1999 in paleontology

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1999.

List of years in paleontology (table)
… 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 …
In science 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Art Archaeology Architecture Literature Music Philosophy Science +...

Plants

Newly named angiosperms

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Quercus hiholensis[2]	Sp nov	Valid	Borgardt & Pigg	Middle Miocene	"Yakima Canyon Flora"	USA	A white oak, permineralized acorns
Sargentodoxa globosa[3]	Comb nov	valid	(Manchester) Manchester	Middle Eocene	Clarno Formation	USA  Oregon	A lardizabalaceous species; New comb for Bumelia? globosa Manchester 1994[3]

Arthropods

Insects

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Cephalotes alveolatus[4]	Comb nov	Valid	(Vierbergen & Scheven)	Burdigalian	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A myrmicinae ant, new combination for Zacryptocerus alveolatus	Cephalotes alveolatus
Cephalotes caribicus[4]	Sp nov	Valid	De Andrade & Baroni Urbani	Burdigalian	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A myrmicinae ant.	Cephalotes caribicus
Cephalotes dieteri[4]	Sp nov	Valid	De Andrade & Baroni Urbani	Burdigalian	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A myrmicinae ant.	Cephalotes dieteri
Cephalotes hispaniolicus[4]	Sp nov	Valid	De Andrade & Baroni Urbani	Burdigalian	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A myrmicinae ant.	Cephalotes hispaniolicus
Cephalotes serratus[4][5]	Comb nov	valid	(Vierbergen & Scheven, 1995)	Burdigalian	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A myrmicinae ant, moved from Exocryptocerus serratus	Cephalotes serratus
Camponotus crozei[6]	Sp nov	Valid	Riou	Turolian	Montagne d'Andance	France	A formicine ant.	Camponotus crozei
Electrostephanus neovenatus[7]	Sp nov	valid	Aguiar & Janzen	Lutetian	Baltic Amber	Europe	A stephanid wasp
Electrostephanus sulcatus[7]	Sp nov	jr synonym	Aguiar & Janzen	Lutetian	Baltic Amber	Europe	A stephanid wasp, now Denaeostephanus sulcatus
Neoephemera antiqua[8]	sp. nov	valid	Sinitchenkova	Ypresian	Klondike Mountain Formation	USA	Oldest neoephemerid mayfly species described
Pachycondyla rebekkae[9][10]	sp. nov	valid	Rust & Andersen	Ypresian	Fur Formation	Denmark	A Myrmeciinae ant, jr synonym of Ypresiomyrma rebekkae	Pachycondyla rebekkae

Mollusca

Newly named bivalves

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Concavodonta ovalis[11]	sp nov	Valid	Sánchez	Caradoc	Don Braulio Formation	Argentina	third species in the genus
Concavodontinae[11]	subfam nov	Valid	Sánchez	Ordovician			one of two Subfamilies in Praenuculidae
Cuyopsis[11]	Gen et sp nov	Valid	Sánchez	Caradoc	Don Braulio Formation	Argentina	Monotypic with the species C. symmetricus
Emiliania[11]	Gen et sp nov	homonym	Sánchez	Caradoc	Don Braulio Formation	Argentina	genus name preoccupied by Emiliania Hay & Mohler, 1967, renamed to Emiliodonta
Hemiconcavodonta[11]	Gen et sp nov	Valid	Sánchez	Caradoc	Don Braulio Formation	Argentina	third genus in the subfamily Concavodontinae
Praenuculinae[11]	subfam nov	Valid	Sánchez	Ordovician			one of two Subfamilies in Praenuculidae
Similodonta ceryx[12]	Sp nov	Valid	Cope	Middle Ordovician	Gilfach Farm No. 1 Borehole	Wales	oldest species in the genus Similodonta
Trigonoconcha[11]	Gen et sp nov	Valid	Sánchez	Caradoc	Don Braulio Formation	Argentina	Monotypic with the species T. acuta
Villicumia[11]	Gen et sp nov	Valid	Sánchez	Caradoc	Don Braulio Formation	Argentina	Monotypic with the species V. canteraensis

Fish

Newly named actinopterygii ("ray-finned fish")

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Nardovelifer[13]	gen et sp nov	Valid	C. Sorbini & L. Sorbini	Campanian	Nardo	Italy		Nardovelifer altipinnis

Archosauromorphs

• Ornithomimid gastroliths documented.[14]

Newly named dinosauriforms

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Eucoelophysis[15]	gen et sp nov	Valid	Sullivan & Lucas	Norian	Chinle Formation, New Mexico	USA	Sister genus to the Dinosaurs; first identified as a relative of coelophysid.

