List of political parties in the Netherlands

This article lists political parties in the Netherlands, which has a multi-party system with numerous political parties, in which any one party has little chance of gaining power alone, and parties often work with each other to form coalition governments.

The lower house of the legislature, the House of Representatives, is elected by a national party-list system of proportional representation. There is no threshold for getting a seat, making it possible for a party to get a seat with only two-thirds percent of the vote—roughly one seat for every 67,000 votes.

No party has won a majority of seats since the election of 1894,[1] and no party has even approached the seats needed for a majority since the current proportional representation system was implemented in 1918. All Dutch governments since then have been coalitions between two or more parties. However, there is a broad consensus on the basic principles of the political system, and all parties must adjust their goals to some extent in order to have a realistic chance at being part of the government.

General overview

Members of four Dutch political parties (PvdA, D66, CDA and VVD) campaigning in Ulft, shortly before the 2010 municipal elections

• The People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) is a conservative-liberal party.[2] As a centre-right movement, it attaches great importance to private enterprise, economic liberalism[3] and the freedom of the individual in political, social, and economic affairs. The party is generally supportive of European economic integration, but is less supportive of political integration. The party's leader is Mark Rutte. VVD is a member of the Liberal International and the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party.
• The Labour Party (PvdA), a social democratic party, and centre-left in orientation.[2] Its program is based on more social, political, and economic equality for all citizens. Former PvdA-prime minister Joop den Uyl has called it an "equal distribution of knowledge, income and power." In recent years the PvdA has espoused a centrist Third Way programme. The PvdA is generally supportive of European integration. Although called the Labour Party, it has no formal links to the trade unions. In practice, however, strong links exist, with PvdA politicians often beginning their careers in the FNV trade union. The party is led by Lilianne Ploumen. The PvdA was a member of the Socialist International until it delisted in 2014.[4] Nowadays the party is a member of the Progressive Alliance and the Party of European Socialists.
• The Party for Freedom (PVV) is a right-wing populist[2] and national-liberal[5] party. It was founded by Geert Wilders, who split from the VVD in 2004. The PVV seeks to lower taxation. It is Eurosceptical and seeks to limit immigration, especially from Islamic and non-Western countries. The party is part of the Identity and Democracy group.
• The Christian Democratic Appeal is a Christian democratic party on the centre to centre-right.[2] It supports free enterprise and holds to the principle that government activity should supplement but not supplant communal action by citizens. On the political spectrum, the CDA sees its philosophy as standing between the "individualism" of the VVD and the "statism" of the Labour Party. The CDA favours European economic, cultural, and political integration. The CDA is a member of the Centrist Democrat International and the European People's Party.
• The Socialist Party (SP) is a left-wing populist party.[6] In the 1970s and 1980s, it was a Maoist party supported by the People's Republic of China (PRC). But in 1991 the SP dropped its Communist course, and chose a more independent and less radical democratic socialist[2] course, having long since denounced Maoism and the PRC. The party itself has called it a move "from socialism to a social-ism." The party opposes what it sees as the European Superstate. The SP operated as an independent party within the European United Left-Nordic Green Left group until the 2019 European elections, when it lost all seats in the European Parliament. Lilian Marijnissen is the leader of the SP.
• GreenLeft combines green politics[2] with left-wing ideals. The party was founded in 1990 as a merger of the Radical, Pacifist, Communist, and Evangelical Left parties. The current leader Jesse Klaver opposes what he calls "economism", where important values seem to be secondary to economic growth. GreenLeft is a member of the Global Greens and the European Green Party.
• The Christian Union (CU) is a socially conservative[2] Christian democratic party, which mostly concentrates on ethical issues, such as a resistance against abortion, euthanasia, and gay marriage. In other areas (e.g. immigration and the environment), the party often is closer to the left-wing parties. It is sceptical about European integration. The CU was operating within the European Conservatives and Reformists group until after the 2019 European elections when it joined the European People's Party group. The party is a founding member of the European Christian Political Movement.
• Democrats 66 (D66) has had widely fluctuating electoral fortunes since the party's founding in 1966. The party was founded as a movement that advocated direct democracy and electoral reform. Today's it is a centrist social liberal[2][3] party, professing a pro-European platform, progressive views on, for example, euthanasia, organ donation, ecological sustainability and ethnic and religious tolerance. Sigrid Kaag leads the party. D66 is a member of the Liberal International and the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party.
• Party for the Animals (PvdD) is an animal rights party, which can be labeled as a one issue-party, though it claims not to be. The focus of the party is on animal welfare, protecting the environment and conservation. The party also has distinctive points of view about education, privacy, health care and the economy. Its founder is Marianne Thieme. Its current leader is Esther Ouwehand. The party is currently part of the European United Left–Nordic Green Left group.
• The Reformed Political Party (SGP) is a party of the Christian right,[2] with stronger ethical points of view than the ChristianUnion. Although a small party on a national level, it is an important political power in some orthodox reformed municipalities. The party sees governments (local, regional, national and international) as unconditional servants of God. The party bases all of its views directly on the Bible. The party opposes European integration and operates within the European Conservatives and Reformists group and is a member of the European Christian Political Movement. Kees van der Staaij leads the SGP.
• 50PLUS (50+) is a populist Pensioners' Party. The party takes a centrist position in the political spectrum which combines social democratic, social liberal and social conservative positions. It was led by Henk Krol who left the party in May 2020 due to internal quarrel. He then started the Party for the Future.[7] The party was part of the European People's Party group until the party's only MEP joined the Christian Democratic Appeal.
• DENK, a small political party mainly focusing on and promoting multiculturalism and social integration. The party also supports environmentalism and international justice. Tunahan Kuzu founded the party after splitting from the PvdA in 2014. The current leader is Farid Azarkan.
• Forum for Democracy, a right-wing, populist, national conservative party. In favour of lower taxes, military investment and expansion, electoral reform, offering a referendum on European Union membership, reinstating border controls and ending what it perceives as mass immigration. The party was founded and led by Thierry Baudet until he resigned in November 2020. The party is a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists Party and part of the ERC-group.
• The Independent Senate Group (OSF) is a parliamentary party in the Dutch Senate with one senator, representing several provincial parties and advocating a regionalist agenda. The party's current senator Gerben Gerbrandy is a member of the civic nationalistic Frisian National Party.

