Welsh heraldry

Heraldry in Wales has a tradition distinct from that of English and Scottish heraldry. There is evidence that heraldry was already being used in Wales by the middle of the thirteenth century; for instance, in Gwynedd, two sons of Llywelyn the Great are recorded as having borne coats of arms in this period.[1] Following the integration of Wales into England in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the Welsh heraldic tradition became merged into that of England.

The armorial bearings most often associated with the Princes of Wales, both before and after the Edwardian conquest.

Welsh successor states

Of the Kingdoms

Owain Glyndŵr, the last native Prince of Wales (crowned 1400), bore the arms of Powys and Deheubarth quartered

Before the conquest of Gwynedd by Edward I, Wales was ruled by a number of Kings and Princes whose dominions shifted and sometimes merged following the vagaries of war, marriage and inheritance. All these Kings and Princes were ascribed personal coats of arms, often retrospectively if they lived before the dawn of heraldry, and these were borne by their descendants in Wales. The two principal Welsh kingdoms were those of Gwynedd, in the north, and Deheubarth in the south. Of these, the most successful, and the last, finally, to fall, was that of Gwynedd, and the arms now borne by the Princes of Wales as an escutcheon are the historic arms of the dynasty of Gwynedd as borne by the last native Princes of Wales, including Llywelyn the Great and Llywelyn ap Gruffudd.

The arms associated with former Kingdom of Powys are a red lion rampant on a gold field. They were used by the House of Mathrafal when Powys was an independent kingdom and later by the Earls of Powis (de la Pole and de Cherleton families) up until the late Middle Ages and can now be found on various civic coats of arms.

The arms associated with the principal dynasty of south Wales (Deheubarth) are, on the other hand, a gold lion rampant on a red field within an indented (sometimes engrailed) gold border. Although never included in the English Royal Arms, they continue to be borne by families descended from the dynasty of Deheubarth: most notably by the Talbot family (Earl of Shrewsbury, etc.) which married an heiress of the dynasty in the 14th century.

Other coats of arms of Wels h Successor States Arms/Standard Kingdom/ Principality Details Kingdom of Gwynedd Traditional Arms of the House of Aberffraw, Gwynedd and the personal arms of Llywelyn the Great.[2] Used by the Princes of Wales since 1911. Quarterly Or and Gules, four lions passant guardant counter charged, armed and langued Azur. Kingdom of Powys & later the Kingdom of Powys Wenwynwyn Traditional Coat of Arms of the House Mathrafal of Powys and later Powys Wenwynwyn and successive de la Pole dynasty. Or, a lion Gules armed and langed Azure. Kingdom of Powys Fadog Arms of Madog ap Gruffydd Maelor and later Powys Fadog. Argent, a lion Sable armed and langed Gules. Kingdom of Deheubarth Traditional Arms of the House of Dinefwr and later by the Talbot dynasty. Gules a Lion rampant Or, a border engrailed of the last. Arms/Standard Kingdom/ Principality Details Kingdom of Gwent Per pale Azure and Sable three Fleurs-de-Lis Or. Kingdom of Ceredigion Arms of Gwaethfoed, Prince of Ceredigion and later Kingdom of Ceredigion. Sable, Lion rampant regardant Or. Kingdom of Morgannwg Arms of Iestyn ap Gwrgant and attributed to the Kingdom of Morgannwg. Gules, three Chevronels Argent. Kingdom of Dyfed Arms of Gwynfardd, Prince of Dyfed and later Kingdom of Dyfed. Azures, Lion rampant between four Roses Or. Kingdom of Rhwng Gwy a Hafren (Between Severn & Wye) Arms of Elystan Glodrydd, King of Rhwng Gwy a Hafren. Gules, a Lion rampant regaurdant Or.

Use

The arms of Hughes of Gwerclas, showing many important arms

Arms of houses and of influential people are often combined, as shown in this example of the quartered arms of Hughes of Gwerclas, which gives a broad overview of Welsh heraldry. The arms are quarterly of four:

• 1st grand quarter, quarterly of four:
  • 1: Kingdom of Powys Fadog;
  • 2: Cilin ap y Blaidd Rhudd (Lord of Gest);
  • 3: Elystan Glodrydd;
  • 4: Tudor Trevor, Lord of Herford;
• 2nd grand quarter, quarterly of four:
  • 1: Kingdom of Powys;
  • 2: Cadwgan ap Elystan Glodrydd;
  • 3: Kingdom of Powys Fadog;
  • 4: Howel ap Meurig (Lord of Nannau);
• 3rd grand quarter, quarterly of four:
  • 1: Roger of Bryntangor;
  • 2: Tudor ap Griffith Vychan (Lord of Gwyddelwern);
  • 3: Kingdom of Gwynedd;
  • 4: Owain I ap Gruffydd;
• 4th grand quarter, quarterly of four:
  • 1: Kingdom of Deheubarth (later borne by the Talbot family, Earl of Shrewsbury);
  • 2: Philip ap Ivor (Lord of Iscoed);
  • 3: Gruffydd ap Cynan;
  • 4: Edwin of Tegeingl;

Key features shown are the predominance of the Welsh dragon, the use of colour differences to distinguish branches of a family, and the use of crests. The arms here show an allegiance to both people and to Kingdoms within Wales.

Royal Badge of Wales

The new Royal Badge of Wales, adopted in 2008

A new Royal Badge of Wales was approved in May 2008. It is based on the arms borne by Llywelyn the Great, the famous thirteenth century Welsh prince (blazoned quarterly Or and gules, four lions countercharged langued and armed azure), with the addition of the imperial crown atop a continuous scroll which, together with a wreath consisting of the plant emblems of the four countries of the United Kingdom, surrounds the shield.[3] The motto which appears on the scroll, PLEIDIOL WYF I'M GWLAD (I am true to my country), is taken from the National Anthem of Wales and is also found on Welsh design £1 coins. The new badge appears on the cover of Assembly Measures passed by the National Assembly for Wales.[4]

The current badge follows in a long line of heraldic devices representing Wales. Its predecessors have all been variations on either the Red Dragon, an ancient emblem revived by Henry VII, or the arms of Llywelyn.

References

1. p188, Slater, Stephen, The Complete Book of Heraldry (2002, Anness Publishing) ISBN 0-7548-1062-3
2. Depicted in Cambridge Corpus Christi College Parker Library MS 16 II, fol. 170r (Chronica Majora, c. 1250).
3. BBC:First Welsh law's royal approval (9 July 2008). Accessed 2009-01-08
4. #NHS Redress (Wales) Measure 2008

External links

• Historical marks of cadency in the royal family