Newly named dinosaurs

Data courtesy of George Olshevsky's dinosaur genera list.[16]

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Achillobator[17]	Gen et sp nov	Valid	Perle, Norell, & Clark	Late Cretaceous	Bayan Shireh Formation	Mongolia	A large dromaeosaurid.	Achillobator
Agustinia[18]	Gen et sp nov	Valid	Bonaparte	Albian	Lohan Cura Formation	Argentina	An armored sauropod	Agustinia
"Airakoraptor"[17]	gen nov	Nomen nudum	Perle, Norell, & Clark			Mongolia	A possible dromaeosaurid that has yet to be fully described.
Animantarx[19]	Gen et sp nov	Valid	Carpenter, Kirkland, Burge, & Bird	Late Cretaceous	Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah	USA	Nodosaur whose name means "living citadel."	Animantarx ramaljonesi
"Archaeoraptor"[20]		Hoax	Stephen Czerkas vide:C. P. Sloan vide:Olson				Chimera of Yanornis and Microraptor.
Atlasaurus[21]	gen et sp nov	Valid	Monbaron, Russell, & Taquet	Middle Jurassic	Tiougguit Formation	Morocco	A primitive sauropod
Beipiaosaurus[22]	gen et sp nov	Valid	Xu, Tang, & Wang	Early Cretaceous	Yixian Formation	China	A therizinosaur	Beipiaosaurus
"Bilbeyhallorum"[23]		Nomen nudum	Burge, Bird, McClelland, & Cicconetti	Aptian	Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah	USA	informal name for Cedarpelta.
Cedarosaurus[24]	gen et sp nov	Valid	Tidwell, Carpenter, & Brooks	Barremian	Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah	USA	A sauropod.
Chaoyangsaurus[25]	gen et sp nov	Valid	Zhao, Cheng, & Xu	Late Jurassic	Tuchengzi Formation	China	An extremely primitive ceratopsian	Chaoyangsaurus
Dinheirosaurus[26]	gen et sp nov	Valid	Bonaparte & Mateus	Kimmeridgian	Alcobaça Formation	Portugal	A diplodocid.
"Eugongbusaurus"[27]	gen nov	Nomen nudum	Knoll	Late Jurassic	Shishugou Formation	China	A ?hypsilophodont that hasn't yet been formally named.
Gondwanatitan[28]	gen et sp nov	Valid	Kellner & Azevedo	Late Cretaceous	Adamantina Formation	Brazil	A titanosaur
Guaibasaurus[29]	gen et sp nov	Valid	Bonaparte, Ferigolo, & Ribeiro	Late Triassic	Caturrita Formation	Brazil	A sauropodomorph.	Guaibasaurus
Jobaria[30]	gen et sp nov	Valid	Sereno, et al	Middle Jurassic	Tiourarén Formation	Niger	A eusauropod	Jobaria
Lessemsaurus[31]	gen et sp nov	Valid	Bonaparte	Late Triassic	Los Colorados Formation	Argentina	A primitive sauropodomorph	Lessemsaurus sauropoides
Lirainosaurus[32]	gen et sp nov	Valid	Sanz et al	Late Cretaceous	Vitoria Formation	Spain	A titanosaur.
Lurdusaurus[33]	gen et sp nov	Valid	Taquet & Russell	Aptian	Elrhaz Formation	Niger\	A hadrosaur	Lurdusaurus
"Newtonsaurus"[34]	gen et sp nov	Nomen nudum	Welles vide: Welles & Pickering	Late Triassic	Rhaetic beds	Wales	Informal name	"Newtonsaurus"
Nigersaurus[30]	gen et sp nov	Valid	Sereno et al	Early Cretaceous	Elrhaz Formation	Niger	A rebbachisaurid	Nigersaurus
Nodocephalosaurus[35]	gen et sp nov	Valid taxon	Sullivan	Campanian	Kirtland Formation	USA	An ankylosaurid
Proyandusaurus[27]	gen nov	synonym	Knoll	Bajocian	Shaximiao Formation	China	informal name for Hexinlusaurus
Qantassaurus[36]	gen et sp nov	Valid	Rich & Vickers-Rich	Early Cretaceous	Wonthaggi Formation	Australia	A possible hypsilophodontid	Qantassaurus intrepidus
Santanaraptor[37]	gen et sp nov	Valid	Kellner	Cenomanian	Santana Formation	Brazil	A theropod	Santanaraptor placidus
Saturnalia[38]	gen et sp nov	Valid	Langer, Abdala, Richter, & Benton	Carnian	Santa Maria Formation	Brazil  Zimbabwe	A basal sauropodomorph	Saturnalia
Sinornithosaurus[39]	gen et sp nov	Valid	Xu, Wang, & Wu	Aptian	Yixian Formation	China	A Dromaeosaurid	Sinornithosaurus
Tangvayosaurus[40]	Gen et sp nov	Valid	Allain et at	Early Cretaceous	Grès Supérior Formation	Laos	A titanosaur
Tehuelchesaurus[41]	Gen et sp nov	Valid	Rich et al	Middle Jurassic	Cañadon Asfalto Formation	Argentina	A eusauropod

