Close-mid front unrounded vowel

The close-mid front unrounded vowel, or high-mid front unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨e⟩.

"/e/" redirects here. For the operating system, see /e/ (operating system).
Close-mid front unrounded vowel
e
IPA Number302
Encoding
Entity (decimal)e
Unicode (hex)U+0065
X-SAMPAe
Braille
Audio sample
source · help

For the close-mid front unrounded vowel that is usually transcribed with the symbol ⟨ɪ⟩ or ⟨i⟩, see near-close front unrounded vowel. If the usual symbol is ⟨e⟩, the vowel is listed here.

Features
  • Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.

Occurrence
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans Standard[2]bed [bet] 'bed' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ⟩. The height varies between close-mid [e] and mid [ɛ̝].[2] See Afrikaans phonology
Arabic Standard مَجۡر۪ىٰهَا‎/maǧreehaa [mad͡ʒ.reː.haː] See imalah
Azerbaijani gecə [ɟeˈd͡ʒæ] 'night'
Bavarian Amstetten dialect[3]
Breton[4] daneg [ˈdãːnek]'the Danish language' Unstressed /ɛ/ can be mid [ɛ̝] or close-mid [e] instead.[4]
Catalan[5] més [mes] 'more' See Catalan phonology
Chinese Shanghainese[6] 该/kè [ke̠ʔ˩] 'should' Near-front; realization of /ɛ/, which appears only in open syllables. Phonetically, it is nearly identical to /ɪ/ ([ɪ̞]), which appears only in closed syllables.[6]
Chuvash эрешмен [erɛʃ'mɛnʲ] 'spider'
Danish Standard[7][8] hæl [ˈheːˀl] 'heel' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛː⟩. See Danish phonology
Dutch Belgian[9] vreemd [vreːmt] 'strange' In the Netherlands often diphthongized to [eɪ]. See Dutch phonology
English Australian[10] bed [bed] 'bed' See Australian English phonology
New Zealand[11]The height varies from near-close in broad varieties to mid in the Cultivated variety.[11] See New Zealand English phonology
General American[12] may [meː] 'may' Most often a closing diphthong [eɪ].[12]
General Indian[13]
General Pakistani[14] Can be a diphthong [eɪ] instead, depending on speaker.
Geordie[15]
Scottish[16]
Singaporean[17]
Ulster[18] Pronounced [ɛː~iə] in Belfast.
Some Cardiff speakers[19] square [skweː] 'square' More often open-mid [ɛː].[19]
Yorkshire[20] play [ple̞ː]'play'
Scottish[16] bit [bë̞ʔ] 'bit' Near-front,[16] may be [ɪ] (also [ə]) instead for other speakers.
Cockney[21] bird [bɛ̝̈ːd] 'bird' Near-front; occasional realization of /ɜː/. It can be rounded [œ̝ː] or, more often, unrounded central [ɜ̝ː] instead.[21] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɜː⟩.
Estonian[22]keha [ˈkeɦɑ̝ˑ] 'body' See Estonian phonology
French[23][24] beauté [bot̪e] 'beauty' See French phonology
German Standard[25][26] Seele [ˈzeːlə] 'soul' See Standard German phonology
Many speakers[27] Jäger [ˈjeːɡɐ] 'hunter' Outcome of the /ɛː–eː/ merger found universally in Northern Germany, Eastern Germany and Eastern Austria (often even in formal speech) and in some other regions.[27] See Standard German phonology
Southern accents[28] Bett [b̥et] 'bed' Common realization of /ɛ/ in Southern Germany, Switzerland and Austria.[28] See Standard German phonology
Swabian accent[28] Contrasts with the open-mid [ɛ].[28] See Standard German phonology
Greek Sfakian[29] Corresponds to mid [e̞] in Modern Standard Greek.[30] See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew[31] כן‎/ken [ke̞n] 'yes' Hebrew vowels are not shown in the script, see Niqqud and Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani Hindi के [ke] 'of' See Hindustani phonology
Urdu کے‎
Hungarian[32] hét [heːt̪] 'seven' Also described as mid [e̞ː].[33] See Hungarian phonology
Italian Standard[34] stelle [ˈs̪t̪elle] 'stars' See Italian phonology
Korean 메아리 / meari [meɐɾi] 'echo' See Korean phonology
Limburgish Most dialects[35][36][37] leef [leːf] 'dear' The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
Lithuanian tėtė [t̪eːt̪eː] 'father' 'Tete' and 'tėtis' are more commonly used than 'tėtė.'
Malayalam ചെവി [ȶ͡ɕeʋi] 'ear' See Malayalam phonology
Norwegian le [leː] 'laugh' The example word is from Urban East Norwegian.[38][39] See Norwegian phonology
Persian سه/se [se] 'three'
Polish[40] dzień [d͡ʑeɲ̟] 'day' Allophone of /ɛ/ between palatal or palatalized consonants. See Polish phonology
Portuguese[41] mesa [ˈmezɐ] 'table' See Portuguese phonology
Russian[42] шея/sheja/sheya [ˈʂejə] 'neck' Close-mid [e] before and between soft consonants, mid [e̞] after soft consonants.[42] See Russian phonology
Saterland Frisian[43] tään [te̠ːn] 'thin' Near-front; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛː⟩. Phonetically, it is nearly identical to /ɪ/ ([ɪ̞]). The vowel typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨eː⟩ is actually near-close [e̝ː].[43]
Slovene[44] sedem [ˈsèːdəm] 'seven' See Slovene phonology
Sotho[45] ho jwetsa [hʊ̠ʒʷet͡sʼɑ̈] 'to tell' Contrasts close, near-close and close-mid front unrounded vowels.[45] See Sotho phonology
Swedish Central Standard[46][47] se [s̪eː] 'see' Often diphthongized to [eə̯] (hear the word: [s̪eə̯]). See Swedish phonology
Tahitian vahine [vahine] 'woman'
Tamil செவி [ȶ͡ɕeʋi] 'ear' See Tamil phonology
Welsh chwech [χweːχ] 'six' See Welsh phonology
Yoruba[48]