National political parties

Parties represented in the States General

Political party			Main ideology	Position	Leader	Affiliation			Ref.
						Eur.	EP group	Intl.
	CDA	Christian Democratic Appeal Christen-Democratisch Appèl	Christian democracy	Centre to centre-right	Wopke Hoekstra	EPP	EPP	CDI	[8][9][10][11]
	CU	Christian Union ChristenUnie	Christian democracy	Centre to centre-right	Gert-Jan Segers	ECPM	EPP	—	[2][12][13][14]
	D66	Democrats 66 Democraten 66	Social liberalism	Centre	Sigrid Kaag	ALDE	Renew	LI	[15][16]
	FvD	Forum for Democracy Forum voor Democratie	National conservatism	Right-wing to far-right	Thierry Baudet	ECR	—	—	[17][18][19]
	GL	GroenLinks	Green politics	Centre-left to left-wing	Jesse Klaver	EGP	Greens–EFA	GG	[12]
	PvdA	Labour Party Partij van de Arbeid	Social democracy	Centre-left	Lilianne Ploumen	PES	S&D	PA	[2][12]
	PVV	Party for Freedom Partij voor de Vrijheid	Right-wing populism	Right-wing to far-right	Geert Wilders	—	ID	—	[20][21][22][23]
	PvdD	Party for the Animals Partij voor de Dieren	Animal rights	Left-wing	Esther Ouwehand	APEU	GUE–NGL	—	[24]
	VVD	People's Party for Freedom and Democracy Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie	Conservative liberalism	Centre-right	Mark Rutte	ALDE	Renew	LI	[16][15][25]
	SGP	Reformed Political Party Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij	Christian right	Right-wing	Kees van der Staaij	ECPM	ECR	—	[2][12][26]
	SP	Socialist Party Socialistische Partij	Democratic socialism	Left-wing	Lilian Marijnissen	—	—	—	[27][28][29][30]
	50+	50PLUS	Pensioners' interests	Centre	Liane den Haan	—	—	—	[2][15][16][24]
Political parties represented in the House of Representatives only
	DENK	DENK	Identity politics	Centre-left	Farid Azarkan	—	—	—	[31][32]
	LHK	Henk Krol List Lijst Henk Krol	Progressive conservatism	Centre	Henk Krol	—	—	—	—
Political parties represented in the Senate only
	GO	Group Otten Groep Otten	Open government	Centre-right	Henk Otten	—	NI	—	[33]
	OSF	Independent Senate Group Onafhankelijke Senaatsfractie	Regionalism	Centre	Vacant	EFA	—	—	—

