Western grey kangaroo

The western grey kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus), also referred to as a western grey giant kangaroo, black-faced kangaroo, mallee kangaroo, and sooty kangaroo,[4] is a large and very common kangaroo found across almost the entire southern part of Australia, from just south of Shark Bay through coastal Western Australia and South Australia, into western Victoria, and in the entire Murray–Darling basin in New South Wales and Queensland.

Western grey kangaroo[1]
A wild western grey kangaroo at sunset, Western Australia

Delisted (ESA)[3]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Marsupialia
Order: Diprotodontia
Family: Macropodidae
Genus: Macropus
Species:
M. fuliginosus
Binomial name
Macropus fuliginosus
Desmarest, 1817
Western grey kangaroo range

Taxonomy

Long known to the Aboriginal Australians, for Europeans, the western grey kangaroo was the centre of a great deal of sometimes comical taxonomic confusion for almost 200 years. It was first noted by European explorers when Matthew Flinders landed on Kangaroo Island in 1802.[5] Flinders shot several for food, but assumed that they were eastern grey kangaroos. In 1803, French explorers captured several Kangaroo Island western grey kangaroos and shipped them to Paris, where they lived in the Ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes for some years. Eventually, researchers at the Paris Museum of Natural History recognized that these animals were indeed distinct from the eastern grey kangaroo and formally described the species as Macropus fuliginosus in 1817. For reasons that remain unclear, the species was incorrectly described as native to Tasmania.[6]

There the matter rested for over 100 years, and it was not until 1917 that researchers realized that the "forester kangaroo" of Tasmania was in fact Macropus giganteus, the same eastern grey kangaroo that was, and still is, widespread in the southeastern part of the mainland. By 1971, it was understood that the Kangaroo Island western grey kangaroo belonged to the same species as the kangaroos of southern and Western Australia, and that this population extended through much of the eastern part of the continent as well (see range map). For a time, three subspecies were described, two on the mainland and one on Kangaroo Island. The current classification scheme emerged in the 1990s.

The western grey kangaroo is not found in the north or the far southeast of Australia, and the eastern grey does not extend beyond the New South Wales–South Australia border, but the two species are both common in the Murray–Darling basin area. They never interbreed in the wild, although it has proved possible to produce hybrids between eastern grey females and western grey males in captivity.

Subspecies
A family of Kangaroo Island western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus fuliginosus) in springtime, Flinders Chase National Park, Kangaroo Island, South Australia

There are two subspecies:

  • Macropus fuliginosus fuliginosus (commonly known as the Kangaroo Island western grey kangaroo), which is endemic to Kangaroo Island, South Australia
  • Macropus fuliginosus melanops, which has a range of different forms that intergrade clinally from west to east.

Description

The western grey kangaroo is one of the largest macropods in Australia. It weighs 28–54 kg (62–120 lb) and its length is 0.84–1.1 m (2 ft 9 in–3 ft 7 in) with a 0.80–1.0 m (2 ft 7 in–3 ft 3 in) tail, standing approximately 1.3 m (4 ft 3 in) tall.[7][8] It exhibits sexual dimorphism with the male up to twice the size of female. It has thick, coarse fur with colour ranging from pale grey to brown; its throat, chest and belly have a paler colour.[9]

A close-up at Serpentine Falls National Park in Western Australia
Western grey kangaroo tracks at Wyperfeld National Park in Victoria

This species is difficult to distinguish from its sibling species, the eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus). However, the western grey kangaroo has darker grey-brown fur, darker colouration around the head, and sometimes has a blackish patch around the elbow.[10][8]

Ecology and behaviour

Diet
A juvenile grazing near Mundaring Weir

It feeds at night, mainly on grasses but also on leafy shrubs and low trees. It has a nickname "stinker" because mature males have a distinctive curry-like odour.[11]

Reproduction and development
A mother with a joey photographed at the Donnelly Mills in Western Australia
A female suckling her joey at the Darling range in Western Australia

