2008 United States presidential election in Missouri

The 2008 United States presidential election in Missouri was held on November 4, 2008, and was part of the 2008 United States presidential election, which took place throughout all 50 states and D.C. Voters chose 11 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

2008 United States presidential election in Missouri

November 4, 2008

Nominee John McCain Barack Obama Party Republican Democratic Home state Arizona Illinois Running mate Sarah Palin Joe Biden Electoral vote 11 0 Popular vote 1,445,814 1,441,911 Percentage 49.36% 49.23%

County Results McCain   40-50%   50-60%   60-70%   70-80% Obama   40-50%   50-60%   60-70%   80-90%

President before election George W. Bush Republican Elected President Barack Obama Democratic

Missouri was won by Republican nominee John McCain by 3,903 votes, a 0.13% margin of victory. Prior to the election, most news organizations considered this state a toss-up, or a swing state. On election day, Missouri was the closest state in 2008, with some news organizations not calling the state until two weeks after the election. A high turnout of voters in the GOP strongholds of Greene County (Springfield) and St. Charles County combined with Democrat Barack Obama's lackluster performance in the more rural parts of the state gave the edge to Republican John McCain. The state was so close that Obama could have legally called for a recount, but since he had already won the presidency, he saw no need to do so as the results would have been meaningless in the national totals. It was the first time since 1956, and only the second time since 1900, that Missouri did not vote for the winner of the presidency. The same of which would also occur four years later when Mitt Romney won the state over Obama, and again when Donald Trump carried the state over Joe Biden in 2020.

Combined with the state's swing to the right in 2000 and 2004 and the further bleeding of Democratic support in white, rural areas, this would be the last time when Missouri was seriously contested, and considered to be a swing/bellwether state. This is the first time since 1980 that Missouri voted to the right of North Carolina. The state continued moving deeper and safer into the Republican side four years later and onward; this is the most recent election when the Republican candidate won less than 50% of the state's popular vote. This is also the last time that Iron County, Jefferson County, Washington County, Ste. Genevieve County, and Buchanan County voted for the Democratic candidate.

Primaries

• Missouri Democratic primary, 2008
• Missouri Republican primary, 2008

Campaign

With the advent of the September financial crisis, Obama began to look viable. John McCain's lead diminished and then disappeared; for several weeks Obama even led Missouri polls.[1] Obama started visiting Republican-leaning states, including Missouri. In one of the more memorable trips of the campaign, he drew crowds of 75,000 at Kansas City and 100,000 at St. Louis.[2] However, John McCain's campaign managed to close the gap and most polls showed a dead tie on and before Election Day.

Although seven of Missouri's eight neighboring states offered the option of early voting, the option was not available in Missouri.[3] Election results must go through a certification process before they are official; local election officials had until November 18 to verify their results and process the provisional ballots cast throughout Missouri.[3]

Predictions

There were 16 news organizations who made state-by-state predictions of the election. Here are their last predictions before election day:

• D.C. Political Report: Republican[4]
• Cook Political Report: Toss-Up[5]
• Takeaway: Toss-Up[6]
• Electoral-vote.com: Leaning McCain[7]
• Washington Post: Leaning McCain[8]
• Politico: Leaning McCain[9]
• Real Clear Politics: Toss-Up[10]
• FiveThirtyEight.com: Leaning McCain[11]
• CQ Politics: Toss-Up[12]
• New York Times: Toss-Up[13]
• CNN: Toss-Up[14]
• NPR: Leaning McCain[8]
• MSNBC: Toss-Up[8]
• Fox News: Toss-Up[15]
• Associated Press: Toss-Up[16]
• Rasmussen Reports: Toss-Up[17]

Polling

Throughout the general election, McCain consistently won the state's pre-election polls, even reaching above 50% in some of them. In the fall campaign, polls were back and forth with both. In the last few weeks when Obama was having the momentum, the final 5 polls taken in the state were all a tie.[18]

Here are the final polls in the state:

Poll Source	Date administered	Democrat	%	Republican	%	Lead Margin
Reuters/Zogby	October 31- November 3, 2008	Barack Obama	48.8%	John McCain	48.8%	0
Rasmussen Reports/ Fox News	November 2, 2008	Barack Obama	49%	John McCain	49%	0
Public Policy Polling	October 31 – November 2, 2008	Barack Obama	49.4%	John McCain	48.6%	0.8
Reuters/Zogby	October 30- November 2, 2008	Barack Obama	47.4%	John McCain	45.7%	1.7
Survey USA	October 30 – November 2, 2008	Barack Obama	48%	John McCain	48%	0