Parties without representation in the States General

Political party			Main ideology	Position	Leader	Affiliation			Ref.
						European	EP group	International
	BIJ1	BIJ1	Anticapitalism	Left-wing	Sylvana Simons	—	—	—	[34]
	CO	Code Orange Code Oranje	Direct democracy	Syncretic	Richard de Mos	—	—	—	—
	NVU	Dutch People's Union Nederlandse Volks-Unie	Ethnic nationalism	Far-right	Constant Kusters	—	—	—	—
	BBB	Farmer–Citizen Movement BoerBurgerBeweging	Agrarianism	Centre-right	Caroline van der Plas	—	—	—	—
	VP	Free-minded Party Vrijzinnige Partij	Liberalism	Centre	Norbert Klein	—	—	—	—
	JA21	JA21	Conservative liberalism	Right-wing	Joost Eerdmans	—	ECR	—	—
	JL	Jesus Lives Jezus Leeft	Evangelism	Right-wing	Florens van der Spek	—	—	—	—
	LDP	Liberal Democratic Party (LibDem) Liberaal Democratische Partij	Social liberalism	Centre	Sammy van Tuyll	—	—	—	—
	LP	Libertarian Party Libertaire Partij	Right-libertarianism	Right-wing	Robert Valentine	EPIL	—	LI	[35]
	NLB	NLBeter	Health care reform	Syncretic	Esther van Fenema	—	—	—	—
	PSP	Pacifist Socialist Party '92 Pacifistisch Socialistische Partij '92	Pacifism	Left-wing	Vacant	—	—	—	—
	PDNM	Party The New Human Partij De Nieuwe Mens	Spiritual left	Centre-left	Niraï Melis & Raishrie Gajadin	—	—	—	[36]
	PPNL	Pirate Party Piratenpartij	Pirate politics	Syncretic	Matthijs Pontier	PPEU	Greens–EFA	PPI	[37]
	DB	The Base De Basis	Universal basic income	Syncretic	Dennis Rosenbaum	—	—	—	—
	VOLT	Volt Netherlands Volt Nederland	European federalism	Centre	Reinier van Lanschot	Volt Europa	Greens–EFA	—	[38]

Regional and local political parties

Regional parties

Political party			Active in	Main ideology	Position	Leader	European affiliation
	FNP	Frisian National Party Fryske Nasjonale Partij	Friesland	Civic nationalism	Big tent[39]	Sijbe Knol	EFA
	GB	Groninger Interest Groninger Belang	Groningen	Regionalism	Centre	Bram Schmaal	—
	LB	Local Brabant Lokaal Brabant	North Brabant	Regionalism	Centre	Harold van den Broek	—
	LL	Local Limburg Lokaal-Limburg	Limburg	Regionalism	Centre	Raimond Franssen	—
	PvhN	Party for the North Partij voor het Noorden	Groningen  Friesland  Drenthe	Regionalism	Centre	Dries Zwart	—
	PvZ	Party for Zeeland Partij voor Zeeland	Zeeland	Regionalism	Centre	François Babijn	—
	OPNH	Elderly Party NH Ouderenpartij NH	North Holland	Pensioners' interests	Centre	Jeff Leever	—
	SL	Strong Local Drenthe Sterk Lokaal Drenthe	Drenthe	Regionalism	Centre	Alfred Schoenmaker	—

Local parties

Political party			Main ideology	Position	Leader
	OPA	Elderly Politically Active Ouderen Politiek Actief	Pensioners' interests	Single-issue politics	Vacant
	FN	Forza! Netherlands Forza! Nederland	Right-wing populism	Right-wing	Paul Meijer
	HvDH	Heart for The Hague Hart voor Den Haag/Groep de Mos	Conservative liberalism	Right-wing	Richard de Mos
	ID	Islam Democrats Islam Democraten	Islamic democracy	Centre	Vacant
	LR	Livable Rotterdam Leefbaar Rotterdam	Fortuynism	Right-wing	Joost Eerdmans
	NCPN	New Communist Party of the Netherlands Nieuwe Communistische Partij van Nederland	Communism	Far-left	Vacant
	NIDA	NIDA	Islamic democracy	Syncretic	Nourdin El Ouali
	PvdE	Party of Unity Partij van de Eenheid	Islamism	Right-wing	Arnoud van Doorn
	TON	Proud of the Netherlands Trots op Nederland	Conservative liberalism	Right-wing	Vacant
	DG	The Greens De Groenen	Green politics	Centre	Vacant
	VCP	United Communist Party Verenigde Communistische Partij	Communism	Far-left	Engel Modderman
	VSP	United Seniors Party Verenigde Senioren Partij	Pensioners' interests	Single-issue politics	Vacant

Water board parties

Political party			Main ideology	Position	Leader
	AWP	General Water Board Party Algemene Waterschapspartij	Apoliticism	Syncretic	Ron van Megen
	WN	Water Natuurlijk	Green politics	Centre-left	Peter Snoeren