Newly named birds

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Amplibuteo concordatus [42]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Steven D. Emslie Nicholas J. Czaplewski	Late Pliocene	Florida and Arizona	USA:  Florida;  Arizona	An Accipitridae.
Anatalavis oxfordi [43]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Storrs L. Olson	Early Eocene	Ypresian, London Clay, MP 8	UK:  England	An Anseranatidae, Anatalavinae Olson, 1999. In 2002 Jíří Mlíkovský made this species the type species of his not widely accepted new genus Nettapterornis.[44]
Aquila bivia [42]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Steven D. Emslie Nicholas J. Czaplewski	Late Pliocene	Florida	USA:  Florida;  Arizona	An Accipitridae.
Argornis caucasicus [45]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Aleksandr A. Karkhu	Late Eocene	Northern Caucasus	Russia	An Apodiformes, Jungornithidae Karkhu, 1988.
Canadaga arctica [46]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Hou Lianhai	Late Cretaceous	Middle Maastrichtian	Canada:  Nunavut	A Hesperornithidae Marsh, 1872.
Changchengornis hengdaoziensis [47]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Ji Qiang Luis M. Chiappe Ji Shu’an	Early Cretaceous	Chaomidianzi Formation	China	A Confuciusornithidae Hou, Zhou, Gu et Zhang, 1995.
Chaunoides antiquus [48]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Herculano M. F. de Alvarenga	Late Oligocene or Early Miocene	Tremembé Formation	Brazil	An Anhimidae.
Chauvireria bulgarica [49]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Boev	Pleistocene		Bulgaria	A Phasianidae.
Confuciusornis dui [50]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Hou Lianhai Larry D. Martin Zhou Zhonghe Alan Feduccia Zhang Fucheng	Early Cretaceous	Yixian Formation	China	A Confuciusornithidae Hou, Zhou, Gu et Zhang, 1995.
Dryolimnas augusti [51]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Cécile Mourer-Chauviré Roger Bour Sonia Ribes François Moutou	Holocene	Réunion	Réunion	A Rallidae.
Emberiza alcoveri [52]	Sp. nov.	Valid	J. C. Rando M. Lopez B. Seguí	Late Pleistocene-Holocene	Canary Islands, Tenerife	Spain:  Canary Islands	An Emberizidae.
Eocuculus cherpinae [53]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Robert M. Chandler	Late Eocene	Early Chadronian	USA:  Colorado	A ?Cuculidae.
Eoenantiornis buhleri [54]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Hou Lianhai Larry D. Martin Zhou Zongzhe Alan Feduccia	Early Cretaceous	Yixian Formation	China	An Enantiornithes Walker, 1981, Eoenantiornithiformes Hou, Martin, Zhou et Feduccia, 1999, Eoenantiornithidae Hou, Martin, Zhou et Feduccia, 1999, this is the type species of the new genus.
Falco bakalovi [55]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Zlatozar N. Boev	Late Pliocene	Villafranchian, MN 17	Bulgaria	A Falconidae.
Gallinula balcanica [56]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Zlatozar N. Boev	Late Pliocene	Villafranchian, MN 17	Bulgaria	A Rallidae.
Graculavus augustus [57]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Sylvia Hope	Late Cretaceous	Late Maastrichtian, Lance Formation	USA:  Wyoming	A Graculavidae Fürbringer, 1888.
Gurilynia nessovi [58]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Evgeny N. Kurochkin	Late Cretaceous	Gurilyn Tsav	Mongolia	An Enantiornithes Walker, 1981, Alexornithiformes Brodkorb, 1976, Enantiornithidae Nessov & Borkin, 1983.
Hebeiornis fengningensis [59]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Yan	Early Cretaceous	Yixian Formation	China	Ornithothoraces Chiappe et Calvo, 1994, this is the type species of the new genus. Vescornis hebeiensis Zhang, Ericson et Zhou, 2004. is a junior synonym.[60]
Liaoxiornis delicatus [61]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Hou Lianhai Chen Peiji	Early Cretaceous	Yixian Formation	China	A Liaoxiornithidae L. H. Hou et Chen, 1999, this is the type species of the new genus. Lingyuanornis parvus Ji & Ji, 1999. is a junior synonym.[62]
Longmornis robustirostrata [63]	Gen, nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Walter E. Boles	?Early Miocene	Riversleigh	Australia:  Queensland	An Oriolidae, this is the type species of the new genus.
Loxia patevi [64]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Zlatozar N. Boev	Late Pliocene	MN 17	Bulgaria	A Fringillidae.
Masillapodargus longipes[65]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Gerald Mayr	Middle Eocene	Messel pit, MP 11	Germany:  Hessen	A stem Podargidae, this is the type species of the new genus.
Ngawupodius minya [66]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Walter E. Boles Tessa J. Ivison	Late Oligocene	Namba Formation	Australia:  South Australia	A stem Megapodiidae, this is the type species of the new genus.
Nupharanassa bohemica [67]	Sp. nov.	Valid ?	Jirí Mlíkovský	Early Miocene	MN 4b	Czech Republic	A Jacanidae. Mourer-Chauviré, 1999 transferred this species to the genus Geranopterus Milne-Edwards, 1892 and later it was placed in the Geranopteridae Mayr & Mourer-Chauviré, 2000.[68]
Paraprefica kelleri[65]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Gerald Mayr	Middle Eocene	Messel pit, MP 11	Germany:  Hessen	A stem Nyctibiidae, this is the type species of the new genus.
Paraprefica major[65]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Gerald Mayr	Middle Eocene	Messel pit, MP 11	Germany:  Hessen	A stem Nyctibiidae.
Pelecanus schreiberi [69]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Strorrs L. Olson	Early Pliocene	Yorktown Formation	USA:  North Carolina	A Pelecanidae.
Primotrogon wintersteini[70]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Gerald Mayr	Middle Oligocene	MP 23	France	A stem Trogonidae, the type species of the new genus.
Pumiliornis tessellatus[71]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Gerald Mayr	Middle Eocene	Messel pit, MP 11	Germany:  Hessen	Order and family Incerta Sedis, the type species of the new genus.
Regulus bulgaricus [72]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Zlatozar N. Boev	Late Pliocene	MN 17	Bulgaria	A Regulidae.
Scolopax carmesinae [73]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Bartomeu Seguí	Late Pliocene	Menorca, MN 17-18	Spain:  Menorca	A Scolopacidae.
Selmes absurdipes [74]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Dieter S. Peters	Middle Eocene	Messel pit, MP 11; MP 13	Germany:  Hessen;  Saxony-Anhalt	A Coliiformes, Selmeidae Zelenkov et Dyke, 2008, the type species of the new genus.
Tyto neddi [75]	Sp. nov.	Valid	David W. Steadman William B. Hilgartner	Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene	Barbuda	Antigua and Barbuda	A Tytonidae.
Yandangornis longicaudus [76]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Cai Zhengquan Zhao Lijun	Early Late Cretaceous	Santonian	China	An Enentiornithes, this is the type species of the new genus.