Fundraising

John McCain raised a total of $2,904,162 in the state. Barack Obama raised $4,999,812.[19]

Advertising and visits

Obama and his interest groups spent $11,323,706. McCain and his interest groups spent $9,428,559.[20]

The Democratic ticket visited the state 13 times throughout the general election. The Republican ticket visited here 14 times.[21]

McCain's Visits:

• June 18: Springfield[22]
• July 15: St. Louis
• July 17: Kansas City[23]
• July 30: Kansas City[24]
• August 31: St. Louis
• October 8: Vice Presidential nominee Sarah Palin campaigned in Cape Girardeau at the Show-Me Center on the campus of Southeast Missouri State University in an effort to reach out to the base of the GOP.

Obama's Visits:

• May 13: During the course of the ongoing Democratic Presidential Primary, Obama visited Thorngate factory in Cape Girardeau in Southeast Missouri alongside U.S. Senator Claire McCaskill to speak to a group of factory workers. These blue-collar, working-class whites were a voting bloc that strongly backed Hillary Clinton throughout the primary.
• June 9 – 10: St. Louis[25]
• June 30: Independence[26]
• July 5: St. Louis[27]
• July 7: St. Louis (unscheduled; plane maintenance)[28]
• July 30: Springfield, Rolla, Union[24]
• August 25, 26: Kansas City
• October 18: St. Louis
• October 30: Columbia[29][30]
• November 1: Springfield[31]

Analysis

For the better part of a century, Missouri has been reckoned as the nation's bellwether state. Prior to 2008, since 1904, Missouri had voted for the winner in every presidential election except in 1956 when the state narrowly voted for Democrat Adlai Stevenson of neighboring Illinois over incumbent Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower. In recent years, however, it has gradually been trending Republican. Although Bill Clinton of neighboring Arkansas won the state with ease during both of his elections in 1992 and 1996, Al Gore and John Kerry considered the Show-Me State a lost cause and did not campaign much there. Although Barack Obama is from neighboring Illinois, at first he likewise put the state as a secondary concern in relation to other swing states such as Ohio and Virginia where he thought he had more of a chance. As his lead diminished in the summer months, he and McCain moved the campaign to more Democratic-friendly states, as McCain maintained a comfortable polling lead in Missouri. Similar hypothetical general match-up polls taken between McCain and Hillary Rodham Clinton, however, showed Clinton always leading in Missouri.

A record 2.9 million Missourians, or 69% of eligible voters, cast their ballots in the general election, about 200,000 more than the previous record in the 2004 election.[32]

On Election Day, John McCain clung to a tiny lead, with absentee and provisional ballots yet to be counted. By Wednesday, November 19, McCain led President-elect Obama by 1,445,813–1,441,910 votes,[3] or approximately 0.14% of the total popular vote in Missouri. CNN called the state for McCain that day.[33] The 2008 presidential election was only the second time in 104 years that it had not voted for the winner of the general election. Missouri was, however, the closest state of the 2008 election.

The Democratic base of Missouri rests in its two largest cities in the west and east – Kansas City and St. Louis, respectively. Obama did extremely well here, winning 83.55% of the vote in St. Louis City and 78.4% in Kansas City. Obama was already a familiar face to St. Louis-area voters, since the St. Louis metro area spills into Illinois. McCain narrowly won the areas in Jackson County outside Kansas City with 49.9% to Obama's 48.8%, but Obama carried the county with 62.14% of the vote due to his strong performance in Kansas City. These two counties, combined with highly affluent and suburban St. Louis County (where he also won 59.50% of the vote), gave him a 300,000 margin over McCain.[34] Obama was also able to carry Boone County, home to the large college town of Columbia (Missouri's fifth-largest city and home of the state's flagship University of Missouri campus), and Jefferson County, which consists of the southern St. Louis suburbs such as Arnold and Festus. George W. Bush narrowly won Jefferson County in 2004 over John Kerry.

