Badr Organization

The Badr Organization (Arabic: منظمة بدر‎ Munaẓẓama Badr), previously known as the Badr Brigades or Badr Corps, is an Iraqi Shia Islamist political party and military organization headed by Hadi Al-Amiri. The Badr Brigade was the Iran-officered military wing of the Iran-based Shia Islamic party, Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq (SCIRI), formed in 1982. Since the 2003 invasion of Iraq most of Badr's fighters have entered the new Iraqi army and police force. Politically, Badr Brigade and SCIRI were considered to be one party since 2003, but have now unofficially separated[6] with the Badr Organization now an official Iraqi political party. Badr Brigade forces, and their Iranian commanders, have come to prominence in 2014 fighting the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in Iraq.[7] It is a part of the Popular Mobilization Forces.

Not to be confused with Badr Brigade in the Jordanian Army.
Badr Organization

منظمة بدر
LeaderHadi Al-Amiri
FounderAyatollah Sayyed Mohammed Baqir al-Hakim
Founded1982–2003 (1982–2003) as a militia of the ISCI
2003–present as a political movement
IdeologyShia Islamism[1]
ReligionShia Islam
National affiliationNational Iraqi Alliance[2] (formerly)
State of Law Coalition (2014–18)[3][4][5]
Fatah Alliance (2018–present)
International affiliationAxis of Resistance
Seats in the Council of Representatives of Iraq:
22 / 329
Website
http://www.almejlis.org/ (in Arabic)

History

SCIRI

The organization was formed in Iran in 1982 as the military wing of the Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq. It was based in Iran for two decades during the rule of Saddam Hussein and led by Iranian officers. It consisted of several thousand Iraqi exiles, refugees, and defectors who fought alongside Iranian troops in the Iran–Iraq War. The group was armed and directed by Iran.

They briefly returned to Iraq in 1991 during the 1991 Iraqi uprising to fight against Saddam Hussein, focusing on the Shia holy cities of Najaf and Karbala.[8] They retreated back into Iran after the uprising was crushed.

In 1995, during the Kurdish Civil War, Iran deployed 5,000 Badr fighters to Iraqi Kurdistan.[9]

Post-invasion Iraq
Badr Organization
LeadersHadi Al-Amiri
Dates of operation1982–2003 (officially)
2014–present
Group(s)#Structure
HeadquartersNajaf, Iraq
Active regionsBaghdad and Southern Iraq
Size10,000–15,000[10]
Part of Popular Mobilization Forces
AlliesState allies
Opponents
Battles and warsIran–Iraq War

1991 uprisings in Iraq

Iraqi Kurdish Civil War
Iraq War

Syrian Civil War

Designated as a terrorist group by United Arab Emirates[26]

Returning to Iraq following the 2003 coalition invasion, the group changed its name from brigade to organization in response to the attempted voluntary disarming of Iraqi militias by the Coalition Provisional Authority. It is however widely believed the organization is still active as a militia within the security forces and it has been accused of running a secret prison[27] and sectarian killings during the Iraqi Civil War.[28]

Because of their opposition to Saddam Hussein, the Badr Brigade was seen as a U.S. asset in the fight against Baathist partisans. After the fall of Baghdad, Badr forces reportedly joined the newly reconstituted army, police, and Interior Ministry in significant numbers. The Interior Ministry was controlled by SCIRI, and many Badr members became part of the Interior Ministry run Wolf Brigade. The Iraqi Interior Minister, Bayan Jabr, was a former leader of Badr Brigade militia.

In 2006 the United Nations human rights chief in Iraq, John Pace, said that hundreds of Iraqis were being tortured to death or executed by the Interior Ministry under SCIRI's control.[28] According to a 2006 report by the Independent newspaper:

'Mr Pace said the Ministry of the Interior was "acting as a rogue element within the government". It was controlled by the main Shia party, the Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq (Sciri); the Interior Minister, Baqir Jabr al-Zubeidi, is a former leader of SCIRI's Badr Brigade militia, which was one of the main groups accused of carrying out sectarian killings. Another was the Mahdi Army of the young cleric Muqtada al-Sadr, who is now part of the Shia coalition seeking to form a government after winning the mid-December election.

Many of the 110,000 policemen and police commandos under the ministry's control are suspected of being former members of the Badr Brigade. Not only counterinsurgency units such as the Wolf Brigade, the Scorpions, and the Tigers, but the commandos and even the highway patrol police were accused of acting as death squads during this period over a decade ago.