Newly named pterosaurs

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Dendrorhynchoides[77]	gen nov	Valid	Ji S.-A., Ji Q., & Padian	Aptian	Yixian Formation	China	A new genus for "Dendrorhynchus" curvidentatus (Ji & Ji, 1998)
Siroccopteryx	gen et sp nov	junior synonym?	Mader & Kellner	Cenomanian	Kem Kem Formation	Morocco	possibly a jr synonym of Coloborhynchus?
Tendaguripterus[78]	gen et sp nov	Valid	Unwin & Heinrich	Kimmeridgian	Tendaguru Formation	Tanzania	Monotypic with the species T. recki

Lepidosauromorphs

Newly named plesiosaurs

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Callawayasaurus[79]	gen nov	Valid	Carpenter	Aptian	Paja Formation	Colombia	New genus for the species "Alzadasaurus" colombiensis Wells, 1962

Newly named scincomorphans

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Pachygenys[80]	gen nov	Valid	Gao and Cheng	Early Cretaceous	Eastern China	China	Has a distinctly small amount of dentary teeth.

References

1. Gini-Newman, Garfield; Graham, Elizabeth (2001). Echoes from the past: world history to the 16th century. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. ISBN 9780070887398. OCLC 46769716.
2. Borgardt, S. J.; Pigg, K. B. (1999). "Anatomical and developmental study of petrified Quercus (Fagaceae) fruits from the Middle Miocene, Yakima Canyon, Washington, USA". American Journal of Botany. 86 (3): 307–325. doi:10.2307/2656753. JSTOR 2656753. Archived from the original on 2017-05-10. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
3. Manchester, S. R. (1999). "Biogeographical relationships of North American tertiary floras". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 86: 472–522.
4. de Andrade, M. L.; Baroni Urbani, C. (1999). "Diversity and adaptation in the ant genus Cephalotes, past and present". Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde. Serie B. Geologie und Paläontologie. 271: 537–538.
5. Vierbergen GS, Scheven J (27 March 1995). "Nine new species and a new genus of Dominican amber ants of the tribe (Cephalotini Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" (PDF). Creation Research Society Quarterly. 31 (December 1995): 158–170 – via AntWiki.
6. Riou, B. (1999). "Descriptions de quelques insectes fossiles du Miocène supérieur de la Montagne d'Andance (Ardèche, France)". Travaux de l'École Pratique des Hautes Études, Biologie et Évolution des Insectes. 11/12: 123–133.
7. Engel, M.S.; Ortega-Blanco, J. (2008). "The fossil crown wasp Electrostephanus petiolatus Brues in Baltic Amber (Hymenoptera, Stephanidae): designation of a neotype, revised classification, and a key to amber Stephanidae". ZooKeys (4): 55–64. doi:10.3897/zookeys.4.49.
8. Sinitchenkova, N. D. (1999). "A new mayfly species of the extant genus Neoephemera from the Eocene of North America (Insecta: Ephemerida=Ephemeroptera)" (PDF). Paleontological Journal. 33 (4): 403–405. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-30.
9. Rust, J.; Andersen, N. M. (1999). "Giant ants from the Paleogene of Denmark with a discussion of the fossil history and early evolution of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" (PDF). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 125 (3): 331–348. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1999.tb00596.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-27.
10. Archibald, S.B.; Cover, S. P.; Moreau, C. S. (2006). "Bulldog Ants of the Eocene Okanagan Highlands and History of the Subfamily (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmeciinae)" (PDF). Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 99 (3): 487–523. doi:10.1603/0013-8746(2006)99[487:BAOTEO]2.0.CO;2.
11. Sánchez, T.M. (1999). "New Late Ordovician (Early Caradoc) Bivalves from the Sierra de Villicum (Argentine Precordillera)". Journal of Paleontology. 73 (1): 66–76. doi:10.1017/S0022336000027554. JSTOR 1306745.
12. Cope, J.C.W. (1999). "Middle Ordovician bivalves from Mid-Wales and the Welsh Borderland". Palaeontology. 42 (3): 467–499. doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00081.
13. Sorbini, C.; Sorbini, L. (1999). "The Cretaceous fishes of Nardo. 10: Nardovelifer altipinnis, gen. et sp. nov. (Teleostei, Lampridiformes, Veliferidae)". St Ric Giac Terz Bolca. 8: 11–27.