However, Obama was unable to substantially improve on Kerry's performance in rural Missouri, which is largely responsible for Missouri's Republican tilt. During the 2008 Missouri Democratic Primary, every rural county in Missouri (with the exception of Nodaway County, home of Northwest Missouri State University in Maryville in Northwestern Missouri), strongly backed Hillary Clinton, often by more than two-to-one margins. Many, if not all, of these counties that Clinton won in the Missouri Primary ended up voting for McCain in the general election. A number of these counties are ancestrally Democratic. However, these counties are very similar in character to Yellow Dog Democrat areas in neighboring Tennessee, Arkansas and Oklahoma. The Democrats in these areas are nowhere near as liberal as their counterparts in St. Louis and Kansas City, and much like their counterparts in neighboring Tennessee and Arkansas, had become increasingly willing to support Republicans at the national level.

Obama lost by an almost two-to-one margin in Southwest Missouri, a Republican stronghold for the better part of a century. This region is entrenched in the Bible Belt and embedded with deep pockets of social conservatives that includes Springfield and Joplin. Even Bill Clinton could not win Southwest Missouri in 1992 despite the fact that he won the state by double digits. Rural Northern Missouri voted against Obama by a three-to-two margin; this region warmly supported Bill Clinton in both of his bids. Obama also lost much of rural Southeast Missouri. Unlike Northern and Southwest Missouri, Southeast Missouri, which strongly backed Bill Clinton both times, is more Democratic at the local and state levels. The region takes in the Lead Belt, the Bootheel and the Ozark Plateau and includes the largest city of Cape Girardeau, a booming college town but also a conservative, upper-middle class community that votes overwhelmingly Republican. Southeast Missouri is socially conservative but economically liberal, consistently electing Democrats at the local and state levels. While Obama ran even in the area southwest of St. Louis, he did worse than John Kerry in the Bootheel.[34] Obama was, however, able to pick up two counties in Southeast Missouri: Washington County (by a margin of five votes) and Iron County. Both counties are predominantly rural and White but are some of the most impoverished counties in the state that are controlled by Democrats at the local and state levels. Both counties gave Hillary Clinton over 70% of the vote in the Missouri Primary as well.

Obama was allowed to request a recount under state law since preliminary results showed a difference of less than 1% of the votes. The request would have had to be granted by the state.[35] However, since Obama already won the election, there had been no indications to suggest that he would request a recount. He ultimately did not request one. As of 2020, this is the closest a Northern Democrat has come to winning Missouri, since John F. Kennedy from Massachusetts did so in 1960, as the previous three Democratic presidential candidates to win the state were all from the South (Lyndon B. Johnson was from Texas, Jimmy Carter from Georgia, and Bill Clinton from Arkansas).

This was the first presidential election that a Democrat won without winning the state of Missouri, a feat Obama would repeat in 2012, and later his former running mate, and Democratic nominee Joe Biden in 2020.

During the same election, Democratic Attorney General Jay Nixon defeated U.S. Representative Kenny Hulshof in a landslide for the Governor's Mansion. Incumbent Republican Governor Matt Blunt did not seek a second term. Nixon performed extremely well in rural Missouri and clinched 58.40% of the total statewide vote compared to Hulshof's 39.49% to become Governor of Missouri. Republicans were, however, able to hold on to the U.S. House seat in Missouri's 9th Congressional District that was vacated by Hulshof in his unsuccessful gubernatorial bid. Republican Blaine Luetkemeyer narrowly defeated Democrat Judy Baker by less than 3 percentage points, in large part due to McCain winning it by 11 points. At the state level, Democrats picked up three seats in the Missouri House of Representatives but Republicans expanded their majority in the Missouri Senate, picking up three seats here. Furthermore, upon the 2008 election, Democrats control all statewide offices but one – Lieutenant Governor Peter Kinder is a Republican. Democrats held on to the office of Attorney General that was vacated by Governor Jay Nixon; Democrat Chris Koster defeated Republican Mike Gibbons 52.83% to 47.17%. Democrats also picked up the office of State Treasurer that was vacated by Republican Sarah Steelman in her unsuccessful bid for the GOP gubernatorial nomination. Democrat Clint Zweifel defeated Republican Brad Lager 50.47% to 47.14%.

