Muda language

There are over 2,000 Muda speakers in Nanlianshan Village Community 南联山村委会[3] (formerly Nanlianshan District, 南联山乡, now part of Gasa Township 嘎洒镇), Jinghong City, Yunnan, China (Xu 1991).[4]

Muda
Native to	China
Native speakers	2,000 (2007)[1]
Language family	Sino-Tibetan (Tibeto-Burman) Lolo–Burmese Loloish Southern Akha? Muda
Language codes
ISO 639-3	ymd
Glottolog	muda1235
ELP	Muda[2]

Muda (木达 or 母打) is a Loloish language of China.

Classification

Xu (1991) classifies Muda as a Ha-Ya language (see Hani languages).

Hsiu (2018)[5] classifies Muda as an Akha language containing a Bisoid substratum, with the substrate language being an early split from Bisoid. Muda has Cl- consonant clusters like various Bisoid languages, Siloid languages, and Jinuo, while words of Bisoid origin include 'leg', 'house', and 'smoke'.

Phonology

Muda has the complex consonant onsets /pl, pʰl, bl, ml, pj, pʰj, bj, mj/ (Xu 1991:34).

Vocabulary

The following vocabulary of Muda is from Xu (1991).

English gloss	Chinese gloss	Muda	Page
White	白	pʰlu⁵⁵	35
Full	满	blaŋ³³	35
Pus	脓	()blaŋ⁵⁵	36
Arrow	箭	()mla³¹	36
Broom	扫帚	()pʰjɔ⁵⁵	36
Bee	蜜蜂	bja³¹	36
Lose, to	遗失	()bjo̱³³	36
Fly, to	飞	jɔ³³	36
Monkey	猴子	()mjo̱³¹	36
Many	多	mja³¹	36
Foot	脚	kʰɯ⁵⁵	37
Six	六	ko̱³¹	37
Gallbladder	胆	()kʰɯ⁵⁵	37
Star	星星	()gɯ⁵⁵	37
Copper	铜	gɯ³¹	37
Tendon	筋	()gu³¹	37
Manure	粪	cçʰe³¹	38
Root (classifier)	根（量词）	cçʰaŋ³¹	38
Wide	宽	()ɟje⁵⁵	38
Drop, to	掉	ɟja³³	38
Day (time)	天（日子）	naŋ³³	38
Soft	软	nø̱³¹	38
Cook, to	煮	tɕa̱³¹	38
Sour	酸	tɕʰɛ⁵⁵	38
Narrow	窄	tɕu̱³¹	38
Lick, to	舔	tɕʰy⁵⁵	38
Stick (classifier)	条	tɕa̱³³	38
Cry, weep	哭	ɴo⁵⁵	39
Steal, to	偷	qʰø³¹	39
Bitter	苦	qʰa³¹	39
Smoke (fog)	烟（雾）	()qʰø³¹	39
Nine	九	ɢø³¹	39
Curved	弯	ɢaŋ³¹	39
Play, to	玩耍	()ɢa³³	39
Enter, to	进	aŋ⁵⁵	40
Horse	马	maŋ³¹	40
Open (door)	开（门）	pʰaŋ³³	40
Sell, to	卖	aŋ³¹	40
Throat	喉咙	kʰaŋ³¹()	40
Dark	暗	jaŋ⁵⁵	40
Pus	脓	()blaŋ⁵⁵	40
Full	满	blaŋ³³	40
Money	钱	()kʰaŋ⁵⁵	40
Bear	狗熊	()xum⁵⁵	40
Otter	水獭	()ɕum⁵⁵	40
Iron	铁	ɕʰum⁵⁵	41
Pile (of soil)	堆（土）	blum⁵⁵	41
House	房屋	ʑum⁵⁵	41
Roast, to	烤	lum⁵⁵	41
Round	圆	laŋ³³	41
Surround, to	包围	()laŋ⁵⁵	41
Pond	池塘	laŋ³³()	41
Axe	斧子	()dzɿ³³	41
Woman	女人	()mi³¹	41
Louse	虱子	ɕɛ⁵⁵()	41
Goose	鹅	gɛ̱³³()	41
Push, to	推	dɛ³¹	41
Edge	边上	()dzɛ⁵⁵()	41
Eagle	老鹰	()dzɛ⁵⁵	41
Saddle	鞍子	()qɔ̱³³	41
Shallow	浅	tɛ̱³³	41
Change, to	改	pʰa³³	41
Winnow (rice), to	簸（米）	ja⁵⁵	41
See, to	看见	()mɔ⁵⁵	41
Mosquito	蚊子	()gɔ³¹	41
Change, to	变	pʰa⁵⁵	41
Stick (classifier)	条	tɕa̱³³	41
Leg	腿	bɔ⁵⁵()	41
Store, to	铺	qʰɔ³¹	41

References

1. Muda at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
2. Endangered Languages Project data for Muda.
3. 景洪市嘎洒镇南联山村委会
4. Xu Shixuan [徐世璇] (1991). 缅彝语几种音类的演变. Minzu Yuwen.
5. Hsiu, Andrew. 2018. Classifications of some lesser-known Lolo-Burmese languages.

• Xu Shixuan [徐世璇] (1991). "Several types of sound changes in Lolo-Burmese languages [缅彝语几种音类的演变]." In Minzu Yuwen 1991(3), 34-41.
• http://asiaharvest.org/wp-content/themes/asia/docs/people-groups/China/chinaPeoples/M/Muda.pdf