Bonaire

Political party			Main ideology	Position	Leader	Affiliation
						American	Intl.
	PDB	Bonaire Democratic Party Partido Demokrátiko Boneriano	Social democracy	Centre-left	Clark Abraham	—	—
	UPB	Bonaire Patriotic Union Union Patriótiko Boneriano	Christian democracy	Centre	James Kroon	ODCA	CDI
	MPB	Movement of Bonaire People Movementu di Pueblo Boneriano	Christian socialism	Centre	Elvis Tjin Asjoe	—	—
	FSP	Social Progressive Front Frente Sosial Progresivo	Social democracy	Centre-left	Robby Beukenboom	—	—

Saba

Political party			Main ideology	Position	Leader	American affiliation
	SLP	Saba Labour Party	Social democracy	Centre-left	Monique Wilson	—
	WIPM	Windward Islands People's Movement	Christian democracy	Centre	Rolando Wilson	ODCA

Sint Eustatius

Political party			Main ideology	Position	Leader
	DP	Democratic Party	Christian democracy	Centre	Adelka Spanner
	PLP	Progressive Labour Party	Social democracy	Centre-left	Rechelline Leerdam

Defunct political parties

History and evolution of all Dutch political parties to ever have had seats in the House of Representatives.

• Algemeen Ouderen Verbond (AOV, General Elderly Alliance)
• Algemeene Bond van RK-kiesverenigingen (General League of Roman Catholic Caucuses; became the RKSP)
• Alliantie voor Vernieuwing en Democratie (Alliance for Renewal and Democracy)
• Artikel 50 (Article 50; merged with For the Netherlands)
• Algemeene Nederlandsche Fascisten Bond (General Dutch Fascist League)
• Anti-Revolutionaire Partij (ARP, Anti-Revolutionary Party, 1879–1980; merged into Christen Democratisch Appèl, CDA)
• Arab European League (Arabisch-Europese Liga, AEL; initially founded in Belgium, active in the Netherlands between 2003 and 2005; now MDP)
• Arbeiderspartij van Nederland (APN, Workers Party of the Netherlands)
• Boerenpartij (BP, Farmers' Party)
• Bond Christen Socialisten (BCS, League of Christian Socialists)
• Bond van Nederlandse Marxisten-Leninisten (BNML, League of Dutch Marxist-Leninists; merged into the KAO)
• Bond van Vrije Liberalen (Association of Free Liberals; merged into Liberale Staatspartij)
• Brabant Party (Brabantse Partij, active in North Brabant)
• Continue Directe Democratie Partij (CDDP)
• Centrumdemocraten (CD, Centre Democrats; split from the Centrumpartij)
• Centrumpartij (CP, Centre Party; later Centrumpartij '86)
• Centrumpartij '86 (CP'86; Centre Party '86)
• Christen Democratische Partij (Christian Democratic Party)
• Christelijk-Democratische Unie (Christian-Democratic Union; CDU; merged into Partij van de Arbeid (PvdA))
• Christelijk-Historische Unie (CHU) (Christian-Historical Union; merged into Christen Democratisch Appèl (CDA))
• Christelijk Sociale Party (CSP)
• Christelijk-Historische Kiezersbond (CHK) (Christian Historical Voters' League; merged into the Christelijk-Historische Partij)
• 'Christelijk-Historische Partij (CHP) (Christian Historical Party; merged into the Christian Historical Union)
• Christian Organisation of Self-employed Persons
• Communistische Partij Nederland (CPN) (Communist Party Netherlands; merged into GroenLinks, some members formed the NCPN)
• deConservatieven (The Conservatives)
• Democratisch Socialisten '70 (DS'70) (Democratic Socialists '70)
• Duurzaam Nederland (Sustainable Netherlands)
• Economische Bond (EB) (Economic League)
• Entrepreneurs Party (OP) (OndernemersPartij)
• Europa Transparant (ET) (Europe Transparant)
• Evangelische Volkspartij (EVP) (Evangelical Peoples Party; merged into GroenLinks)
• Fatherland League (Netherlands) (Vaderlandsch Verbond)
• Friesche Bond (Frisian League; merged into the Christian Historican Union
• Gereformeerd Politiek Verbond (GPV) (Reformed Political Union; merged into ChristenUnie)
• Hervormd Gereformeerde Staatspartij {dissolved in 1946}
• Independent Socialist Party (OSP)
• Islamitische Partij Nederland (Islamic Party Netherlands; founded in 1998)
• Katholieke Nationale Partij (KNP) (Catholic National Party) {merged into the KVP}
• Katholieke Volkspartij (KVP) (Catholic People's Party) {merged into Christen Democratisch Appèl (CDA)}