The paramilitary commandos, dressed in garish camouflage uniforms and driving around in pick-up trucks, were dreaded in Sunni neighbourhoods. People arrested by them during this period were frequently found dead several days later with their bodies bearing obvious marks of torture.'[28]

Military action against ISIL
Main article: Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017)

Following ISIL's successful Anbar campaign and June 2014 offensive, the Badr Organization mobilized and won a series of battles against ISIL, including the Liberation of Jurf Al Sakhr and the Lifting of the Siege of Amirli.[10] In early February 2015 the group, operating from its base at Camp Ashraf, fought in Diyala Governorate against ISIL. Over 100 militia were killed in the fighting, including 25 in Al Mansouryah. Badr's leader, Hadi Al-Amiri, said his militiamen were committed to the safety of Sunnis, but deep mutual suspicions remained in the light of recent sectarian killings and the suspicion that some Sunni tribes were allied with IS.[29]

Structure

The Badr Corps consists of infantry, armor, artillery, anti-aircraft, and commando units with an estimated strength of between 10,000 and 50,000 men (according to the Badr Organization).

  • Quwat al-Shahid Muhammed Baqir al-Sadr[30]
  • Liwa al-Imam Muhammad al-Jawad[15]
  • Liwa Karbala[15]
  • Tashkil al-Karar[15]
  • The Turkmen Brigade Northern Front[15]
  • Quwat al-Shaheed al-Qa'id Abu Muntadhar al-Muhammadawi[15]
  • Tashkil Malik al-Ashtar[15]
  • Fayli Kurd Brigade[15] - 16 June 2014[31]

See also

References
  1. Dominic Evans (30 November 2014). "Iraq's divisions will delay counter-offensive on Islamic State". Reuters. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  2. "National Alliance deadlocked over candidates for Interior Ministry". Asharq Al-Awsat. 16 September 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
  3. http://www.alghadeer.tv/news/detail/14259/
  4. https://alghadeer.tv/news/detail/14274/
  5. https://www.alghadpress.com/news/اخبار-العراق-السياسية/131007/قيادي-في-بدر-نعمل-على-تشكيل-تحالف-جديد-بعد-انفصالن
  6. "The Supreme Council Undergoes Broad Changes in the Ranks… Hakim: We Paid a High Price in Previous Elections," al-Rafidayn, Nov. 20, 2011
  7. "Hadi Al-Ameri: A Militia Leader Torn between Washington and Tehran". Archived from the original on 2014-12-13. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
  8. "Why the Uprisings Failed". Middle East Research and Information Project. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
  9. "Turkey and Iran Face off in Kurdistan". The Middle East Quarterly. March 1998.
  10. "Breaking Badr". Foreign Policy. 6 November 2015.
  11. https://aawsat.com/home/article/274751/ميليشيا-«بدر»-الطائفية-كيف-تبني-إيران-دولة-جديدة-في-العراق-المعاصر؟
  12. "Hizballah Cavalcade: Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada Emerges: Updates on the New Iraqi Shia Militia Supplying Fighters to Syria". 9 September 2013.
  13. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-01-21. Retrieved 2018-08-09.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  14. "Data" (PDF). www.washingtoninstitute.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-25. Retrieved 2016-12-10.
  15. "Hashd Brigade Numbers Index". www.rubincenter.org. Archived from the original on 2018-07-17. Retrieved 2018-07-17.
  16. "How Iran Is Building Its Syrian Hezbollah". www.washingtoninstitute.org.
  17. http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/361
  20. Alfoneh, Ali. "Iraqi Shia Fighters in Syria".
  21. "Kurdish and Iraqi forces, militias clash in northern Iraq - FDD's Long War Journal". 26 October 2017.
  22. "Hezbollah and Iraqi reinforcements arrive in southern Aleppo to begin the march to Idlib". Al-Masdar News. 25 December 2015.
  23. "The IRGC's involvement in the battle for Aleppo". FDD's Long War Journal.
  24. "Breaking: Syrian Army, Hezbollah liberate Al-Amariyah in northern Palmyra". 26 March 2016.
  25. "Battle for southern Aleppo is under way as the Syrian Army attack Khan Touman". 8 May 2016.
  26. "مجلس الوزراء يعتمد قائمة التنظيمات الإرهابية. - WAM". 17 November 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-11-17.
  27. "Torture by Iraqi militias: the report Washington did not want you to see". Reuters. 14 Dec 2015.
  28. Andrew Buncombe & Patrick Cockburn, "Iraq's death squads: on the brink of civil war," The Independent (Feb. 26, 2006). Retrieved 7 February 2015.
  29. Kareem Fahim (February 7, 2015). "Shiite Militia Drives Back Islamic State, but Divides Much of Iraq". The New York Times. Retrieved February 8, 2015. Daesh was like hell
  30. https://jihadology.net/category/quwet-al-shahid-muhammed-baqir-al-sadr/
  31. http://www.alarshef.com/maqalat/m-alseyasia/2017-06-15-15-45-04
  32. http://www.basnews.com/ar/babat/144650
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