Results

United States presidential election in Missouri, 2008[36]
Party		Candidate	Running mate	Votes	Percentage	Electoral votes
	Republican	John McCain	Sarah Palin	1,445,814	49.36%	11
	Democratic	Barack Obama	Joe Biden	1,441,911	49.23%	0
	Independent	Ralph Nader	Matt Gonzalez	17,813	0.61%	0
	Libertarian	Bob Barr	Wayne Allyn Root	11,386	0.39%	0
	Constitution	Chuck Baldwin	Darrell Castle	8,201	0.28%	0
	Write-ins	Write-ins		3,906	0.13%	0
	Green (write-in)	Cynthia McKinney	Rosa Clemente	80	0.00%	0
Totals				2,929,111	100.00%	11
Voter turnout (Voting age population)						66.1%

Results breakdown

By county

County	Obama%	Obama#	McCain%	McCain#	Others%	Others#	Total
Adair	48.31%	5,735	49.63%	5,891	2.06%	245	11,871
Andrew	38.05%	3,345	60.06%	5,279	1.89%	166	8,790
Atchison	33.60%	1,000	65.05%	1,936	1.34%	40	2,976
Audrain	41.13%	4,434	57.20%	6,167	1.67%	180	10,781
Barry	31.62%	4,630	66.63%	9,758	1.75%	256	14,644
Barton	24.46%	1,455	74.21%	4,414	1.33%	79	5,948
Bates	39.49%	3,271	58.35%	4,833	2.16%	179	8,283
Benton	37.93%	3,629	60.20%	5,759	1.87%	179	9,567
Bollinger	29.22%	1,690	68.67%	3,972	2.11%	122	5,784
Boone	55.20%	47,062	43.22%	36,849	1.57%	1,340	85,251
Buchanan	49.09%	19,164	48.95%	19,110	1.96%	766	39,040
Butler	30.66%	5,316	68.08%	11,805	1.26%	218	17,339
Caldwell	39.75%	1,814	58.15%	2,654	2.10%	96	4,564
Callaway	40.07%	7,850	58.13%	11,389	1.80%	352	19,591
Camden	35.12%	7,773	63.59%	14,074	1.29%	286	22,133
Cape Girardeau	32.68%	12,208	66.30%	24,768	1.01%	379	37,355
Carroll	33.83%	1,535	65.12%	2,955	1.06%	48	4,538
Carter	33.95%	984	63.49%	1,840	2.55%	74	2,898
Cass	39.55%	19,844	59.18%	29,695	1.28%	640	50,179
Cedar	32.42%	2,060	66.01%	4,194	1.57%	100	6,354
Chariton	42.69%	1,799	55.51%	2,339	1.80%	76	4,214
Christian	31.52%	11,883	67.33%	25,382	1.15%	432	37,697
Clark	45.49%	1,572	51.56%	1,782	2.95%	102	3,456
Clay	49.05%	53,761	49.74%	54,516	1.21%	1,329	109,606
Clinton	43.48%	4,545	54.61%	5,709	1.91%	200	10,454
Cole	36.03%	13,959	62.94%	24,385	1.03%	401	38,745
Cooper	37.33%	2,996	61.08%	4,902	1.59%	128	8,026
Crawford	38.78%	3,911	59.56%	6,007	1.66%	167	10,085
Dade	28.79%	1,184	69.65%	2,864	1.56%	64	4,112
Dallas	34.57%	2,656	63.71%	4,895	1.72%	132	7,683
Daviess	36.98%	1,400	59.77%	2,263	3.25%	123	3,786
DeKalb	36.13%	1,692	61.69%	2,889	2.18%	102	4,683
Dent	29.94%	2,056	67.78%	4,655	2.29%	157	6,868
Douglas	31.88%	2,140	65.63%	4,405	2.49%	167	6,712
Dunklin	38.59%	4,540	59.88%	7,044	1.53%	180	11,764
Franklin	43.12%	21,256	55.49%	27,355	1.38%	682	49,293
Gasconade	37.31%	2,899	61.29%	4,763	1.40%	109	7,771
Gentry	37.52%	1,235	59.66%	1,964	2.83%	93	3,292
Greene	41.40%	56,181	57.25%	77,683	1.35%	1,831	135,695
Grundy	33.33%	1,580	63.42%	3,006	3.25%	154	4,740
Harrison	32.87%	1,287	64.16%	2,512	2.96%	116	3,915
Henry	43.63%	4,869	54.62%	6,095	1.75%	195	11,159
Hickory	42.44%	2,171	55.72%	2,850	1.84%	94	5,115
Holt	30.46%	802	68.14%	1,794	1.41%	37	2,633
Howard	41.94%	2,036	55.78%	2,708	2.29%	111	4,855
Howell	33.68%	5,736	64.49%	10,982	1.83%	311	17,029
Iron	50.14%	2,213	47.35%	2,090	2.51%	111	4,414
Jackson	62.37%	210,824	36.89%	124,687	0.74%	2,492	338,003
Jasper	32.75%	15,730	65.94%	31,667	1.31%	628	48,025
Jefferson	50.58%	53,467	48.06%	50,804	1.36%	1,433	105,704
Johnson	42.93%	9,480	55.18%	12,183	1.89%	417	22,080