14. Kobayashi et al. (1999). Sanders, Manley, and Carpenter (2001), "Table 12.1" page 167.
15. Sullivan, R.M.; Lucas, S.G. (1999). "Eucoelophysis baldwini, a new theropod dinosaur from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico, and the status of the original types of Coelophysis". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 19 (1): 81–90. doi:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011124.
16. Olshevsky, George. "Dinogeorge's Dinosaur Genera List". Retrieved 2008-08-07.
17. Perle, A., M. Norell and J. Clark. (1999). A new maniraptoran theropod Achillobator giganticus (Dromaeosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Burkhant, Mongolia. Contributions of the Department of Geology, National University Mongolia (35 pages).
18. Bonaparte, J.F. (1999). An armored sauropod from the Aptian of Northern Patagonia, Argentina. Proceedings of the Second Gondwanan Dinosaur Symposium (15 October). National Science Museum Monographs 15 (Y. Tomida, T.H. Rich and P. Vickers-Rich, eds.), Tokyo.
19. Carpenter, K., K. Kirkland, D. Burge, and J. Bird. (1999). "Ankylosaurs (Dinosauria; Ornithischia) of the Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah, and the stratigraphic distributions". In: Vertebrate Paleontology in Utah (D. Gillete, ed.). Utah Geological Survey Miscellaneous Publication 99-1.
20. Czerkas vide Sloan, C.P. (1999). "Feathers for T. rex?" National Geographic 196 (5 - November): pp. 98-107. vide Olson, 2000.
21. Monbaron, M.; Russell, D.A.; Taquet, P. (1999). "Atlasaurus imelakeii n.g., n.sp., a brachiosaurid-like sauropod from the Middle Jurassic of Morocco". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série IIA. 329 (7): 519–526. Bibcode:1999CRASE.329..519M. doi:10.1016/s1251-8050(00)80026-9.
22. Xu, X. Z.-L. Tang; Wang, X.-L (1999). "A therizinosauroid dinosaur with integumentary structures from China". Nature. 399 (6734): 350–354. Bibcode:1999Natur.399..350X. doi:10.1038/20670.
23. Burge, D.L., J.H. Bird, B.K. McClelland, and M.A. Cicconetti. (1999). "Comparison of four armored dinosaurs from the Cedar Mountain Formation of Eastern Utah". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Abstracts of Papers, 59th Annual Meeting, Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Denver, CO, Volume 19, Supplement to n. 3, p. 34A.
24. Tidwell, V.; Carpenter, K.; Brooks, W. (1999). "New sauropod from the Lower Cretaceous of Utah, USA". Oryctos. 2: 21–37.
25. Zhao, Xijin; Cheng, Zhengwu; Xu, Xing (1999). "The earliest ceratopsian from the Tuchengzi Formation of Liaoning, China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 19 (4): 681–691. doi:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011181.
26. Bonaparte, J.F.; Mateus, O. (1999). "A new diplodocid, Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis gen. et sp. nov., from the Late Jurassic beds of Portugal". Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales. 5 (2): 13–29.
27. Knoll, F. (1999). "The family Fabrosauridae". In: IV European Workshop on Vertebrate Palaeontology: p. 65;
28. Kellner, A.W.A. and S.A.K. de Azevedo. (1999). A new sauropod dinosaur (Titanosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Brazil. In: Proceedings of the Second Gondwanan Dinosaur Symposium (Y. Tomida, T.H. Rich, and P. Vickers-Rich, eds.): pp. 111-142.
29. Bonaparte, J.F., J. Ferigolo, and A.M. Ribeiro. (1999). A new early Late Triassic saurischian dinosaur from Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. In: Proceedings of the Second Gondwanan Dinosaur Symposium (Y. Tomida, T.H. Rich, and P. Vickers-Rich, eds.): pp. 89-109.
30. Sereno, P.C; Allison, L.; Beck, D.B.; Dutheil, H.C.E.; Larsson, G.H.; Lyon, B.M.; Rudyard, W.; Sadleir, C.; Sidor, C. A.; Varricchio, D.J.; Wilson, G.P.; Wilson, J.A. (1999). "Cretaceous sauropods from the Sahara and the uneven rate of skeletal evolution among dinosaurs". Science. 286 (5443): 1342–1347. doi:10.1126/science.286.5443.1342. PMID 10558986.
31. Bonaparte, J. F. (1999). "Evolución de las vértebras presacras en Sauropodomorpha". Ameghiniana. 36: 115–187.