The western grey kangaroo lives in groups of up to 15. The males compete for females during the breeding season.[12] During these "boxing" contests, they lock arms and try to push each other over. Usually, only the dominant male in the group mates.[9] The gestation period is 30–31 days, after which the incompletely developed fetus (referred to as a joey) attaches to the teat in the pouch for 130–150 days.[9] Females sexually mature between 26 and 36 months while males mature at around 72 months.[8]

The western grey kangaroo is closely related to the eastern grey kangaroo (M. giganteus), and their distribution overlaps extensively, especially in the Murray–Darling basin. However, the two species interbreed only rarely in the wild. Although hybridisation occurs in both directions in the overlap zone between the two species in the wild, this does not seem to be the case with captive animals. Although interbreeding between the two species does occasionally occur in captive animals, viable offspring are only produced when the mating pair consists of a female eastern grey kangaroo and a male western grey kangaroo. This is an example of unidirectional hybridisation.[13]

Relationship with humans

The western grey kangaroo is classified as Least Concern by the IUCN Red List, with a population showing an increasing trend.[2][14][8] Total population is estimated to 2,348,393 individuals.[8]

Though the feeding habits of M. fuliginosus can be problematic for agriculture, it is protected and controlled exclusively by the state faunal authorities.[12] Because it is considered a competitor for water and pasture by ranchers, this species is considered a pest in some areas. To limit agricultural damage, kangaroo culling has been allowed under license every year.[8][14]

Commercial hunting for meat and skin also allowed under regulation, with skins providing a high-quality, long-lasting leather. About 40% of harvested meat is used for human consumption; leather is used as a material for handbags, briefcases, and belts.[14]

Commercial hunting is permitted in New South Wales, South Australia, and Western Australia, but disallowed in Tasmania, Northern Territory and Kangaroo Island.[14]

References
  1. Groves, C. P. (2005). "Order Diprotodontia". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. Burbidge, A.; Menkhorst, P.; Ellis, M. & Copley, P. (2008). "Macropus fuliginosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 28 December 2008.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  3. https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp0/profile/speciesProfile?sId=6981
  4. "Western grey kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus)". ARKive. Bristol, United Kingdom: Wildscreen. 2015. Archived from the original on 2013-12-22. Retrieved 2013-12-13.
  5. Jones, Frederic Wood (2009-08-21). "18. The Status of the Kangaroo Island Kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus Desm.)". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Wiley. 94 (2): 451–460. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1924.tb01508.x. ISSN 0370-2774.
  6. Poole, WE. "Breeding Biology and Current Status of the Grey Kangaroo, Macropus Fulginosus Fulginosus, of Kangaroo Island, South Australia". Australian Journal of Zoology. 24 (2): 169–187. doi:10.1071/zo9760169. ISSN 1446-5698. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
  7. Menkhorst, P & Knight, F 2001, A Field Guide to the Mammals of Australia, Oxford University Press, Melbourne.
  8. "Western Grey Kangaroo - Facts, Diet, Habitat & Pictures on Animalia.bio". Animalia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  9. Burnie, David; Wilson, Don E., eds. (2005-09-19). Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife (1st paperback ed.). Dorling Kindersley. p. 101. ISBN 0-7566-1634-4.
  10. Dawson, TJ (1995). "Types of kangaroo". Kangaroos: biology of the largest marsupials (1st ed.). Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. pp. 12–26. ISBN 978-0801482625.
  11. "Guide to the kangaroos of Fowlers Gap" (PDF). The University of New South Wales. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-07-19. Retrieved 2008-07-19.
  12. "Western gray kangaroo". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
  13. Dawson, TJ (2012). "Types of kangaroo". Kangaroos (2nd ed.). Collingwood, Victoria, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. pp. 15–32. ISBN 978-0643106253.
  14. "Western Gray Kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus) Fact Sheet: Summary". San Diego Zoo Global Library. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
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