Knox	37.50%	759	59.88%	1,212	2.62%	53	2,024
Laclede	31.97%	5,218	66.62%	10,875	1.41%	230	16,323
Lafayette	41.58%	6,902	56.88%	9,442	1.54%	256	16,600
Lawrence	30.64%	5,097	67.70%	11,263	1.66%	277	16,637
Lewis	40.80%	1,837	57.62%	2,594	1.58%	71	4,502
Lincoln	43.46%	10,234	54.88%	12,924	1.66%	392	23,550
Linn	44.48%	2,638	52.94%	3,140	2.58%	153	5,931
Livingston	37.16%	2,435	60.94%	3,993	1.89%	124	6,552
Macon	37.25%	2,784	61.36%	4,586	1.39%	104	7,474
Madison	40.61%	2,042	57.62%	2,897	1.77%	89	5,028
Maries	35.16%	1,599	62.73%	2,853	2.11%	96	4,548
Marion	37.47%	4,703	61.38%	7,705	1.16%	145	12,553
McDonald	30.17%	2,454	67.60%	5,499	2.24%	182	8,135
Mercer	29.69%	519	66.88%	1,169	3.43%	60	1,748
Miller	30.80%	3,553	67.59%	7,797	1.60%	185	11,535
Mississippi	41.95%	2,247	56.65%	3,034	1.40%	75	5,356
Moniteau	31.17%	2,084	66.82%	4,467	2.00%	134	6,685
Monroe	39.48%	1,703	58.72%	2,533	1.81%	78	4,314
Montgomery	40.08%	2,347	58.54%	3,428	1.38%	81	5,856
Morgan	38.97%	3,565	59.58%	5,451	1.45%	133	9,149
New Madrid	41.65%	3,370	56.76%	4,593	1.59%	129	8,092
Newton	29.32%	7,450	69.42%	17,637	1.26%	319	25,406
Nodaway	43.97%	4,493	54.49%	5,568	1.55%	158	10,219
Oregon	39.45%	1,811	57.77%	2,652	2.79%	128	4,591
Osage	26.94%	1,907	71.51%	5,062	1.55%	110	7,079
Ozark	35.45%	1,661	62.27%	2,918	2.28%	107	4,686
Pemiscot	42.98%	3,029	56.11%	3,954	0.91%	64	7,047
Perry	34.75%	3,005	63.92%	5,527	1.33%	115	8,647
Pettis	38.07%	6,932	60.51%	11,018	1.42%	258	18,208
Phelps	38.04%	7,394	60.22%	11,706	1.74%	338	19,438
Pike	44.25%	3,487	54.16%	4,268	1.60%	126	7,881
Platte	46.17%	21,459	52.62%	24,460	1.21%	561	46,480
Polk	33.24%	4,553	65.39%	8,956	1.37%	188	13,697
Pulaski	34.99%	5,249	63.68%	9,552	1.33%	199	15,000
Putnam	29.71%	695	68.02%	1,591	2.27%	53	2,339
Ralls	40.15%	2,041	58.75%	2,987	1.10%	56	5,084
Randolph	37.50%	3,984	60.78%	6,457	1.72%	183	10,624
Ray	47.42%	5,241	50.60%	5,593	1.98%	219	11,053
Reynolds	43.15%	1,417	54.20%	1,780	2.65%	87	3,284
Ripley	33.47%	1,795	63.53%	3,407	3.00%	161	5,363
Saline	47.85%	4,712	50.39%	4,962	1.77%	174	9,848
Schuyler	39.08%	775	57.44%	1,139	3.48%	69	1,983
Scotland	37.80%	793	59.53%	1,249	2.67%	56	2,098
Scott	34.72%	6,258	64.15%	11,563	1.14%	205	18,026
Shannon	42.65%	1,637	54.06%	2,075	3.28%	126	3,838
Shelby	33.59%	1,114	65.32%	2,166	1.09%	36	3,316
St. Charles	44.65%	84,183	54.39%	102,550	0.95%	1,796	188,529
St. Clair	37.81%	1,886	59.76%	2,981	2.43%	121	4,988
St. Francois	47.01%	11,540	51.57%	12,660	1.43%	350	24,550
St. Louis	59.50%	333,123	39.60%	221,705	0.90%	5,026	559,854
Ste. Genevieve	56.42%	4,979	42.29%	3,732	1.29%	114	8,825
Stoddard	29.40%	3,899	69.16%	9,172	1.44%	191	13,262
Stone	30.69%	5,029	68.02%	11,147	1.29%	211	16,387
Sullivan	40.89%	1,173	56.01%	1,607	3.10%	89	2,869
Taney	30.85%	6,683	68.02%	14,736	1.13%	245	21,664
Texas	31.43%	3,410	66.49%	7,215	2.08%	226	10,851
Vernon	38.08%	3,381	60.08%	5,334	1.84%	163	8,878
Warren	43.05%	6,705	55.69%	8,675	1.26%	196	15,576
Washington	49.00%	4,711	48.95%	4,706	2.05%	197	9,614
Wayne	36.52%	2,243	61.61%	3,784	1.87%	115	6,142
Webster	34.76%	5,685	63.77%	10,431	1.47%	240	16,356
Worth	36.37%	427	60.22%	707	3.41%	40	1,174
Wright	30.03%	2,557	67.94%	5,784	2.03%	173	8,514
St. Louis	83.68%	132,925	15.52%	24,662	0.80%	1,271	158,858