See also

Notes
  1. While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. Wissing (2016), section "The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/".
  3. Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
  4. Ternes (1992), p. 433.
  5. Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 54.
  6. Chen & Gussenhoven (2015), p. 328.
  7. Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
  8. Basbøll (2005), p. 45.
  9. Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
  10. Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997).
  11. Gordon & Maclagan (2004), p. 609.
  12. Wells (1982), p. 487.
  13. Wells (1982), p. 626.
  14. Mahboob & Ahmar (2004), p. 1010.
  15. Watt & Allen (2003), pp. 268–269.
  16. Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 7.
  17. Deterding (2000), p. ?.
  18. "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF).
  19. Collins & Mees (1990), p. 95.
  20. Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 179.
  21. Wells (1982), p. 305.
  22. Asu & Teras (2009), p. 368.
  23. Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  24. Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
  25. Kohler (1999), p. 87.
  26. Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 34.
  27. Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 64–65.
  28. Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
  29. Trudgill (2009), pp. 83–84.
  30. Trudgill (2009), p. 81.
  31. Laufer (1999), p. 98.
  32. Kráľ (1988), p. 92.
  33. Szende (1994), p. 92.
  34. Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 119.
  35. Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
  36. Peters (2006), p. 119.
  37. Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
  38. Vanvik (1979), pp. 13-14.
  39. Kvifte & Gude-Husken (2005), p. 4.
  40. Jassem (2003), p. 106.
  41. Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  42. Jones & Ward (1969), pp. 41, 44.
  43. Peters (2019), p. ?.
  44. Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999), p. 137.
  45. Doke & Mofokeng (1974), p. ?.
  46. Engstrand (1999), p. 140.
  47. Rosenqvist (2007), p. 9.
  48. Bamgboṣe (1966), p. 166.

References
  • Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009), "Estonian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 367–372, doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x
  • Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (1966), A Grammar of Yoruba, [West African Languages Survey / Institute of African Studies], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
  • Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
  • Chen, Yiya; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2015), "Shanghai Chinese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (3): 321–327, doi:10.1017/S0025100315000043
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (1990), "The Phonetics of Cardiff English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 87–103, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2013) [First published 2003], Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students (3rd ed.), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-50650-2
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
  • Deterding, David (2000), "Measurements of the /eɪ/ and /oʊ/ vowels of young English speakers in Singapore", in Brown, Adam; Deterding, David; Low, Ee Ling (eds.), The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 93–99
  • Doke, Clement Martyn; Mofokeng, S. Machabe (1974), Textbook of Southern Sotho Grammar (3rd ed.), Cape Town: Longman Southern Africa, ISBN 0-582-61700-6
  • Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4
  • Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
  • Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
  • Gordon, Elizabeth; Maclagan, Margaret (2004), "Regional and social differences in New Zealand: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 603–613, ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5
  • Grønnum, Nina (1998), "Illustrations of the IPA: Danish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28 (1 & 2): 99–105, doi:10.1017/s0025100300006290
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies, 29 (2): 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526
  • Harrington, Jonathan; Cox, Felicity; Evans, Zoe (1997), "An acoustic phonetic study of broad, general, and cultivated Australian English vowels", Australian Journal of Linguistics, 17 (2): 155–184, doi:10.1080/07268609708599550
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
  • Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
  • Kohler, Klaus J. (1999), "German", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
  • Kráľ, Ábel (1988), Pravidlá slovenskej výslovnosti, Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo
  • Kvifte, Bjørn; Gude-Husken, Verena (2005) [First published 1997], Praktische Grammatik der norwegischen Sprache (3rd ed.), Gottfried Egert Verlag, ISBN 3-926972-54-8
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-19815-4.
  • Laufer, Asher (1999), "Hebrew", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, pp. 96–99
  • Mahboob, Ahmar; Ahmar, Nadra H. (2004), "Pakistani English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W. (ed.), A handbook of varieties of English, 1, Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1003–1015
  • Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
  • Peters, Jörg (2019), "Saterland Frisian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 49 (2): 223–230, doi:10.1017/S0025100317000226
  • Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing
  • Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
  • Rosenqvist, Håkan (2007), Uttalsboken: svenskt uttal i praktik och teori, Stockholm: Natur & Kultur, ISBN 978-91-27-40645-2
  • Scobbie, James M; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006), Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview, Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers
  • Šuštaršič, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999), "Slovene", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 135–139, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
  • Szende, Tamás (1994), "Illustrations of the IPA: Hungarian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 24 (2): 91–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090
  • Ternes, Elmar (1992), "The Breton language", in MacAulay, Donald (ed.), The Celtic Languages, Cambridge University Press, pp. 371–452, ISBN 978-0-521-23127-5
  • Traunmüller, Hartmut (1982), "Vokalismus in der westniederösterreichischen Mundart.", Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, 2: 289–333
  • Trudgill, Peter (2009), "Greek Dialect Vowel Systems, Vowel Dispersion Theory, and Sociolinguistic Typology", Journal of Greek Linguistics, 9 (1): 80–97, doi:10.1163/156658409X12500896406041
  • Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
  • Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 243–247, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
  • Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (2): 219–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940
  • Watt, Dominic; Allen, William (2003), "Tyneside English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 267–271, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001397
  • Wells, J. C. (1982), Accents of English 3: Beyond the British Isles, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-28541-0
  • Wissing, Daan (2016). "Afrikaans phonology – segment inventory". Taalportaal. Archived from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.