32. Sanz, J.L., J.E. Powell, J. Le Loueff, R. Martinez, and X. Pereda-Suberbiola. (1999). Sauropod remains from the Upper Cretaceous of Laño (Northcentral Spain). Titanosaur phylogenetic relationships. Est. Mus. Cienc. Nat. de Alava 14 (Num. Espec. 1): pp. 235-255 .
33. Taquet, P. D.A. Russell (1999). "A massively constructed iguandont from Gadoufaouna, Lower Cretaceous of Niger". Annales de Paléontologie. 85 (1): 85–96. doi:10.1016/s0753-3969(99)80009-3.
34. Pickering, S. (1995). A fractal scaling in dinosaurology project (2nd revised printing). Capitola, California: 478 pages; [nomen nudum].
35. Sullivan, R.M. (1999). "Nodocephalosaurus kirtlandensis, gen. et sp. nov., a new ankylosaurid dinosaur (Ornithischia: Ankylosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Kirtland Formation (upper Campanian), San Juan Basin, New Mexico". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 19 (1): 126–139. doi:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011128.
36. Rich, T. H. and P. Vickers-Rich. (1999). The Hypsilophodontidae from southeastern Australia. In: Proceedings of the Second Gondwanan Dinosaur Symposium (Y. Tomida, T.H. Rich, and P. Vickers-Rich, eds.): pp. 167-180.
37. Kellner, A.W.A. (1999). "Short note on a new dinosaur (Theropoda, Coelurosauria) from the Santana Formation (Romualdo Member, Albian), Northeastern Brazil". Boletim do Museu Nacional (Rio de Janeiro, Brasil), N.S. 9: 8 pages.
38. Langer, M.C., F. Abdala, M. Richter, and M.J. Benton. (1999). A sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Upper Triassic (Carnian) of southern Brazil. Compte rendu hebdomadaire des séances de l'Académie des Sciences Paris, Sciences de la Terre et des Planètes 329 : pp. 511-517.
39. Xu, X.; Wang, X.-L.; Wu, X.-C. (1999). "A dromaeosaurid dinosaur with a filamentous integument from the Yixian Formation of China". Nature. 401 (6750): 262–266. Bibcode:1999Natur.401..262X. doi:10.1038/45769.
40. Allain, R.; Taquet, P.; Battail, B.; Dejax, J.; Richir, P.; Veran, M.; Vacant, R.; Mateus, O.; Sayarath, P.; Khenthavong, B.; Phouyavong, S. (1999). "Un nouveau genre de dinosaure sauropode de la formation des Gres superieurs (Aptien-Albien) du Laos". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série IIA. 329 (8): 609–616. Bibcode:1999CRASE.329..609A. doi:10.1016/s1251-8050(00)87218-3.
41. Rich, T.H., P. Vickers-Rich, O. Gimenez, R. Cúneo, P. Puerta, and P. Vacca. (1999). "A new sauropod dinosaur from Chubut Province, Argentina". In: Proceedings of the Second Gondwanan Dinosaur Symposium (Y. Tomida, T.H. Rich, and P. Vickers-Rich, eds.): pp. 61-84.
42. Emslie, Steven D.; Czaplewski, Nicholas J. (1999). "Two New Fossil Eagles from the Late Pliocene (Late Blancan) of Florida and Arizona and Their Biogeographic Implications" (PDF). In: Avian Paleontology at the Close of the 20th Century: Proceedings of the 4th International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution, Washington, D.C., 4–7 June 1996, Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. 89: 185–198.
43. Olson, Storrs L. (1999). "The Anseriform Relationship of Anatalavis Olson and Parris (Anseranatidae), with a New Species from the Lower Eocene London Clay" (PDF). In: Avian Paleontology at the Close of the 20th Century: Proceedings of the 4th International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution, Washington, D.C., 4–7 June 1996, Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. 89 (89): 231–243. doi:10.5479/si.00810266.89.1.
44. Mlíkovský, Jíří (2002). "Cenozoic Birds of the World Part 1: Europe" (PDF). Praha Ninox Press. 2002: 1–407. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-03-07. Retrieved 2014-08-04.
45. Karkhu, Aleksandr A. (1999). "A New Genus and Species of the Family Jungornithidae (Apodiformes) from the Late Eocene of the Northern Caucas, with Comments on the Ancestry of Hummingbirds" (PDF). In: Avian Paleontology at the Close of the 20th Century: Proceedings of the 4th International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution, Washington, D.C., 4–7 June 1996, Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. 89: 207–216.
46. Hou Lianhai (1999). "New Hesperornithid (Aves) from the Canadian Arctic" (PDF). Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 37 (3): 228–233. doi:10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.1999.03.009.