By congressional district

John McCain carried six of the state's nine congressional districts, including one district held by a Democrat.

District	McCain	Obama	Representative
1st	19.38%	79.70%	William Lacy Clay, Jr.
2nd	54.98%	44.04%	Todd Akin
3rd	39.06%	59.50%	Russ Carnahan
4th	60.58%	37.87%	Ike Skelton
5th	35.45%	63.47%	Emanuel Cleaver
6th	53.58%	44.67%	Sam Graves
7th	63.07%	35.39%	Roy Blunt
8th	61.92%	36.42%	Jo Ann Emerson
9th	54.77%	43.66%	Kenny Hulshof (110th Congress)
			Blaine Luetkemeyer (111th Congress)

Electors

Technically the voters of Missouri cast their ballots for electors: representatives to the Electoral College. Missouri is allocated 11 electors because it has 9 congressional districts and 2 senators. All candidates who appear on the ballot or qualify to receive write-in votes must submit a list of 11 electors, who pledge to vote for their candidate and his or her running mate. Whoever wins the majority of votes in the state is awarded all 11 electoral votes. Their chosen electors then vote for president and vice president. Although electors are pledged to their candidate and running mate, they are not obligated to vote for them.[37] An elector who votes for someone other than his or her candidate is known as a faithless elector.

The electors of each state and the District of Columbia met on December 15, 2008, to cast their votes for president and vice president. The Electoral College itself never meets as one body. Instead the electors from each state and the District of Columbia met in their respective capitols.

The following were the members of the Electoral College from the state. All 11 were pledged to John McCain and Sarah Palin:[38]

1. Willis Corbett
2. Scott Dickenson
3. Robert Haul
4. Ronny Margason
5. Cathy Owens
6. Ron Muck
7. Gene Hall
8. R. Mellene Schudy
9. Nadine Thurman
10. Paul Nahon
11. Jerry Dowell

References

1. "Missouri: McCain vs. Obama". RealClearPolitics. Retrieved April 6, 2009.
2. Powell, Michael; Michael Cooper (October 18, 2008). "Day's Campaigning Shows an Inverted Political Plane". New York Times. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
3. U.S. President And Vice President Archived November 13, 2008, at the Wayback Machine from the website of the Missouri Secretary of State
4. "D.C.'s Political Report: The complete source for campaign summaries". Archived from the original on January 1, 2009. Retrieved December 20, 2009.
5. Presidential | The Cook Political Report Archived May 5, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
6. Vote 2008 – The Takeaway – Track the Electoral College vote predictions Archived April 22, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
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8. Based on Takeaway
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