• Kommunistische Arbeidersorganisatie (marxistisch-leninistisch) (KAO(ml) (Communist Workers Organisation (Marxist-Leninist); dissolved around 1980)
• Kommunistische Eenheidsbeweging Nederland (marxistisch-leninistisch) (KEN(ml); Communist Unity Movement of the Netherlands) {dissolved in mid-1980s)
• The Independent Citizen Party (Dutch: Onafhankelijke Burger Partij, OBP)
• Leefbaar Nederland (LN) (Liveable Netherlands)
• Liberale Staatspartij (LSP; Liberal State Party; merged into Partij van de Vrijheid (PvdV))
• Liberale Partij (Liberal Party; merged into the Vaderlandsch Verbond)
• Liberale Unie (Liberal Union; merged into Liberale Staatspartij)
• Lijst Pim Fortuyn (LPF) (Pim Fortuyn List; disbanded in 2007)
• Lijst Ratelband (Ratelband List)
• Lijst Veldhoen (Veldhoen List)
• Marxistisch-Leninistische Partij Nederland (MLPN; a fake party founded in 1970 by the Dutch Intelligence Service BVD and the CIA, to research support for Maoism and to fool the People's Republic of China)
• Middenpartij voor Stad en Land (MPSL) (Middle Party for City and Country)
• Middenstandspartij (MP) (Middle Class Party)
• Moslimpartij (Muslim Party; founded in 1993)
• Nationaal-Socialistische Nederlandsche Arbeiderspartij (NSNAP) (National Socialist Dutch Workers Party) {1931–1941}
• Nationale Alliantie (NA) (National Alliance)
• Nederlands Blok (NB) (Dutch Block)
• Neutrale Partij (Neutral Party)
• Nieuwe Nationale Partij (NNP) (New National Party)
• Nieuw Rechts (NR) (New Right)
• Nieuwe Wegen (NiWe) (New Ways)
• O O Den Haag (O O The Hague; {was initially registered for 2003 elections but withdrew)
• Pacifistisch-Socialistische Partij (PSP; Pacifist-Socialist Party; merged into GroenLinks)
• New Limburg Party (PNL; Partij Nieuw Limburg, has been active in Limburg
• Party of the Future (PvdT) (Partij van de Toekomst)
• Partij van de Vrijheid (PvdV) (Freedom Party; became Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie")
• Partij Voor De Mens en alle overige aardbewoners
• Partij voor Rechtvaardigheid, Daadkracht en Vooruitgang (Party for Justice, Action and Progress)
• Plattelandersbond (Peasants' League)
• Politieke Partij Radicalen (PPR) (Political Party of Radicals; merged into GroenLinks)
• Progressive Integration Party
• Radicale Bond (RB) (Radical League; merged into VDB)
• Reformatorische Politieke Federatie (RPF) (Reforming Political Federation) {merged into ChristenUnie}
• Roomsch-Katholieke Staatspartij(RKSP) (Roman Catholic Political Party; predecessor of KVP)
• Senioren 2000 (Seniors 2000)
• Solide Multiculturele Partij (SMP)
• Sociaal-Democratische Arbeiders Partij (SDAP) (Social Democratic Workers Party; merged into Partij van de Arbeid (PvdA))
• Sociaal-Democratische Bond (Social Democratic League; merged into the SDAP)
• Sociaal Liberale Partij (SLP) (Social Liberal Party)
• Socialistische Party (Socialist Party active before World War II, not the current Socialist Party)
• Solidair '93 (Solidarity '93; appears not to have contested elections after 1998)
• Unie 55+ (General Senior Union/Union 55+)
• Verbond tot Democratisering der Weermacht (Alliance for the Democratization of the Army)
• Verbond van Communisten in Nederland (VCN) (League of Communists in the Netherlands; split from the Communist Party of the Netherlands (CPN) in 1983 and merged with the remains of the CPN in 1992 to form the New Communist Party of the Netherlands (NCPN))
• Verbond voor Nationaal Herstel (Alliance for National Reconstruction)
• VoorNederland (VNL) (For Netherlands)
• Vrijzinnig Democratische Bond (VDB) (Freethinking Democratic League; merged into Partij van de Arbeid (PvdA))
• Vrij Antirevolutionaire Partij (Free Anti Revolutionary Party; merged into Christelijk-Historische Partij)

See also

• Politics of the Netherlands
• List of political parties by country
• Liberalism in the Netherlands
• Socialism in the Netherlands
• Christian democracy in the Netherlands
• Republicanism in the Netherlands

References

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External links

• Documentation Centre for Dutch Political Parties (DNPP) at University of Groningen