47. Qiang, Ji; Chiappe, Luis M.; Shu’an, Ji (1999). "A New Late Mesozoic Confuciusornithid Bird from China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 19 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011117.
48. de Alvarenga, Herculano M. F. (1999). "A Fossil Screamer (Anseriformes: Anhimidae) from the Middle Tertiary of Southeastern Brazil" (PDF). In: Avian Paleontology at the Close of the 20th Century: Proceedings of the 4th International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution, Washington, D.C., 4–7 June 1996, Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. 89: 223–230.
49. Boev, Zlatozar N. (1999). "Neogene-Quaternary Birds of Bulgaria". София: 508.
50. Hou, Lianhai; Martin, Larry D.; Zhou, Zhonghe; Feduccia, Alan; Zhang, Fucheng (1999). "A Diapsid Skull in a New Species of the Primitive Bird Confuciusornis". Nature. 399 (6737): 679–682. Bibcode:1999Natur.399..679H. doi:10.1038/21411.
51. Mourer-Chauviré, Cécile; Bour, Roger; Ribes, Sonia; Moutou, François (1999). "The Avifauna of Réunion Island (Mascarene Islands) at the Time of the Arrival of the First Europeans" (PDF). In: Avian Paleontology at the Close of the 20th Century: Proceedings of the 4th International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution, Washington, D.C., 4–7 June 1996, Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. 89: 1–38.
52. Rando, J. C.; Lopez, M.; Seguí, B. (1999). "A New Species of Extinct Flightless Passerine (Emberizidae: Emberiza) from the Canary Islands" (PDF). The Condor. 101 (1): 1–13. doi:10.2307/1370440. JSTOR 1370440.
53. Chandler, Robert M. (1999). "Fossil Birds of Florissant, Colorado: With a Description of a New Genus and Species of Cuckoo". The National Park Service Paleontological Research. 4: 49–53.
54. Hou, Lianhai; Martin, Larry D.; Zhou, Zongzhe; Feduccia, Alan (1999). "Archaeopteryx to Opposite Birds Missing Link from the Mesozoic of China" (PDF). Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 37 (2): 88–95. doi:10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.1999.02.002.
55. Boev, Zlatozar N. (1999). "Falco bakalovi sp. n. - a Late Pliocene Falcon (Falconidae, Aves) from Varhets (W Bulgaria)". Geologica Balcanica. 29: 131–135.
56. Boev, Zlatozar N. (1999). "Gallinula balcanica sp. n. - a Villafranchian Moorhen from Bulgaria". Acta Zoologica Bulgarica. 51: 43–47.
57. Hope, Sylvia (1999). "A New Species of Graculavus from the Cretaceous of Wyoming (Aves: Neornithes)" (PDF). In: Avian Paleontology at the Close of the 20th Century: Proceedings of the 4th International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution, Washington, D.C., 4–7 June 1996, Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. 89: 261–266.
58. Kurochkin, Evgeny N. (1999). "A New Large Enantiornithid from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia (Aves, Enantiornithes)". Russian Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the Zoological Institute. 277: 130–141.
59. Yan in Xu Gui-lin, Yang You-shi & Deng Shao-yeng (1999). "First Discovery of Mesozoic Bird Fossils in Hebei Province and Its Significance". Regional Geology of China. 18: 444–448.
60. Zhang, Fucheng; Ericson, Per G.P.; Zhou, Zhonghe (2004). "Description of a New Enantiornithine Bird from the Early Cretaceous of Hebei, Northern China" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 41 (9): 1097–1107. Bibcode:2004CaJES..41.1097Z. doi:10.1139/e04-055. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-23. Retrieved 2014-08-04.
61. Hou Lianhai; Chen Peiji (1999). "Liaoxiornis delicatus gen. et sp. nov., the Smallest Mesozoic Bird". Chinese Science Bulletin. 44 (9): 834–838. Bibcode:1999ChSBu..44..834H. doi:10.1007/bf02885031. Archived from the original on 2014-08-08.
62. Ji Qiang; Ji Shuan (1999). "A New Genus of Mesozoic Birds from Lingyuan, Liaoning, China". Chinese Geology, 1999. 262 (3): 45–48.
63. Boles, Walter E. (1999). "A Songbird (Aves: Passeriformes: Oriolidae) from the Miocene of Riversleigh, Northwestern Queensland, Australia". Alcheringa. 23: 51–56. doi:10.1080/03115519908619338.
