jul 1965 Yes Yes Great Central Railway Stored, awaiting overhaul Only surviving Southern-built example. Restored to working order in 2009 by Peak Rail in fictional LMS Crimson Lake livery as 8624, now based at the Great Central Railway as British Railways 48624 in black. Boiler certificate expired in July 2019.
— — 357 45153 North British Locomotive Co. 1941 1986 No No Turkey Stored Dumped in Cankiri
8274 48274 348 45160 North British Locomotive Co. Jun 1942 1986 No No Great Central Railway (Nottingham) Stored Exported as a kit of parts to Turkey in 1940, returned to UK in 1989 and restored to operational condition. This engine has variously run as TCDD 45160, LMS 8476 and British Railways 48274. Currently carries the LMS number 8274.
— — 522 45161 North British Locomotive Co. 1941 1986 No No Preserved in Turkey Static Display On display in Çamlık Railway Museum
8279 - 353 45165 North British Locomotive Co. 1940 1986 No No Turkey Stored Dumped in Alasehir, Photographed in 2008. Cosmetically restored about 2012 and plinthed outside Sincan railway station, Ankara. See https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@39.9643631,32.5829825,3a,75y,8.79h,98.05t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sT4CicBY3dpms-bry_46CeQ!2e0!7i16384!8i8192
8267 — 341 45166 North British Locomotive Co. 1940 1986 No No Be'er Sheva Turkish Railway Station Static Display Recovered from Sivas in December 2010 by the Churchill 8F Trust; later sold to the Municipality of Beersheba, Israel in December 2012. Currently displayed at the former Be'er Sheva Turkish Railway Station on the former Railway to Beersheba as Israel Railways No. 70414.[37][38]
8266 — 340 45168 North British Locomotive Co. 1940 1986 No No Preserved in Turkey Static Display Static display in İzmit old railway station Pictures from 2009
— — 554 45170 North British Locomotive Co. 1942 1986 No No Bo'ness and Kinneil Railway Stored awaiting restoration. Recovered from Sivas in December 2010 by the Churchill 8F Trust. Recently purchased by the Scottish Railway Preservation Society. Recently been named “Sir William McAlpine” in preservation as of October 2018.
8188 — 547 — North British Locomotive Co. 1942 No No Iraqi Republic Railways (IRR), Baghdad Stored Built as WD 547, then to Iran as 41.222, WD (Iraq) 70547, to ISR as 909 then 1429. Currently in storage pending formal preservation, formerly dumped near a railway yard in Baghdad minus tender. 33°20′43.20″N 44°21′13.90″E

No 48518, formerly LMS 8518, built in 1944, was the only surviving LNER-built example. Formerly part of the 'Barry Ten', 48518 was used as a parts donor for 1014 County of Glamorgan and 45551 The Unknown Warrior. It was consequently dismantled and the frames were scrapped at Bury in mid-2013.

See also

References
  1. Hughes 1981, pp. 122–124.
  2. Cook 1990, pp. 73–88.
  3. Haresnape 1981, pp. 62–68.
  4. Hunt et al. 2005, pp. 3, 11–21, 124–9, 134–6.
  5. Rowledge 1975, pp. 25–28, 88.
  6. Hunt et al. 2005, p. 15.
  7. Rowledge 1975, p. 26.
  8. Hunt et al. 2005, pp. 15, 136.
  9. Hunt et al. 2005, pp. 22–23.
  10. Rowledge 1975, p. 28.
  11. Tourret 1995.
  12. HaRakevet: Rothschild PhD, Rabbi Walter (March 1991), ROD 2-8-0s in Palestina, 11942-1946. Issue 12
  13. In the fins of Cousteau … The S.S. Thistlegorm and its incredible cargo
  14. Hughes 1981, p. 124.
  15. The Restoration & Archiving Trust: Image no. br670327
  16. The Restoration & Archiving Trust: Image no. br670616
  17. The Restoration & Archiving Trust: Image no. br670315
  18. "8F still intact... in Iraq". The Railway Magazine. Vol. 160 no. 1362. September 2014. p. 65. ISSN 0033-8923.
  19. Kalla-Bishop, P.M. (1986). Italian state railways steam locomotives: together with low-voltage direct current and three-phase motive power. Abingdon: Tourret. pp. 68–9. ISBN 0905878035.
  20. Cotterell 1984, p. 132.
  21. Cotterell 1984, p. 69.
  22. Cotterell 1984, p. 70.
  23. Trevena, Arthur (1981). Trains in Trouble: Vol. 2. Redruth: Atlantic Books. p. 28. ISBN 0-906899-03-6.
  24. Earnshaw, Alan (1989). Trains in Trouble: Vol. 5. Penryn: Atlantic Books. p. 29. ISBN 0-906899-35-4.
  25. Maidment, David (2015). The Great Western Eight Coupled Heavy Freight Locomotives. Pen and Sword. pp. 131–134. ISBN 9781473857322.
  26. Earnshaw, Alan (1990). Trains in Trouble: Vol. 6. Penryn: Atlantic Books. p. 32. ISBN 0-906899-37-0.
  27. Earnshaw, Alan (1991). Trains in Trouble: Vol. 7. Penryn: Atlantic Books. p. 35. ISBN 0-906899-50-8.
  28. Earnshaw, Alan (1993). Trains in Trouble: Vol. 8. Penryn: Atlantic Books. pp. 31, 35. ISBN 0-906899-52-4.
  29. "Train Crashes at Turvey!". The Turvey Website. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
  30. "Lucky escapes in derailment", "The Birmingham Post", Birmingham, 13 November 1961.
  31. Kelly, Pat (15 July 2016). "While Didcot slept". Steam Railway. No. 456. Peterborough: Bauer Consumer Media Ltd. pp. 50–52. ISSN 0143-7232.
  32. Hunt et al. 2005, p. 117.
  33. Rowledge 1975, p. 29.
  34. http://www.windfallfilms.com/show/1756/monster-moves-episode-3-titanic-trains.aspx Monster Moves, Windfall Films
  35. Railways of Iraq: Locomotives and rolling stock in Iraq
  36. Foster, Michael (1998). Hornby Dublo, 1938-1964: The Story of the Perfect Table Railway. London: New Cavendish. ISBN 0-904568-18-0.
  37. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2011.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  38. Stanier 8F sold to museum in Israel Archived 25 September 2013 at Archive.today, Robin Jones, Heritage Railway, 6 December 2012

Bibliography
  • Cook, A.F. (1990). Greenwood, William (ed.). LMS Locomotive Design and Construction. Lincoln: RCTS. ISBN 0-901115-71-1.
  • Cotterell, Paul (1984). The Railways of Palestine and Israel. Tourret Publishing. ISBN 0-905878-04-3.
  • Haresnape, Brian (May 1981) [1970]. Stanier Locomotives: A Pictorial History. Shepperton: Ian Allan. p. 62. ISBN 0-7110-1098-6. EX/0581.
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