64. Boev, Zlatozar N. (1999). "Earliest Finds of Crossbills (Genus Loxia) (Aves: Fringillidae) from Varhshets (NW Bulgaria)". Geologica Balcanica. 29 (3–4): 51–57.
65. Mayr, Gerald (1999). "Caprimulgiform Birds from the Middle Eocene of Messel (Hessen, Germany)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 79 (3): 521–532. doi:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011162.
66. Boles, Walter E.; Ivison, Tessa J. (1999). "A New Genus of Dwarf Megapode (Galliformes: Megapodiidae) from the Late Oligocene of Central Australia" (PDF). In: Avian Paleontology at the Close of the 20th Century: Proceedings of the 4th International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution, Washington, D.C., 4–7 June 1996, Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. 89: 199–206.
67. Mlíkovský, Jirí (1999). "A New Jacana (Aves: Jacanidae) from the Early Miocene of the Czech Republic" (PDF). Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série II. 328 (2): 121–123. Bibcode:1999CRASE.328..121M. doi:10.1016/s1251-8050(99)80007-x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-08. Retrieved 2014-08-04.
68. Mourer-Chauviré, Cécile (1999). "Position Systématique de Nupharanassa bohemica Mlikovsky, 1999". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série IIA. 329 (2): 149–152. Bibcode:1999CRASE.329..149M. doi:10.1016/s1251-8050(99)80217-1.
69. Olson, Strorrs L. (1999). "A New Species of Pelican (Aves: Pelecanidae) from the Lower Pliocene of North Carolina and Florida" (PDF). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 112 (3): 503–509. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-08. Retrieved 2014-08-04.
70. Mayr, Gerald (1999). "A New Trogon from the Middle Oligocene of Céreste, France" (PDF). The Auk. 116 (2): 427–434. doi:10.2307/4089376. JSTOR 4089376.
71. Mayr, Gerald (1999). "Pumiliornis tessellatus n. gen. n. sp., A New Enigmatic Bird from the Middle Eocene of Grube Messel (Hessen, Germany)" (PDF). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. 216: 75–83.
72. Boev, Zlatozar N. (1999). "Regulus bulgaricus sp. n. - The First Fossil Kinglet (Aves: Sylviidae) from the Late Pliocene of Varshets, Western Bulgaria" (PDF). Historia Naturalis Bulgarica. 10: 109–115. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-20.
73. Seguí, Bartomeu (1999). "A Late Tertiary Woodcock from Menorca, Balearic Islands, Western Mediterranean" (PDF). The Condor. 101 (4): 909–915. doi:10.2307/1370088. JSTOR 1370088.
74. Peters, Dieter S. (1999). "Selmes absurdipes, New Genus, New Species, a Sancoleiform Bird from the Oil Shale of Messel (Germany, Middle Eocene)" (PDF). In: Avian Paleontology at the Close of the 20th Century: Proceedings of the 4th International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution, Washington, D.C., 4–7 June 1996, Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. 89: 217–222.
75. Steadman, David W.; Hilgartner, William B. (1999). "A New Species of Extinct Barn Owl (Aves: Tyto) from Barbuda, Lesser Antilles" (PDF). In: Avian Paleontology at the Close of the 20th Century: Proceedings of the 4th International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution, Washington, D.C., 4–7 June 1996, Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. 89: 75–83.
76. Cai Zhengquan; Zhao Lijun (1999). "A Long Tailed Bird from the Late Cretaceous of Zhejiang". Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences. 42 (4): 434–441. Archived from the original on 2016-06-10. Retrieved 2014-08-03.
77. Ji, S.-A.; Ji, Q.; Padian, K. (1999). "Biostratigraphy of new pterosaurs from China". Nature. 398 (6728): 573–574. Bibcode:1999Natur.398..573J. doi:10.1038/19221.
78. Unwin, David M.; Heinrich, Wolf-Dieter (1999). "On a pterosaur jaw from the Upper Jurassic of Tendaguru (Tanzania)". Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, Geowissenschaftliche Reihe. 2: 121–134.
79. Carpenter, K (1999). "Revision of North American elasmosaurs from the Cretaceous of the Western Interior". Paludicola. 2 (2): 148–173.
80. Gao, K.; Cheng, Z. (1999). "A new lizard from the Lower Cretaceous of Shandong, China". Society of Vertebrate Palaeontology. 19 (3): 456. doi:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011158. JSTOR 4524009.